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Cerebellum (Small Brain) CerebellumCerebellum (small(small brain)brain) 44thth VentricleVentricle CNSCNS divisionsdivisions BrainstemBrainstem divisionsdivisions Midbrain Mesencephalon Pons Cerebellum Metencephalon Medulla Myelencephalon BasicBasic anatomicalanatomical datadata ofof cerebellumcerebellum Weight ~130 g (10% of the total brain volume) Location - posterior cranial fossa Separated from the occipital lobe by the cerebellar tentorium Cerebellum/cerebrum = 1/8 (adult); 1/20 (infant) MajorMajor componentscomponents ofof cerebellumcerebellum CortexCortex DeepDeep nucleinuclei WhiteWhite mattermatter deepdeep WMWM cerebellarcerebellar pedunclespeduncles MajorMajor componentscomponents ofof cerebellumcerebellum OrganizationOrganization ofof cerebellarcerebellar cortexcortex Folia (folds, equivalent to gyri of cerebral cortex) Lobules (groups of folia) Lobes (groups of lobes) The branching pattern of the white matter into the cerebellar convolutions inspired early anatomists to refer to it as the arbor vitae (Latin, tree of life); hence, the name folia (Latin, leaves) rather than gyri is used to describe the convolutions. Folia ↓ Lobules ↓ Lobes CerebellarCerebellar cortexcortex consistsconsists ofof vermisvermis andand hemisphereshemispheres crus cerebri midbrain aqueduct Cerebellar Cerebellar hemisphere hemisphere Vermis VermisVermis andand hemisphereshemispheres areare divideddivided intointo lobeslobes byby fissuresfissures Lobulus semilunaris sup. Posterolateral fissure VentralVentral viewview ofof cerebellumcerebellum 4th ventricle (=Inferior cerebellar notch) Vermis Hemisphere Anterior Lobe Lingula ---------- Centralis Ala lobuli centralis fissura prima Culmen Lob. quadrangularis ant. Declive Lob. quadrangularis post. horizontal fissure Folium Lob. semilunaris sup. Posterior Lobe Tuber Lob. semilun. inf./gracilis Pyrami s Lob. biventer posterolateral fissure Uvula Tonsilla Nodul us Flocculus LobulesLobules ofof vermisvermis Lingula Centralis C Culmen C Declive D Folium F Tuber T Pyramis P Uvula U Nodulus CerebellumCerebellum –– selectedselected lobuleslobules Basis pontis Tegmentum pontis F F CerebellumCerebellum –– selectedselected lobuleslobules Cerebellar Tonsil CerebellumCerebellum –– selectedselected lobuleslobules && WMWM SCP MCP ICP Flocculus Nodulus DeepDeep cerebellarcerebellar nucleinuclei -- DEFGDEFG fastigial globose emboliform dentate DeepDeep cerebellarcerebellar nucleinuclei (DEGF)(DEGF) Nodulus Fastigial Nucleus Dentate nucleus Globus and Globose Emboliform nucleus nuclei together Emboliform are known as: nucleus Interposed Nucleus DeepDeep cerebellarcerebellar nucleinuclei Dentate Nucleus OriginOrigin ofof CNSCNS subdivisionssubdivisions TheThe cerebellumcerebellum developsdevelops fromfrom thethe metencephalicmetencephalic vesiclevesicle Neural tube folding (5 th -8th wk) AlarAlar vs.vs. BasalBasal plateplate derivativesderivatives -- ponspons Pontine nuclei somatic are alar plate Alar plate = afferent = sensory visceral precursors migrated Basal plate = efferent = motor visceral ventrally somatic The basal plate → primarily efferent nuclei (CN V, VI, VII, superior salivatory nuclei) The alar plate → somatic and visceral sensory nuclei (CN V, VIII, pontine nuclei) The cerebellum is derived from the rhombic lip of the alar plate saggital section - lateral view dorsal view The cerebellum is derived from the rhombic lip of the alar plate Rhombic lip Primordium cerebellar cortex Alar plate Basal plate Sulcus Pontine nuclei saggital section - lateral view cross-section limitans ~ 5th week of development → the lateral parts of the alar plates on both sides of the roof of metencephalon join to form the rhombic lips, which eventually become the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres The remaining part of the alar plate forms the superior and inferior medullary veli BasicBasic stepssteps ofof cerebellarcerebellar histogenesishistogenesis Characterization of the cerebellar territory the hindbrain Formation of two compartments of cell proliferation → GABAergic & Glu-ergic neurons Inward migration of the granule cell precursors Differentiation of cerebellar neurons EstimatedEstimated timetime ofof developmentdevelopment ofof variousvarious brainbrain regiregionsons Modified from Bayer SA et al. Neurotoxicology 14:83–144, 1993 TheThe brainstembrainstem isis connectedconnected toto thethe cerebellumcerebellum viavia thethe cerebellarcerebellar pedunclespeduncles superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) Brachium conjunctivum MidbrainMidbrain ↔↔ CerebellumCerebellum SCP is the principal output path of the cerebellum (it has also a little input) middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) Brachium pontis PonsPons →→ CerebellumCerebellum MCP is the principal input path of the cerebellum (it has no output) inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) Restiform body MedullaMedulla oblongataoblongata ↔↔ CerebellumCerebellum ICP has both inputs and outputs CerebellarCerebellar inputsinputs && outputsoutputs -- overviewoverview INPUTS: OUTPUTS: SCP: SCP: • VSCT • Red nucleus • VA/VL thalamus- from dentate and interpositius nuclei MCP: • Pontocerebellar tract - MCP: from pontine nuclei • none ICP: ICP: • Vestibular nuclei • P/M reticular formations- • Vestibular ganglion from fastigial nucleus and • DSCT - from Clarke’s flocculus/nodulus nucleus • Lateral vestibular nucleus- • Olivocerebellar tract - from flocculus/nodulus and from inferior olive (climbing fastigial nucleus fibers) MajorMajor cerebellarcerebellar inputsinputs Middle cerebellar peduncle (decussation) Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral) Purves, et al, Neuroscience, 3rd ed. Major cerebellar outputs Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Superior Cerebrocerebellum to Dentate Nucleus cerebellar peduncle Spinocerebellum to Interposed Nuclei (decussation) Vestibulocerebellum to Fastigial Nucleus CerebellarCerebellar functionalfunctional modulesmodules VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum CerebrocerebellumCerebrocerebellum Purves, et al, Neuroscience, 3rd ed. TheThe functionalfunctional regionsregions ofof thethe cerebellumcerebellum havehave differentdifferent inputsinputs andand outputsoutputs Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell; Principles of Neural Science, 4 th ed. VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum ((= archicerebellumarchicerebellum )) →→ brainbrain stemstem centerscenters forfor controllingcontrolling eyeeye andand headhead movementsmovements otolith organs Inputs – otolith organs of Flocculonodular lobe, inner ear, vestibular nuclei fastigial nucleus Outputs (via fastigial Vestibular nuclei nucleus) – vestibular nuclei (medial, inferior, and superior ) Medial vestibulospinal Function – neck muscle & tract (descending MLF) eye movement control Lateral vestibulospinal tract Clinical correlates – nystagmus and disturbances in body equilibrium (truncal ataxia) VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum –– cerebellarcerebellar cortexcortex Maintenance of equilibrium and coordination of eye movements Origin: Flocculus or Nodulus Course: ICP, or direct to vestibular nucleus Termination: Vestibular Nuclei Laterality: Ipsilateral VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum –– deepdeep nucleinuclei Main efferent mechanism from vermis to influence vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts Origin: Fastigial Nucleus Course: ICP Termination: Vestibular Nuclei Laterality: Bilateral VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum –– outputoutput (ICP)(ICP) ICP From Vestibular nuclei and Vestibular ganglion (Scarpa ’s), for balance and coordination Origin: Flocculus or Nodulus Course: ICP, or direct to vestibular nucleus Termination: Vestibular Nuclei Laterality: Ipsilateral SpinoSpino cerebellumcerebellum ((= paleopaleo cerebellumcerebellum )) →→ laterallateral andand medialmedial motormotor systemssystems Lateral systems → limb muscles (fine movements); Medial systems → proximal (axial) (SCP) muscles Inputs – spinal cord (dorsal & ventral spinocerebellar tracts, DSCT/VSCT), accessory cuneate nucleus (cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) Outputs ICP Accessory cuneate nucleus (ACN) Vermis - via fastigial nucleus → brain stem nuclei that give rise to reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts Intermediate hemisphere - via interposed nuclei (EG) → red nucleus, thalamus (VL) Function – quality control of movements Vermis → head, neck, and trunk Intermediate hemisphere → limbs Clinical correlates – muscle rigidity, ataxia, dysmetria SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum DorsalDorsal SpinocerebellarSpinocerebellar TractTract Clarke's nucleus transmits sensory information from the leg and lower trunk Origin: Clarke’s nucleus, T1-L2 Course: Dorsolateral spinal cord and medulla, enters the cerebellum via ICP Termination: granule cells of the vermis and intermediate zone Laterality: Ipsilateral SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum DorsalDorsal SpinocerebellarSpinocerebellar TractTract Clarke's nucleus transmits sensory information from the leg and lower trunk Origin: Clarke’s Column, T1-L2 Course: Dorsolateral spinal cord and medulla, enters the cerebellum thru ICP Termination: granule cells of the vermis and intermediate zone Laterality: Ipsilateral SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum DorsalDorsal SpinocerebellarSpinocerebellar TractTract ICP Clarke's nucleus transmits sensory information from the leg and lower trunk Origin: Clarke’s Column, T1-L2 Course: Dorsolateral spinal cord and medulla, enters the cerebellum thru ICP Termination: granule cells of the vermis and intermediate zone Laterality: Ipsilateral SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum DorsalDorsal SpinocerebellarSpinocerebellar TractTract Origin: Clarke’s Column,
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