Terminology List for the Nervous System

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Terminology List for the Nervous System Nerve cell: neuron, cell body, axon, dendrite, axon hillock, axon terminal, synaptic cleft, neuroglia, Schwann cells, myelin, Nodes of Ranvier, neurilemma, endoneurium Human Brain: cerebrum: right and left cerebral hemispheres transverse fissure longitudinal fissure lateral sulcus central sulcus parieto-occipital sulcus precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe insula cortex basal nuclei (=cerebral nuclei or basal ganglia) corpus callosum septum pellucidum fornix internal capsule cerebellum: right and left cerebellar hemispheres vermis cortex arbor vitae diencephalon: epithalamus (pineal body, pineal gland) thalamus intermediate mass hypothalamus infundibulum pituitary gland mammillary bodies brainstem: midbrain (=mesencephalon) corpora quadrigemina superior colliculi inferior colliculi cerebral peduncles pons cerebellar peduncles medulla oblongata pyramids Sheep Brain: Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, optic nerves, optic chiasma, corpus callosum Diencephalon: epithalamus (or pineal gland), thalamus hypothalamus, pituitary gland Cerebellum: arbor vitae Brain Stem: midbrain pons medulla Meninges & Ventricles: dura mater, arachnoid layer, subacrachnoid space, pia mater, falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, choroid plexuses, arachnoid villi (=arachnoid granulations) Spinal cord: central canal, posterior median sulcus, anterior median fissure, gray matter, white matter (tracts), anterior, lateral and posterior horns of grey matter, meninges; dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater, subarachnoid space, epidural space General Terminology: nucleus, ganglion, tract, nerve, epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, nerve fiber PNS-Cranial Nerves: Cerebrum: I. Olfactory Nerve (filaments) (also: olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts) II. Optic Nerve (also: optic chiasma, optic tracts) Midbrain: III. Oculomotor Nerve IV. Trochlear Nerve pons: V. Trigeminal Nerve VI. Abducens VII. Facial medulla: VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve X. Vagus Nerve XI. Accessory Nerve XII. Hypoglossal Nerve PNS-Spinal Nerves: dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion (sensory), ventral root (motor), Cervical Plexus (C1 - C5), Phrenic Nerve, Brachial Plexus (C5 - C8, T1), Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4), Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4) Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Branch: sympathetic trunks are comprised of fibers mainly from the thoracic spinal nerves which form a pair of "chain ganglia" anterior and lateral to the vertebral column Parasympathetic Branch: individual fibers from cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, and S4. Innervation of most visceral organs is from fibers of the Vagus (X) Nerve .

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Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue • Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life • Three basic functions – sensing changes with sensory receptors • fullness of stomach or sun on your face – interpreting and remembering those changes – reacting to those changes with effectors • muscular contractions • glandular secretions Major Structures of the Nervous System • Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors Organization of the Nervous System • CNS is brain and spinal cord • PNS is everything else Nervous System Divisions • Central nervous system (CNS) – consists of the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – consists of cranial and spinal nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers – connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors Subdivisions of the PNS • Somatic (voluntary) nervous system (SNS) – neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to the CNS – motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue • Autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems – sensory neurons from visceral organs to CNS – motor neurons to smooth & cardiac muscle and glands • sympathetic division (speeds up heart rate) • parasympathetic division (slow down heart rate) • Enteric nervous system (ENS) – involuntary sensory & motor neurons control GI tract – neurons function independently of ANS & CNS Neurons • Functional unit of nervous system • Have capacity to produce action potentials – electrical excitability • Cell body – single nucleus with prominent nucleolus – Nissl
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The Nervous System
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Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, and Nerve Plexus Spinal Nerves
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PN1 (Midha) Microanatomy of Peripheral Nerves-Part1.Pdf
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Nervous Tissue
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The “Road Map”
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Cells of the Nervous System Two Major Cell/Tissue Types in Nervous System
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School of Physical Education and Sports Science
ARISTOTELIAN UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI School of Physical Education and Sports Science Bachelor's Thesis: "MYOFASCIAL NETWORK IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND TRAINING" Name: Tsourvakas Konstantinos Supervisor: Papadopoulos Panagiotis PhD Thessaloniki, June 2018 1 ABSTRACT Physical activity can lead people, regardless of age, to a healthier and more quality life. Especially nowadays, that most people follow an intense routine, good physical condition is an essential factor to take care of in order to achieve health and well- being. This project refers to the myofascial system of the human body. It is about a scientific review whose purpose is to highlight the importance of self myofascial release (SMR), to quote the process of SMR through the use of specific tools and methods, and the analysis of its effects to the human body. In the first place, the fascial network of the human body is described, along with the properties, the function and the usefulness of the fascia. Subsequently, the assignment focuses on the significance of self myofascial release for the human body and mostly the way it increases and improves the range of motion. In addition, there is a presentation of SMR's techniques and methods with the application of tools such as foam rollers, roller massagers and tennis balls. The assignment ends up with conclusions and suggestions on further improvement of range of motion. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………….………2 Table of Contents ……………………….......………………………………………...3 1. Introduction...………………………………………………………………..……...4 2. The Fascial System………………………………………………..………………..5 2.1 Definition….…………………………………………………..…………………..5 2.2 Structure….……………………………………………………………..…………5 2.3 Function………………………………………………………………..…………22 3. Importance of training fascia …………….....……………………………………..27 3.1 Principles of training fascia....................................................................................27 3.2 Fascia and elastic recoil.........................................................................................31 4.
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Lecture 19: Nerve Synthesis in Vivo (Regeneration)
Nerve synthesis in vivo (regeneration)* 1. Anatomy and function of a peripheral nerve. 2. Experimental parameters for study of induced regeneration. 3. Synthesis of myelinated axons and BM (nerve fibers) 4. Evidence (?) of synthesis of an endoneurium. 5. Synthesis of a nerve trunk (including summary of kinetics of synthesis). 6. Comparative regenerative activity of various reactants. _______ *Tissue and Organ Regeneration in Adults, Yannas, Springer, 2001, Ch. 6. 1. Anatomy and function of a peripheral nerve. I Nervous system = central nervous system (CNS) + peripheral nervous system (PNS) Image: public domain (by Wikipedia User: Persion Poet Gal) Nervous System: CNS and PNS CNS PNS Chamberlain, Yannas, et al., 1998 Landstrom, Aria. “Nerve Regeneration Induced by Collagen-GAG Matrix in Collagen Tubes.” MS Thesis, MIT, 1994. Focus of interest: nerve fibers and axons Nerve fibers comprise axons wrapped in a myelin sheath, itself surrounded by BM (diam. 10-30 μm in rat sciatic nerve). Axons are extensions (long processes) of neurons located in spinal cord. They comprise endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. 1. Anatomy and function of a peripheral nerve. II Myelinated axons (diam. 1-15 μm) are wrapped in a myelin sheath; nonmyelinated axons also exist. They are the elementary units for conduction of electric signals in the body. Myelin formed by wrapping a Schwann cell membrane many times around axon perimeter. No ECM inside nerve fibers. Myelin sheath is a wrapping of Schwann cell membranes around certain axons. 1. Anatomy and function of a peripheral nerve. III Nonmyelinated axons (diam. <1 μm) function in small pain nerves. Although surrounded by Schwann cells, they lack myelin sheath; Schwann cells are around them but have retained their cytoplasm.
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Myelin Sheath Are Called Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Physiology of the Nerve & Muscle System(2) Second Stage/ University of Anbar-College of Dentistry By : Dr. Rana Hazim Ph.D. Human Physiology. Dep. Basic Science The axon has a long central core of cytoplasm called axoplasm. The axoplasm is covered by the tubular sheath like membrane called axolemma which is the continuation of the cell membrane of nerve cell body. The axoplasm along with the axolemma is called the axis cylinder of the nerve fiber (Fig. 1). Axoplasm contains mitochondria, neurofibrils and axoplasmic vesicles. But, Nissl bodies are absent in the axon Figure (1) :- A- Myelinated never fiber B- Non- myelinated nerve Myelinated nerve fiber The nerve fibers which are insulated by myelin sheath are called myelinated nerve fibers. Non - myelinated nerve fiber The nerve fiber described above is the non-myelinated nerve fiber which is not covered by myelin sheath Myelin Sheath Myelin sheath is a thick lipoprotein sheath that insulates the myelinated nerve fiber. Myelin sheath is not a continuous sheath. It is absent at regular intervals. The area where the myelin sheath is absent is called node of Ranvier . The segment of the nerve fiber between two nodes is called internode. Myelin sheath is responsible for the white color of the nerve fibers. Chemistry of Myelin Sheath Myelin sheath is formed by concentric layers of proteins alternating with lipids. The lipids are cholesterol and lecithin. The formation of myelin sheath around the axon is called the myelinogenesis. It is formed by Schwann cells in neurilemma. Functions of myelin sheath 1- Faster conduction: Myelin sheath is responsible for faster conduction of impulse through the nerve fibers.
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