Islã, Legitimidade E Cultura Política: O Movimento Estudantil No Irã Durante O Período Khatami

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Islã, Legitimidade E Cultura Política: O Movimento Estudantil No Irã Durante O Período Khatami YOUSSEF ALVARENGA CHEREM Islã, legitimidade e cultura política: o movimento estudantil no Irã durante o período Khatami Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Departamento de Antropologia Social do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Antropologia Social. Este exemplar corresponde à redação final da dissertação defendida e aprovada pela Comissão Julgadora em 29/03/2006. BANCA Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz (Orientador) Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Machado de Almeida (membro interno) Prof. Dr. Paulo Gabriel Hilu da Rocha Pinto (membro externo) Campinas Março de 2006 iii Agradecimentos =>;: اOYZ<Iت WَوKUT ِاNOPDِْS: اK?L;I إHI زوABC :DE@?< وأهO^Z وإHI ُأS: وأC: وaLC ،:P?=dّE` ِإَ_DNَO^[ اj [CِODَDَYُI: آhg اBaُIْهOت . 456ًا 012ً/ ! ! v Resumo Durante os dois mandatos Mohammad Khatami como presidente da República Islâmica do Irã (1997-2001; 2001-2005), observou-se um debate intenso e violento na sociedade iraniana a respeito da concepção do espaço político e dos fundamentos da ação política. Uma parte essencial desse debate foi a participação dos estudantes numa incipiente (embora efêmera e limitada) abertura do espaço público. Mas essa política de reforma teve o resultado inesperado de trazer à tona as vozes de contestação da organização normativa autoritária do campo político, expondo as contradições constitutivas do sistema e seu funcionamento ambíguo, e ameaçando por um momento a dominação da elite política religiosa-revolucionária. Essa ameaça ocorreu porque os estudantes agiam segundo uma lógica republicana de igualdade jurídico-política e exigiam a instauração desse padrão, prometido por Khatami durante a campanha eleitoral. Em outras palavras, podemos perceber uma vontade de reformulação simbólico-institucional da divisão público-privado que regia as relações entre o estado e a sociedade do Irã desde o estabelecimento da República Islâmica. A participação de elementos anteriormente excluídos do espaço público e o fortalecimento da sociedade civil fizeram com que fossem contestados a estrutura de poder e o funcionamento enclausurado (privado) do sistema político iraniano, bem como regras não escritas da vida política iraniana. Assim, embora os estudantes tenham sido reprimidos, esse período de abertura relativa nos abre uma perspectiva frutífera para interpretar a pluralidade de concepções de governo, religião e sociedade presentes num país muçulmano, opondo-se a algumas visões do meio acadêmico que se destacam por uma leitura superficial e/ou unidimensional de fenômenos onde se entremeiam cultura e política. vii Résumée Islam, légitimité et culture politique : Le mouvement estudiantin pendant le gouvernement Khatami Pendant les deux mandats de Mohammad Khatami comme président de la République Islamique d’Iran (1997-2001; 2001-2005) un intense et violent débat secoua la société iranienne, au sujet de la conception de l’espace politique et des fondements de l’action politique. Une part essentielle de ce débat fut la participation des étudiants dans un début d’ouverture, quoique éphémère et limitée, de l’espace publique. Mais cette politique de réforme eut le résultat inattendu de mettre à l’ouvert les voix de contestation de l’organisation normative autoritaire du champ politique, exposant les contradictions constitutives du système et son fonctionnement ambigu, menaçant par un moment la domination de l’élite politique religieuse-révolutionnaire : un danger d’instabilité et une menace directe aux élites au pouvoir parce que les étudiants agissaient selon une logique républicaine d’égalité juridico-politique et demandaient l’instauration de ce modèle, comme promis par Khatami dans sa campagne électorale, et aussi l’abolition des règles non-écrites de la vie politique iranienne. Autrement dit, on peut percevoir une volonté de reforme symbolique et institutionnelle de la division entre l’espace publique et l’espace privé qui régissait les relations entre l’état et la société en Iran depuis l’établissement de la République Islamique. La participation d’éléments antérieurement exclus de l’espace publique et dont l’influence politique était encore à ce moment-là refusée a par soi-même fait de sorte que la structure de pouvoir et le fonctionnement clos (privé) du système politique iranien fussent contestés. Ainsi, quoique les étudiants aient été réprimés, cette période d’ouverture relative nous ouvre une perspective fructueuse pour interpréter la pluralité de conceptions de gouvernement, religion et société dans un pays musulman, faisant face à des lectures académiques remarquables par sa vision superficielle et/ou unidimensionnelle de phénomènes où s’entremêlent culture et politique. ix Abstract Islam, legitimacy and political culture: the Iranian student movement in the Khatami government During his two terms as the president of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1997-2001; 2001- 2005), we have come to witness an intense and violent debate in Iranian society about the conception of the public space and the fundaments of political action. An essential element in this debate was the participation of the students in a fledgling (but ephemeral and limited) opening of the public space. But this policy of reform had the unexpected result of bringing into the open the dissenting voices against the normative, authoritarian framing of the public space, exposing the inherent contradictions of the system and its hazy functioning, and jeopardizing, even if for just one moment, the ascendancy of the religious revolutionary elites. The students’ coming out in public was a threat because the students acted according to a republican logic of juridical and political equality and demanded the implementation, as promised by Khatami in his campaign of this pattern, and the abolition of the “unwritten rules” of Iranian political life. In other words, we can notice a will of symbolic and institutional reformulation of the separation between public and private spheres that ruled the relations between state and society in Iran since the establishment of the Islamic Republic. The participation of people who had been previously excluded from public space and the strengthening of civil society increased opposition to the power structure and the closed, private working of the political system. Thus, although the students have been repressed, this period of relative opening opens a promising path to interpret the plurality of conception of government, religion and society in a Muslim country – an interpretation that engages critically some scholarly views of the interweaving of culture and politics that are remarkable for their shallow and/or one-dimensional reading of intrinsically multi-layered phenomena. xi @ إ >; :909 DPC: اa?aI : هّAd B?ة O? L Sة أCكِ 13 SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS .................................................................................................................................. III RESUMO.......................................................................................................................................................... V RESUMEE..................................................................................................................................................... VII ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................................IX SUMÁRIO....................................................................................................................................................... 13 PRELÚDIO: OS PROTESTOS DE JULHO DE 1999 ................................................................................ 15 INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................................................................... 27 CAPÍTULO 1: MODERNIZAÇÃO E MODERNIDADE NO IRÃ ........................................................... 43 1.2 AS MUDANÇAS NA ESFERA ECONÔMICA NO SÉCULO XX......................................................................... 59 1.3 CRISES E TENTATIVAS DE REFORMA NO SÉCULO XIX ............................................................................. 68 1.4 A MODERNIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA LIBERAL -CONSTITUCIONALISTA : A REVOLUÇÃO CONSTITUCIONAL DE 1906 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 73 1.5 A MODERNIZAÇÃO AUTORITÁRIA DO XÁ REZA PAHLAVI E O PROSSEGUIMENTO DA MODERNIZAÇÃO POLÍTICA PELA VIA AUTORITÁRIA ................................................................................................................. 81 1.6 O REINADO DE MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI .......................................................................................... 87 1.6.1 Até a crise com a Anglo-Persian.................................................................................................................87 1.6.2 A Revolução Branca e a repressão política.................................................................................................93 CAPÍTULO 2: DO MODERNISMO AO ISLAMISMO: AS CONCEPÇÕES POLÍTICAS DOS PAÍSES MUÇULMANOS NO SÉCULO XX ............................................................................................ 101 2.1 PROGRESSO , CAPITALISMO , COLONIALISMO : MODERNISMO E MODERNIDADE NAS IDEOLOGIAS POLÍTICAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS NOS PAÍSES MUÇULMANOS
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