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General Guidelines for Academic Integrity Report (Amended Version)

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General Guidelines for Academic Integrity Report (Amended Version) General Guidelines for Academic Integrity Report (amended version) 9/23/2019 Erasmus+ project “European Network for Academic Integrity” Loreta TAUGINIENĖ Milan OJSTERŠEK Tomáš FOLTÝNEK Franca MARINO Marco COSENTINO Inga GAIŽAUSKAITĖ Irene GLENDINNING Shiva SIVASUBRAMANIAM Salim RAZI Laura RIBEIRO Tatjana ODIŅECA Oliver TREVISIOL This publication refers to a sub-output of the project “European Network for Academic Integrity”, funded under Erasmus Plus, Strategic Partnerships (agreement No. 016-1- CZ01-KA203-023949). It is available for download at the project website http://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/. Project coordinator: Contact regarding the report: Tomáš Foltýnek Mendel University in Brno (Czech Republic) Inga Gaižauskaitė E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Project consortium: HOW TO CITE ISO 690 Tauginienė, L, Ojsteršek, M, Foltýnek, T, Marino, F, Cosentino, M, Gaižauskaitė, I, Glendinning, I, Sivasubramaniam, S, Razi, S, Ribeiro, L, Odiņeca, T., Trevisiol, O. General Guidelines for Academic Integrity. ENAI Report 3A [online], first publication date: October 2018, amended version: September 2019. Publication history: Version 1.0 October 2018. Version 1.1 September 2019. 1 ABOUT THE PROJECT The project “European Network for Academic Integrity” (ENAI) aims foremost to raise awareness in the matters of plagiarism, academic ethics, scholarly values and academic integrity. ENAI focuses not only on students, but on the entire academic community (including professors, researchers, post-docs, PhDs, administration staff and management, academic ethics committees, etc.). This project envisages developing three major outputs: Educational materials for higher education institutions’ teachers and students (O1), Toolkit for cross-sector cooperation in terms of academic integrity (O2) and Handbook for improvements in academic integrity (O3). The latter output consists of seven sub-outputs, such as general guidelines for academic integrity, glossary of terms related to academic integrity, self- evaluation tools for students, teaching and research, self-assessment tool for institutions / faculties / departments and briefs. This report refers to a sub-output 3A (General guidelines for academic integrity) of the project. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of this publication gratefully acknowledge: • The financial support for this work provided by the Erasmus+ Programme (agreement No. 016-1-CZ01-KA203-023949). • The intellectual support of this work provided by the project Advisory Board – Tracey Bretag, Teddi Fishman and Thomas Lancaster – for their valuable comments on draft versions of this publication. • The contributions of the whole consortium during the project meeting in Ephesus. Finally, the authors thank Irene Glendinning for proofreading of this publication. LEGAL NOTICE The sole responsibility for the contents of this publication lies with the authors. Their opinion does not necessarily reflect that of the European Union. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. 2 CONTENT Preface _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Guidelines development approach ________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Amendment notice _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Guidelines about Fundamental Terms ____________________________________________________________________________ 7 ETHICS | ETHICAL PRINCIPLES | ETHICAL STANDARDS | ETHICAL VALUES | ETHICALITY | DILEMMA 8 RESPONSIBILITY | ACCOUNTABILITY | AUTONOMY _______________________________________________________ 11 MORAL | MORAL NORM | MORAL VALUES | MORALITY ____________________________________________________ 13 DATA | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | COMMON KNOWLEDGE _________________________________________ 16 Guidelines about Institutional Culture and Practices __________________________________________________________ 21 CULTURE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY | ETHICS INFRASTRUCTURE _______________________________________ 22 CODE OF CONDUCT | CODE OF ETHICS | ACADEMIC INTEGRITY COMMITTEE | DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE | ETHICS COMMITTEE | RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEE | AUDIT _________________________ 23 DATA MANAGEMENT __________________________________________________________________________________________ 26 WHISTLEBLOWING | REPORTING IRRESPONSIBLE RESEARCH PRACTICES _____________________________ 28 RISK MANAGEMENT ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 30 GENDER-BASED HARASSMENT | EXPLOITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS _______________________________________ 32 Guidelines about Science and Research _________________________________________________________________________ 34 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY | RESEARCH | SCIENTIFIC WORK ___________________________________________________ 35 SCIENTIST | RESEARCHER ____________________________________________________________________________________ 37 RESEARCH ETHICS | RESEARCH INTEGRITY | RESEARCH FRAUD | RESEARCH MISCONDUCT _________ 39 RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH | QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES _____________________ 41 ETHICS ASSESSMENT | ETHICAL APPROVAL | AVOIDING HARM | INFORMED CONSENT ______________ 43 CONFIDENTIALITY | CONFIDENTIALITY VIOLATION ______________________________________________________ 46 Guidelines about Academic Writing and Publishing____________________________________________________________ 47 COPYRIGHT | AUTHOR’S PATRIMONIAL RIGHTS | AUTHOR’S ETHICAL RIGHTS ________________________ 48 AUTHOR | AUTHORSHIP | CO-AUTHOR | CORRESPONDING AUTHOR | CONTRIBUTORSHIP | UNETHICAL AUTHORSHIP | AUTHORSHIP ABUSE | GIFT OR GUEST AUTHORSHIP | COERCION AUTHORSHIP | GHOST AUTHORSHIP | GHOST WRITER | GHOSTWRITING | INVENTED AUTHORSHIP 50 CITATION | CITATION AMNESIA | DOUBLE CREATION | QUOTATION | PARAPHRASING _______________ 55 REFERENCE | REFERENCES | INVALID SOURCE | IRRESPONSIBLE SOURCE USE | BIBLIOGRAPHY | RECOGNISED REFERENCING STYLE | HONEST ERROR ____________________________________________________ 60 PROOFREADING________________________________________________________________________________________________ 64 PEER REVIEW | OPEN PEER REVIEW | BLIND PEER REVIEW | SINGLE-BLIND PEER REVIEW | DOUBLE- BLIND PEER REVIEW | TRIPLE-BLIND PEER REVIEW ______________________________________________________ 65 TEXT-MATCHING SOFTWARE ________________________________________________________________________________ 68 3 REPRODUCTION | REPUBLICATION __________________________________________________________________________ 71 RETRACTION ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 72 Guidelines about Academic Integrity Breaches _________________________________________________________________ 73 ACADEMIC DISHONESTY | ACADEMIC FRAUD | ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT | DISCIPLINARY MISDEMEANOUR _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 74 CORRUPTION | MISMANAGEMENT OF RESEARCH FUNDS | FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY _____________ 76 PLAGIARISM ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 78 DIPLOMA MILL _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 83 FABRICATION | FALSIFICATION | DATA FALSIFICATION | DATA FABRICATION | DATA IMPUTATION | DATA SUPPRESSION | FABRICATION, FALSIFICATION AND PLAGIARISM (FFP) ________________________ 85 CHEATING | COLLUSION | UNAUTHORIZED AID | CRIB NOTES ____________________________________________ 88 CONTRACT CHEATING | CONTRACT CHEATING SERVICES | GHOSTWRITING | PAPER MILL __________ 92 4 Preface These general guidelines serve as a supportive document for the glossary for academic integrity (sub-output 3G) that describes the definitions of terms related to academic integrity. They serve to help build common understandings of integrity issues in both academia and business. The guidelines outline minimum requirements and responsibilities of various stakeholders in academia. Many of the guidelines are necessarily general, but, where relevant, we provide country-specific examples as well as adjusting to meet to the needs of different fields of study/research. The general guidelines are addressed to a full range of stakeholders, including national ombudspersons, judicial authorities, compliance officers, research project managers and other related bodies or units in academia (such as policy units, educators/instructors, senior administrator/managers/coordinators) as well as students, the business sector and others. Guidelines development approach The development of the guidelines was divided into four stages. First, each guideline development group (GDG) member selected terms from the Glossary for Academic Integrity for which they have expert knowledge. At the end, 46 out of 208 terms remained free of guidelines as self-explanatory. Second, GDGs agreed on criteria for general guidelines development, such as: 1) a guideline should be country-and discipline-specific where appropriate; 2) a guideline should be concise; 3) a guideline should help avoiding misinterpretation of the words used in a term's definition; 4) a guideline should help make a distinction between terms; 5) if a guideline is inherent to particular stakeholders, it should be clearly stated; 6) only reliable sources should be included in guidelines; sources should be properly
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