Treaty of Versailles Affect China
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History of China and Japan from 1900To 1976 Ad 18Bhi63c
HISTORY OF CHINA AND JAPAN FROM 1900TO 1976 A.D 18BHI63C (UNIT II) V.VIJAYAKUMAR 9025570709 III B A HISTORY - VI SEMESTER Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (Chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty, becoming the Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916). He tried to save the dynasty with a number of modernization projects including bureaucratic, fiscal, judicial, educational, and other reforms, despite playing a key part in the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform. He established the first modern army and a more efficient provincial government in North China in the last years of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last monarch of the Qing dynasty, in 1912. Through negotiation, he became the first President of the Republic of China in 1912.[1] This army and bureaucratic control were the foundation of his autocratic. He was frustrated in a short-lived attempt to restore hereditary monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor (Chinese: 洪憲皇帝). His death shortly after his abdication led to the fragmentation of the Chinese political system and the end of the Beiyang government as China's central authority. On 16 September 1859, Yuan was born as Yuan Shikai in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, China. The Yuan clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; lit. -
Shanghai Symphony Orchestra in ‘C’ Major (1879 to 2010)
This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Shanghai Symphony Orchestra in ‘C’ Major (1879 to 2010) By Mengyu Luo A Doctoral thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements For the award of Doctor of Philosophy Loughborough University 15th March © by Mengyu Luo (2013) 1 Abstract Shanghai Symphony Orchestra is a fascinating institution. It was first founded in 1879 under the name of ‘Shanghai Public Band’ and was later, in 1907, developed into an orchestra with 33 members under the baton of German conductor Rudolf Buck. Since Mario Paci—an Italian pianist—became its conductor in 1919, the Orchestra developed swiftly and was crowned ‘the best in the Far East’ 远东第一 by a Japanese musician Tanabe Hisao 田边尚雄 in 1923. At that time, Shanghai was semi-colonized by the International Settlement and the French Concession controlled by the Shanghai Municipal Council and the French Council respectively. They were both exempt from local Chinese authority. The Orchestra was an affiliated organization of the former: the Shanghai Municipal Council. When the Chinese Communist Party took over mainland China in 1949, the Orchestra underwent dramatic transformations. It was applied as a political propaganda tool performing music by composers from the socialist camp and adapting folk Chinese songs to Western classical instruments in order to serve the masses. -
Engaging with Socialism in China: the Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928
Engaging with Socialism in China: The Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928 Xuduo Zhao PhD University of York History May 2019 1 Abstract This thesis investigates Chen Gongbo (1892-1946) and Tan Pingshan (1886-1956), two significant Cantonese Marxists who helped found the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. I use Chen and Tan as a lens to re-examine the dissemination of Marxism in May Fourth China and the underlying tensions in 1920s Chinese revolution. My study demonstrates that it was in the changing educational system in the early 20th century that Chen and Tan gradually improved their positions in the cultural field and participated in the intellectual ferment during the May Fourth period. At Peking University they became familiarised with Marxism. Their understanding of Marxism, however, was deeply influenced by European social democracy, as opposed to many other early communist leaders who believed in Bolshevism. This divergence finally led to the open conflict within the CCP between Guangzhou and Shanghai in the summer of 1922, which also embodied the different social identities among early Chinese Marxists. After the quarrel, Chen quit while Tan remained within the party. During the Nationalist Revolution, both Tan and Chen became senior leaders in the Kuomintang, but they had to face yet another identity crisis of whether to be a revolutionary or a politician. Meanwhile, they had to rethink the relationship between socialism and nationalism in their political propositions. This study of Chen and Tan’s political thought and activities in the late 1910s and 1920s offers a different picture of Chinese radicalism and revolution in the early Republican period. -
Setting the Stage for Constitutional Development: May Fourth and Its Aftermath Yu-Shan Wu
Setting the Stage for Constitutional Development: May Fourth and Its Aftermath Yu-Shan Wu Paper presented at The 61st Annual Conference of the American Association for Chinese Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, October 4-6, 2019 Setting the Stage for Constitutional Development: May Fourth and Its Aftermath China has one of the world’s most ancient civilizations, dating back more than five thousand years. It is easy to emphasize its uniqueness, as Chinese culture, language, political thought, and history appear quite different from those of any of other major countries in the world. Modern Chinese history was punctuated with decisive Western impacts, as that of other countries in the East, but the way China responded to those impacts is often considered to be uniquely Chinese. Furthermore, Chinese political leaders themselves frequently stress that they represent movements that carry uniquely Chinese characteristics. China, it seems, can only be understood in its own light. When put in a global and comparative context, however, China loses many of its unique features. Imperial China, or the Qing dynasty, was an agricultural empire when it met the first serious wave of challenges from the West during the middle of the nineteenth century. The emperor and the mandarins were forced to give up their treasured institutions grudgingly after a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Westerners. This pattern resembled what occurred in many traditional political systems when confronted with aggression from the West. From that time on, the momentum for political development in China was driven by global competition and the need for national survival. -
Adaptation to World Trends: a Rereading of the May Fourth Movement Radicalization Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2013, 236 P
JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 463 Jarkko Haapanen Adaptation to World Trends A Rereading of the May Fourth Movement Radicalization JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 463 Jarkko Haapanen Adaptation to World Trends A Rereading of the May Fourth Movement Radicalization Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa S212 maaliskuun 23. päivänä 2013 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in Auditorium S212, on March 23, 2013 at 12 o’clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2013 Adaptation to World Trends A Rereading of the May Fourth Movement Radicalization JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 463 Jarkko Haapanen Adaptation to World Trends A Rereading of the May Fourth Movement Radicalization UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2013 Editors Jussi Kotkavirta Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Harri Hirvi Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:978-951-39-5114-6 ISBN 978-951-39-5114-6 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-5113-9 (nid.) ISSN 0075-4625 Copyright © 2013, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2013 ABSTRACT Haapanen, Jarkko Adaptation to World Trends: A Rereading of the May Fourth Movement Radicalization Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2013, 236 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research, ISSN 0075-4625; 463) ISBN 978-951-39-5113-9 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-5114-6 (PDF) This thesis is a rereading of the May Fourth movement radicalization. Instead of studying ideologies as such, the study examines the political languages that were used in May Fourth Movement journals in China before the official establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921. -
Information to Users
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Proquest Dissertations
RICE UNIVERSITY Chen Duxiu's Early Years: The Importance of Personal Connections in the Social and Intellectual Transformation of China 1895-1920 by Anne Shen Chap A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: Richar^TTSmith, Chair, Professor History, George and Nancy Rupp Professor of Humanities Nanxiu Qian,Associate Professor" Chinese Literature '^L*~* r^g^- ^J-£L&~^T Sarah Thai, Associate Professor History, University of Wisconsin- Madison HOUSTON, TEXAS APRIL 2009 UMI Number: 3362139 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 3362139 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI48106-1346 ABSTRACT Chen Duxiu's Early Years: The Importance of Personal Connections in the Social and Intellectual Transformation of China 1895-1920 by Anne Shen Chao Chen Duxiu (1879-1942), is without question one of the most significant figures in modern Chinese history. Yet his early life has been curiously neglected in Western scholarship. In this dissertation I examine the political, social and intellectual networks that played such an important role in his early career—a career that witnessed his transformation from a classical scholar in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), to a reformer, to a revolutionary, to a renowned writer and editor, to a university dean, to a founder of the Chinese Communist Party, all in the space of about two decades. -
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMÏ RED GENESIS: THE HUNAN FIRST NORMAL SCHOOL AND THE CREATION OF CHINESE COMÜNISM, 1903-1921 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Liyan Liu, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor James R. -
The Founding of the Republic of China
CHAPTER 15 The Founding of the Republic of China Fellow human beings, wake up, wake up, wake up! If you don’t do what the American War of Independence did, And stand up, refuse to pay taxes . Never will you have the chance to change your destiny. —Guo Moruo (1892–1978) poet, essayist, playwright, historian, translator, c. 19231 The 1911 Revolution marked the beginning of the Republican period (1912–49) in Chinese history. The Republican period was an interregnum between the Qing dynasty and the Communist People’s Republic of China that finally succeeded in reunifying the Qing empire minus Outer Mongolia and Taiwan. In the interim, central power devolved to the provinces, where competing regional strongmen, known as “warlords,” fought either to maintain their own autonomy or to expand their territory. This continued the devolution of central power begun during the great mid-nineteenth-century rebellions, when the Qing dynasty allowed provincial authorities to create semiautonomous local armies that later became the nuclei of the warlord armies. Initially, General Yuan Shikai attempted to impose another dynasty in Beijing. His death in 1916 marked the beginning of the warlord period, and was characterized by worsening relations with Japan and an increasingly virulent nationalist movement among China’s in- tellectuals and students. Sun Yat-sen tried to consolidate his political base in South China through a suc- cession of governments in Guangzhou, while a North China power struggle erupted after Yuan’s death. The Republic under Yuan Shikai The Republic, a nominally democratic form of government, had been born of a military uprising. -
The Nanjing Atrocities: Crimes of War Has Been an Extraordinarily Collaborative Effort Within Facing History and Ourselves
A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION CRIMES OF WAR A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION Facing History and Ourselves is an international educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry. By studying the historical development of the Holocaust and other examples of genocide, students make the essential connection between history and the moral choices they con- front in their own lives. For more information about Facing History and Ourselves, please visit our website at http:// www.facinghistory.org. Copyright © 2014 by Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Facing History and Ourselves® is a trademark registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. ISBN-13: 978-1-940457-05-5 ISBN-10: 1-940457-05-X ABOUT FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES Facing History and Ourselves is a global nonprofit organization founded in 1976 by educators who wanted to develop a more effective and rewarding way to engage students. We’re guided by the belief that the lifeblood of democracy is the ability of every rising generation to be active, responsible decision makers who’ve learned to value compassion as much as reason. By integrating the study of history and literature with ethical decision mak- ing, innovative teaching strategies, and extraordinary resources, professional development opportunities, and coaching, our program enables second- ary school teachers to promote students’ historical understanding, critical thinking, and social and emotional learning, and to facilitate transformative dialogue in their classrooms. -
Sources of Authority Quotational Practice in Chinese Communist Propaganda
Sources of Authority Quotational Practice in Chinese Communist Propaganda Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Institut für Sinologie Vorgelegt von Jennifer May Dezember 2008 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Barbara Mittler Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rudolf Wagner Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements III List of Figures V Notes VII Introduction: Quoting Authority 1 1. Quoting in China: Theoretical and Historical Consideration 9 2. Lifecycles of Quotations 57 2.1 The Lifecycle of a Quotation Chameleon 59 2.2 “Smash the Confucian shop” or the Lifecycle of a Half-forgotten Quotation 96 2.3 “The Working Class Has to Lead Everything” or the Lifecycle of a Quotation Star 125 3. A Source of Authority 145 4. (De-)Contextualising Quotations 229 Conclusion 295 Appendix 1: Categorization of Journals 301 Appendix 2: “Reform Our Study” divided into sentences 303 Literature 307 I Acknowledgements Acknowledgements My interest in the subject of quotation in the Chinese culture was awoken by Michael Schimmelpfennig who taught a seminar on quotation in classical Chinese literature at the Institute of Chinese Studies back in 2001. Since then, the idea of introducing this subject into modern Chinese studies and especially media studies never left my imagination. With the ever-growing number of databases and digitized resources, this endeavour became not only accomplishable, but provided me with the opportunity to follow a second interest of mine: the development of smooth little computer programs to enhance the work of the Geisteswissenschaftler. I foremost want to thank Barbara Mittler for a long list of reasons. -
Crimes of War
A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION CRIMES OF WAR A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION Facing History and Ourselves is an international educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry. By studying the historical development of the Holocaust and other examples of genocide, students make the essential connection between history and the moral choices they con- front in their own lives. For more information about Facing History and Ourselves, please visit our website at http:// www.facinghistory.org. Copyright © 2014 by Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Facing History and Ourselves® is a trademark registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. ISBN-13: 978-1-940457-05-5 ISBN-10: 1-940457-05-X ABOUT FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES Facing History and Ourselves is a global nonprofit organization founded in 1976 by educators who wanted to develop a more effective and rewarding way to engage students. We’re guided by the belief that the lifeblood of democracy is the ability of every rising generation to be active, responsible decision makers who’ve learned to value compassion as much as reason. By integrating the study of history and literature with ethical decision mak- ing, innovative teaching strategies, and extraordinary resources, professional development opportunities, and coaching, our program enables second- ary school teachers to promote students’ historical understanding, critical thinking, and social and emotional learning, and to facilitate transformative dialogue in their classrooms.