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Comparative Anatomy of the Pig Brain

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Comparative Anatomy of the Pig Brain Comparative anatomy of the pig brain - An integrative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the porcine brain with special emphasis on the external morphology of the cerebral cortex VERENA SCHMIDT COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE PIG BRAIN édition scientifique Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG Dr. med. vet. VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG beim Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen STAUFENBERGRING 15 ISBN: 978-3-8359-6246-0 D-35396 GIESSEN VERENA SCHMIDT Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: -5599890 [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de 9 783835 962460 édition scientifique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG VVB Photo cover: INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Dr. med. vet. beim Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die rechtliche Verantwortung für den gesamten Inhalt dieses Buches liegt ausschließlich bei den Autoren dieses Werkes. Jede Verwertung ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung der Autoren oder des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. 1. Auflage 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Authors or the Publisher. 1st Edition 2015 © 2015 by VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG, Giessen Printed in Germany édition scientifique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG STAUFENBERGRING 15, D-35396 GIESSEN Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: 0641-5599890 email: [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de Aus dem Klinikum Veterinärmedizin Klinik für Kleintiere - Chirurgie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Betreuer: PD Dr. med.vet.(habil.) M. Schmidt Comparative anatomy of the pig brain - An integrative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the porcine brain with special emphasis on the external morphology of the cerebral cortex INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Dr. med. vet. beim Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen eingereicht von Verena Schmidt Tierärztin aus Bonn Gießen 2014 Mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Martin Kramer Gutachter: PD Dr. med. vet. (habil.) M.J. Schmidt Prof. Dr. Dr.med.vet. (habil.) G. Reiner Prof. Dr. C. Herden Tag der Disputation 16.04.2015 meiner Familie und meinen Freunden Comparative anatomy of the pig brain Contents 1 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ A 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 3 The pig in biomedical research .................................................................................................3 3.1 General advantages of the pig model in biomedical research ................................................ 4 3.2 The pig brain in neuroscience ................................................................................................. 5 3.3 Steretotactic studies of the pig brain ....................................................................................... 7 3.4 Morphological details of the pig brain in literature ................................................................... 9 3.5 The Göttingen minipig brain in literature ............................................................................... 12 3.6 Comparative brain studies of the porcine brain ..................................................................... 13 4 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................ 14 4.1 Specimens ............................................................................................................................. 14 4.2 MR-imaging of the formalin fixed specimens ........................................................................ 15 4.3 MR-Imaging of unfixed specimen .......................................................................................... 15 4.4 Assembly of the 3D brain model............................................................................................ 16 5 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1 High detailed morphology of the porcine brain as revealed by MRI...................................... 19 5.1.1 General external morphology ............................................................................................ 19 5.1.2 Cerebral cortex (pallium) ................................................................................................... 19 5.1.3 Diencephalon ..................................................................................................................... 24 5.1.4 Mesencephalon ................................................................................................................. 24 5.1.5 Metencephalon .................................................................................................................. 29 5.2 Dorsal scans of the porcine brain .......................................................................................... 33 5.3 Sagittal scans of the porcine brain ........................................................................................ 46 5.4 Transverse scans of the porcine brain .................................................................................. 58 5.5 Comparative morphology of the porcine brain ...................................................................... 80 5.5.1 The gross division of the cortex ......................................................................................... 82 5.5.2 Expansion pattern of the cerebral cortex ........................................................................... 83 5.5.3 The porcine cortex in comparison with the cerebral cortex of other ungulates ................ 86 5.5.4 Comparative morphology of the cortex of pig breeds, wild boar and babirusa ................. 92 5.5.5 Functional division of the pig’s cortex .............................................................................. 100 5.5.6 Primary and secondary somatosensory area of the porcine brain .................................. 102 5.5.7 Auditory cortex of the porcine brain ................................................................................. 102 5.5.8 Visual cortex of the porcine brain .................................................................................... 103 5.5.9 Motor cortex of the porcine brain ..................................................................................... 104 5.5.10 Pituitary gland and rete mirabile in MRI .......................................................................... 106 5.5.11 Cerebellum ...................................................................................................................... 108 6 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 113 6.1 The neocortex of the pig ...................................................................................................... 115 6.2 Gyrification ........................................................................................................................... 116 6.2.1 Discussion of the position and nomenclature of the sulci of the porcine brain ............... 118 6.3 Homology of sulci ................................................................................................................ 125 6.4 Variability of the cortical pattern .......................................................................................... 127 6.5 Influence of skull morphology on the morphology and expansion pattern of the cortex ..... 130 6.6 MR-Imaging techniques and their comparability ................................................................. 132 6.6.1 Comparability of MRI scans and histological sections .................................................... 136 6.6.2 Orientation ....................................................................................................................... 138 7 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 139 8 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................. 141 9 References .............................................................................................................................. 143 Comparative anatomy of the pig brain 1 Abbreviations A ab: amygdaloid body (corpus amygdaloideum; Fig. 34-37) acn: accumbens nucleus (nucleus accumbens) (Fig. 11, Fig. 27-28, Fig. 31-32) alv: alveus (Fig. 14-16, Fig. 24, Fig. 39-42) Ans: ansate sulcus (sulcus ansatus; Fig. 57 G and 58 C (horse), Fig.77) ans: ansiform lobule (lobulus ansiformis; Fig. 11-16, Fig. 21-27 , Fig. 47-52) aob: accessory olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius accessories; Fig. 54) aq: mesencephalic aqueduct (aqueductus mesencephali; Fig. 11-12, Fig. 30, Fig. 40-45, Fig. 72) Aur: internal ear (auris;
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