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V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China

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V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China University of Kentucky UKnowledge Asian History History 2004 V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China Stephen G. Craft Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Craft, Stephen G., "V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China" (2004). Asian History. 5. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_history/5 V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China STEPHEN G. CRAFT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 2004 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508^4008 www.kentuckypress.com 08 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1 Frontispiece: V.K. Wellington Koo, 1912 (Photo courtesy of Library of Congress) Maps by Dick Gilbreath. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Craft, Stephen G., 1963- V.K. Wellington Koo and the emergence of Modern China / Stephen G. Craft, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8131-2314-3 (Hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Koo, V. K. Wellington, 1888-1985.2. China—Foreign relations—1912-1949. I. Title. DS777.15.K66C73 2003 327.51*0092—dc22 2003024589 Member of the Association of American University Presses Dedicated to my mother, Nancy Plymale Craft and to the memory of my father, James R. "Bo" Craft CONTENTS A Note on Chinese-English Transliteration viii List of Abbreviations ix List of Maps x Acknowledgments xi 1. The Making of a Chinese Patriot 1 2. China and World War I 30 3. Chinese Nationalism and Treaty Revision, 1921-1928 61 4. China, Japanese Imperialism, and Collective Security, 1931-1937 94 5. Sino-Japanese War and the Specter of Sellout, 1937-1941 118 6. Sino-British Tensions, 1941-1944 147 7. Sino-American Tensions, 1944-1945 168 8. Collapse of the ROC, 1945-1949 197 9. The ROC on Taiwan and the Early Cold War 226 Conclusion 252 Notes 259 Bibliography 293 Index 321 viii Note on Transliteration A NOTE ON CHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLITERATION Throughout this work, I primarily used the pinyin system to romanize Chinese names, book titles, and place names. For certain Chinese indi- viduals, such as Sun Yat-sen or Chiang Kai-shek, I used the Wade-Giles system because their names were much more familiar to the West in this form. Chinese personal names are generally written with family name first, given name last, unless an individual, such as T.V. Soong or WW. Yen, preferred the westernized form when writing in English. I eschewed the use of pinyin to write out Koo's full name since he generally signed personal English correspondence, published articles, and treaties with V.K. Wellington Koo, and was known in the West by that name. List of Abbreviations ABBREVIATIONS YMCA Young Men's Christian Association GMD Guomindang (Nationalist Party) CCP Chinese Communist Party Comintern Communist International CER Chinese Eastern Railway ROC Republic of China PRC People's Republic of China List of Maps MAPS 1. China 2 2. Shandong Province Railroads 31 3. Japanese Expansion into Manchuria 96 4. ROC Lifelines, 1939 119 5. ROC-controlled Taiwan and Neighboring Islands 227 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the many years of researching and writing about V. K. Wellington Koo, I have accumulated numerous debts. Lloyd E. Eastman, William C. Widenor, Kai-wing Chow, Michael Hunt, Paul Schroeder, and Fu Po- shek proved indispensable in providing guidance, criticisms, suggestions, sage advice, and letters of introduction when writing the doctoral dis- sertation. I am also grateful to E Garvin Davenport, Gregory Guelcher, Alan Baumler, E. Taylor Atkins, Terence Ollerhead, Chang Hui-chien, Peter Chen-main Wang, Lin Chen-chen, Lai Chiu-yueh, Chang Jui-te, Lu Fang-shang, Li Ming-yi, T'ang Chi-hua, Zhang Xianwen, and Tsai Meng-chen for their friendship and help over the years. I want to thank Patricia Tsien for permission to quote from her father's diary. Saul Kelly, Gu Liying, Li Tzu-ling, and Chien Hung-Chuan deserve appreciation for their assistance in collecting research materials. My research in Tai- wan and in London was graciously supported by financial assistance pro- vided by an Illinois-Tamkang Research Fellowship and a Pacific Cultural Foundation Research Fellowship. For nearly a decade, Bernard Crystal, of Columbia University's Rare Book and Manuscript Library did his best to assist me during my visits to peruse Koo's papers and to accommo- date my requests for documents. During the final stages of the project, the manuscript and my ca- reer benefited greatly from the support of several individuals. My col- league James Libbey, who is a model mentor for every assistant professor, graciously read the manuscript, offered his criticisms, and helped the manuscript to find a home. Although never having met either in person, Noel Pugach and Edward Ingram took it upon themselves to become mentors and assist in both reading the manuscript and providing schol- arly opportunities for a fledgling career. John "zig" Zeigler and Stephen Wrinn have been an author's dream in their support of the book. I also thank Gena Henry, Nichole Lainhart, and their colleagues at the Univer- sity Press of Kentucky for making the entire editorial and production Acknowledgments process extremely smooth. Much gratitude is also owed to Nancy Parker who, as chair of the Humanities/Social Sciences department, has made time and money available to me to complete the project. Ann Cash, Sue Burkhart, Kathy Chumley, and Ed Murphey have been unstinting in ac- quiring sources via interlibrary loan. Donna Barbie and Terry Winemiller shared helpful advice about maps, and Dick Gilbreath provided excel- lent maps for the book. Glenn Dorn helped me to maintain a healthy sense of humor. Most of all, I thank my wife, Demi Wen-ling Lin, and my children, Robbie and Brittney, for their love and for assisting in ways beyond description. Chapter 1 THE MAKING OF A CHINESE PATRIOT THE WORLD INTO WHICH V.K. Wellington Koo was born in 1888 contrasted starkly with that of most Chinese boys, whose existence seemed rather bleak. After many years as a deputy purser with the China Mer- chants' Steam Navigation Company, Koo's father ran a hardware store before working as a tax collector and serving as president of the Bank of Communications. Such occupations provided the Koo family with the means to purchase a mansion in Shanghai's International Settlement, complete with a host of servants as well as property in cities outside of Shanghai.1 Within the family compound, Koo never experienced hunger or want. Nor would his hands ever become calloused like those of peas- ants or his skin sunburned like the coolies, human mules, who with bit- ter strength carried commerce and people on their backs or pulled vessels up the Yangzi River. And for the rest of his life, the family wealth and rich wives ensured Koo of a life of comfort and ease. Financial security, however, could not dispel the crisis of imperial- ism that existed in late nineteenth-century China. Y^ars before Koo's birth, China's defeat in the Opium Wars of 1839-1842 and 1856-1860 led to the signing of "unequal treaties" with the Europeans and the United States. The Chinese viewed the treaties as a national humiliation. They weak- ened China's political and economic independence. For example, they robbed China of its tariff autonomy. The treaties allowed foreigners to reside in various coastal cities that became treaty ports. Foreigners en- joyed special privileges, such as extraterritoriality in which foreigners accused of crimes could only be tried in accordance with foreign, not V.K. Wellington Koo RUSSIA (USSR) SIAM PHILIPPINES Mapl. China. The Making of a Chinese Patriot Chinese, courts. The Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion that fol- lowed were among several crises that sapped the Qing Empire's power.2 Then in 1894-1895, just a fewyears after Koo's birth, China fought a war with Japan over the right to politically dominate Korea and lost. Tokyo not only exacted more indemnities and rights, but also acquired Chinese territory. In 1898, the major Western powers demanded their own territorial concessions in what became known as the "scramble for concessions." In addition to its colony at Hong Kong, Britain acquired a 99-year leasehold in the Kowloon Territories across from Hong Kong Island and a twenty-five year lease on Weihaiwei in Shandong Province. Germany had a ninety-nine-year leasehold at Jiaozhou Bay also in Shandong. Russia held a twenty-five year leasehold on the Liaodong Pen- insula including the harbors of Liishun (Port Arthur) and Dalian (Dairen), and France possessed a ninety-nine-year leasehold on the port of Guangzhou Bay (Kwangchou-wan) in Guangdong Province, across from Hainan Island. The powers also claimed spheres of influence in different areas in China: Britain in the Yangzi River Valley and around Canton; Japan in southern Manchuria and Fujian and Guangdong Prov- inces; Russia in northern Manchuria; and France in Yunnan Province along the border of French Indochina.
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