1) Brainstem and Cerebellum
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Differentiation of the Cerebellum 2463
Development 128, 2461-2469 (2001) 2461 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV1660 Inductive signal and tissue responsiveness defining the tectum and the cerebellum Tatsuya Sato, Isato Araki‡ and Harukazu Nakamura* Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980- 8575, Japan ‡Present address: Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 11 April 2001 SUMMARY The mes/metencephalic boundary (isthmus) has an Fgf8b repressed Otx2 expression, but upregulated Gbx2 and organizing activity for mesencephalon and metencephalon. Irx2 expression in the mesencephalon. As a result, Fgf8b The candidate signaling molecule is Fgf8 whose mRNA is completely changed the fate of the mesencephalic alar plate localized in the region where the cerebellum differentiates. to cerebellum. Quantitative analysis showed that Fgf8b Responding to this signal, the cerebellum differentiates in signal is 100 times stronger than Fgf8a signal. Co- the metencephalon and the tectum differentiates in the transfection of Fgf8b with Otx2 indicates that Otx2 is a key mesencephalon. Based on the assumption that strong Fgf8 molecule in mesencephalic generation. We have shown by signal induces the cerebellum and that the Fgf8b signal is RT-PCR that both Fgf8a and Fgf8b are expressed, Fgf8b stronger than that of Fgf8a, we carried out experiments to expression prevailing in the isthmic region. The results all misexpress Fgf8b and Fgf8a in chick embryos. Fgf8a did not support our working hypothesis that the strong Fgf8 signal affect the expression pattern of Otx2, Gbx2 or Irx2. -
NERVOUS SYSTEM هذا الملف لالستزادة واثراء المعلومات Neuropsychiatry Block
NERVOUS SYSTEM هذا الملف لﻻستزادة واثراء المعلومات Neuropsychiatry block. قال تعالى: ) َو َل َق د َخ َل قنَا ا ِْلن َسا َن ِمن ُس ََل َل ة ِ من ِطي ن }12{ ثُ م َجعَ لنَاه ُ نُ ط َفة فِي َق َرا ر م ِكي ن }13{ ثُ م َخ َل قنَا ال ُّن ط َفة َ َع َل َقة َف َخ َل قنَا ا لعَ َل َقة َ ُم ضغَة َف َخ َل قنَا ا ل ُم ضغَة َ ِع َظا ما َف َك َس ونَا ا ل ِع َظا َم َل ح ما ثُ م أَن َشأنَاه ُ َخ ل قا آ َخ َر َفتَبَا َر َك ّللا ُ أَ ح َس ُن ا ل َخا ِل ِقي َن }14{( Resources BRS Embryology Book. Pathoma Book ( IN DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES PART ). [email protected] 1 OVERVIEW A- Central nervous system (CNS) is formed in week 3 of development, during which time the neural plate develops. The neural plate, consisting of neuroectoderm, becomes the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. B- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is derived from three sources: 1. Neural crest cells 2. Neural tube, which gives rise to all preganglionic autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and all nerves (-motoneurons and -motoneurons) that innervate skeletal muscles 3. Mesoderm, which gives rise to the dura mater and to connective tissue investments of peripheral nerve fibers (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium) DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEURAL TUBE Neurulation refers to the formation and closure of the neural tube. BMP-4 (bone morphogenetic protein), noggin (an inductor protein), chordin (an inductor protein), FGF-8 (fibroblast growth factor), and N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) appear to play a role in neurulation. -
Neuroanatomy
Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Neuroanatomy W. Jeffrey Wilson Fall 2012 \Without education we are in a horrible and deadly danger of taking educated people seriously." { Gilbert Keith Chesterton [LATEX in use { a Microsoft- & PowerPoint-free presentation] Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Blood-Brain Barrier Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic N.S.: skeletal muscles, skin, joints • Autonomic N.S.: internal organs, glands • Sympathetic N.S.: rapid expenditure of energy • Parasympathetic N.S.: restoration of energy Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Spinal Cord Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Brain | Ventricles Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Brain Midline Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Brain Midline Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Hindbrain Myelencephalon & Metencephalon Outline Protection Peripheral Nervous System Overview of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain Reticular -
Embryology Team
Embryology team Development of cerebrum and cerebellum Team members 1- Lama Alhwairikh 1-Nawaf Modahi 2- Norah AlRefayi 2- Abdulrahman Ahmed Al-Kadhaib 3- Sara Alkhelb 3- Khalid Al-Own 4-Abdulrahman Al-Khelaif Student Guide: 1- The notes, which are written by the team, are in Blue . 2- Everything written in Red is important. • By the beginning of the 3rd week of development, three germ cell layers become established, 1 ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. • During the middle of the 3rd week, the dorsal midline ectoderm undergoes thickening to form the 2 neural plate. • The margins of the plate become elevated, forming 3 neural folds. • A longitudinal, midline depression, called the 4 neural groove is formed. • The 2 neural folds then fuse together, to form 5 the neural tube. • Formation of the neural tube is completed by 6 the middle of the fourth week of development. The brain vesicle grows and gives 3 dilatations named as: • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon Telencephalon cerebral hemispheres Forebrain prosencephalon Diencephalon Thalami Midbrain mesencephalon Mesencephalon Midbrain Metencephalon Pones & cerebellum Hindbrain rhombencephalon Myelencephalon Medulla By the end of 4th week the 3 primary vesicles develop (3 vesicles stage) By the 5th week 5 secondary vesicles develop (5 vesicles stage) By 4th week: By the 4th week: The neural tube grows rapidly and bends ventrally with the head fold, producing two flexures: Midbrain (cephalic) flexure: In the region of midbrain. Cervical flexure: between the hind brain & the spinal cord. Later Pontine flexure appears in the hindbrain, in the opposite direction of the cephalic & cervical flexures, resulting in stretching and thinning of the roof of the hindbrain. -
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM composed from spinal cord and brain SPINAL CORD − is developmentally the oldest part of CNS − is long about 45 cm in adult − fills upper 2/3 of vertebral canal cranial border at level of: foramen magnum, pyramidal decussation, exit of first pair of spinal nerves caudal border: level of L1 vertebra – medullary cone – filum terminale made by pia mater (ends at level of S2 vertebra) – spinal roots below L1 vertebra form cauda equina two enlargements: • cervical enlargement (CV – ThI): origin of nerves for upper extremity – brachial plexus • lumbosacral enlargement (LI – SII): origin of nerves for lower extremity – lumbosacral plexus Spinal segment is part of spinal cord where 1 pair of spinal n. exits. Spinal cord consists of 31 spinal segments and 31 pairs of spinal nn.: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 coccygeal. Spinal nn. leave spinal cord through íntervertebral foramens. Denticulate ligg. attach spinal segments to vertebral canal. Dermatome is part of skin innervated by 1 spinal nerve. external features: • anterior median fissure • anterolateral sulcus – exits of anterior roots of spinal nn. (laterally to anterior median fissure) • posterolateral sulcus – exits of posterior roots of spinal nn. • posterior median sulcus • posterior intermediate sulcus internal features: White matter • anterior funiculus (between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus) • lateral funiculus (between anterolateral and posterolateral sulci) • posterior funiculus (between posterolateral sulcus and posterior median sulcus) is divided by posterior intermediate sulcus to: − gracile fasciculus – medial one − cuneate fasciculus – lateral one, both for sensory tracts of fine sensation White matter of spinal cord contains fibres of ascending and descending nerve tracts. -
EARLY ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PATTERNING of the MIDBRAIN and CEREBELLUM Aimin Liu1 and Alexandra L Joyner1,2
P1: GDL May 1, 2001 10:35 Annual Reviews AR121-28 Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2001. 24:869–96 Copyright c 2001 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved EARLY ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR PATTERNING OF THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM Aimin Liu1 and Alexandra L Joyner1,2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of 1Cell Biology and 2Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Key Words midbrain/hindbrain organizer, Fibroblast growth factor, Otx2, Gbx2, Engrailed ■ Abstract Transplantation studies performed in chicken embryos indicated that early anterior/posterior patterning of the vertebrate midbrain and cerebellum might be regulated by an organizing center at the junction between the midbrain and hindbrain. More than a decade of molecular and genetic studies have shown that such an organizer is indeed central to development of the midbrain and anterior hindbrain. Furthermore, a complicated molecular network that includes multiple positive and negative feedback loops underlies the establishment and refinement of a mid/hindbrain organizer, as well as the subsequent function of the organizer. In this review, we first introduce the expression patterns of the genes known to be involved in this patterning process and the quail-chick transplantation experiments that have provided the foundation for understanding the genetic pathways regulating mid/hindbrain patterning. Subsequently, we discuss the molecular genetic studies that have revealed the roles for many genes in normal early patterning of this region. Finally, some of the remaining questions and future directions are discussed. -
The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Sensory and Motor Pathways
13 The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Sensory and Motor Pathways Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Note to the Instructor: For the third edition of Visual Anatomy & Physiology, we have updated our PowerPoints to fully integrate text and art. The pedagogy now more closely matches that of the textbook. The goal of this revised formatting is to help your students learn from the art more effectively. However, you will notice that the labels on the embedded PowerPoint art are not editable. You can easily import editable art by doing the following: Copying slides from one slide set into another You can easily copy the Label Edit art into the Lecture Presentations by using either the PowerPoint Slide Finder dialog box or Slide Sorter view. Using the Slide Finder dialog box allows you to explicitly retain the source formatting of the slides you insert. Using the Slide Finder dialog box in PowerPoint: 1. Open the original slide set in PowerPoint. 2. On the Slides tab in Normal view, click the slide thumbnail that you want the copied slides to follow. 3. On the toolbar at the top of the window, click the drop down arrow on the New Slide tab. Select Reuse Slides. 4. Click Browse to look for the file; in the Browse dialog box, select the file, and then click Open. 5. If you want the new slides to keep their current formatting, in the Slide Finder dialog box, select the Keep source formatting checkbox. When this checkbox is cleared, the copied slides assume the formatting of the slide they are inserted after. -
Neural Development
Neural Development The incredibly importnat and diverse functions of the human nervous system that range from senseation, perception, learning, memory, emotion, movement, thinking, and so much more all rely on the formation, organization, and connection of different types of nerve cells. Neural Induction Neural induction is when signals specify ectodermal cells to become neural stem cells, cells of the neural plate. The pimitive steak a transient formation on the dorsal side of the embryo sends signals down from the ectoderm. This area has a large number of molecules called bone morphogenic protein (BMP) inhibitors and fibroblast growth factors that stop the signaling properties of BMP and other factors which are expressed throuhgout the embryo. BMP will cause the ectoderm toto becomebecome skin. However, without BMP the ecotderm will become cells of the nervous system. Primary Neurulation Signals from the underlying mesoderm cause the now neural precursor cells called the neural plate to invaginate and form a tube called the neural tube click here to see a video of primary neurulation (download QuickTime) (below is a picture of the cells of the neural tube) This hollow tube eventually becomes the central nervous system the top of the tube becoming the brain and farther down the spinal cord. When the neural tube forms the intermediate cells between the tube and the ectoderm become neural crest cells. Secondary Neurulation click here to see a video of secondary neurulation (download QuickTime) Somitogenesis click here to see what happens -
Cerebellum (Small Brain)
CerebellumCerebellum (small(small brain)brain) 44thth VentricleVentricle CNSCNS divisionsdivisions BrainstemBrainstem divisionsdivisions Midbrain Mesencephalon Pons Cerebellum Metencephalon Medulla Myelencephalon BasicBasic anatomicalanatomical datadata ofof cerebellumcerebellum Weight ~130 g (10% of the total brain volume) Location - posterior cranial fossa Separated from the occipital lobe by the cerebellar tentorium Cerebellum/cerebrum = 1/8 (adult); 1/20 (infant) MajorMajor componentscomponents ofof cerebellumcerebellum CortexCortex DeepDeep nucleinuclei WhiteWhite mattermatter deepdeep WMWM cerebellarcerebellar pedunclespeduncles MajorMajor componentscomponents ofof cerebellumcerebellum OrganizationOrganization ofof cerebellarcerebellar cortexcortex Folia (folds, equivalent to gyri of cerebral cortex) Lobules (groups of folia) Lobes (groups of lobes) The branching pattern of the white matter into the cerebellar convolutions inspired early anatomists to refer to it as the arbor vitae (Latin, tree of life); hence, the name folia (Latin, leaves) rather than gyri is used to describe the convolutions. Folia ↓ Lobules ↓ Lobes CerebellarCerebellar cortexcortex consistsconsists ofof vermisvermis andand hemisphereshemispheres crus cerebri midbrain aqueduct Cerebellar Cerebellar hemisphere hemisphere Vermis VermisVermis andand hemisphereshemispheres areare divideddivided intointo lobeslobes byby fissuresfissures Lobulus semilunaris sup. Posterolateral fissure VentralVentral viewview ofof cerebellumcerebellum 4th ventricle (=Inferior -
Posterior Fossa Malformations
Posterior Fossa Malformations Nolan R. Altman, 1 Thomas P. Naidich, and Bruce H. Braffman From the Miami Children's Hospital (NAA), the Baptist Hospital of Miami (TPN), and the Memorial Hospital, Hollywood, FL (BHB) Posterior fossa malformations are best classi 2. central lob- with the two alae, and fied in terms of their embryogenesis from the ule rhombencephalon ( 1-7). The diverse manifesta 3. culmen with the (anterior) quadran- tions of the dysgeneses can be related to the gular lobule. stages at which development of the cerebellum The anterior lobe is the most rostral portion of the became deranged. The cerebellar malformations cerebellum and is separated from the more caudal can also be classified by their effect on the fourth portions of the cerebellum by the primary fissure. ventricle and cisterna magna, and by whether B. The posterior lobe consists of the next five lobules any cystic spaces represent expansion of the of the vermis with their hemispheric connections, ie , rhombencephalic vesicle or secondary atrophy of the parenchyma. Since the size of the posterior vermis and hemispheres fossa depends largely on the size of the rhomben 4. declive with the lobulus simplex cephalic vesicle at the time that the mesenchyme 5. folium with the superior semilunar condenses into the bony-dural walls of the pos lobule terior fossa (see article by MeLone in this issue), 6. tuber inferior semilunar, identification of the size of the posterior fossa and with the gracile and often proves to be more helpful in differentiating 7. pyramis biventral lobules among these malformations than the simple pres 8. -
Chapter 14 *Lecture Powerpoint
Chapter 14 *Lecture PowerPoint The Brain and Cranial Nerves *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The human brain is complex • Brain function is associated with life • This chapter is a study of brain and cranial nerves directly connected to it • Will provide insight into brain circuitry and function 14-2 Introduction • Aristotle thought brain was “radiator” to cool blood • Hippocrates was more accurate: “from the brain only, arises our pleasures, joys, laughter, and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs, and tears” • Cessation of brain activity—clinical criterion of death • Evolution of the central nervous system shows spinal cord has changed very little while brain has changed a great deal – Greatest growth in areas of vision, memory, and motor control of the prehensile hand 14-3 Overview of the Brain • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the major subdivisions and anatomical landmarks of the brain. – Describe the locations of its gray and white matter. – Describe the embryonic development of the CNS and relate this to adult brain anatomy. 14-4 Major Landmarks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Rostral—toward the Rostral Caudal forehead Central sulcus • Caudal—toward the spinal Gyri Cerebrum cord Lateral sulcus Cerebellum • Brain weighs about 1,600 g Temporal lobe (3.5 lb) in men, and 1,450 g in women Brainstem Spinal cord (b) Lateral view Figure 14.1b 14-5 Major Landmarks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. -
Neuroanatomy
NEUROANATOMY Basic Science Course in Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology JUNE 2016 Connections from Visual Areas • Other lobes of ipsilateral hemisphere • contralateral hemisphere via corpus callosum • Brain stem – LGB – Rostral colliculus – Pontine nuclei – Reticular formation Central Nervous System • All brain divisions involved – Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) – Diencephalon (thalamic structures MYELENCEPHALON and geniculate bodies) – Mesencephalon (midbrain) – Metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) – Myelencephalon (aka medulla oblongata) Central Nervous System CNS • Cranial cervical spinal cord (C2-C4)(sensory to eyelids) • Cranial thoracic spinal cord (T1-T3) (sympathetic) Peripheral Nervous System PNS • Most of the cranial nerves (CNs) • II, III, IV, V, VI, VII directly & VIII (indirectly) Peripheral Nervous System • C2-C4 spinal nerves • T1-T3 spinal nerves, sympathetic trunk, vagosympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglion, postganglionic fibers Nomenclature Human/Zoo Superior Inferior Anterior posterior NAV Dorsal Ventral Rostral caudal More on terminology The same Or different • Afferent- sensory • Afferent-Projecting to a structure • Efferent- motor • Efferent- Projecting from a structure Even More E(fferent) A(fferent) S(omatic) V(isceral) S V S(pecial) G(eneral) S G S G S G SSE GSE SVE GVE SSA GSA SVA GVA vol. motor motor auto. motor sight limb, body & taste organ to limbs, to chewing, hearing head sensory smell sensory extraocular mm facial mm Telencephalon Cerebral Hemispheres • Perception and integration of vision