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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Language Ideology, Linguistic Differentiation, and Language Maintenance in the California

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Language Ideology, Linguistic Differentiation, and Language Maintenance in the California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Language Ideology, Linguistic Differentiation, and Language Maintenance in the California Mixtec Diaspora A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Anna C. Bax Committee in charge: Professor Mary Bucholtz, Chair Professor Eric W. Campbell Professor Lal Zimman Professor Gabriela Pérez Báez, University of Oregon September 2020 The dissertation of Anna C. Bax is approved. ____________________________________________ Eric W. Campbell ____________________________________________ Lal Zimman ____________________________________________ Gabriela Pérez Báez ____________________________________________ Mary Bucholtz, Committee Chair July 2020 Language Ideology, Linguistic Differentiation, and Language Maintenance in the California Mixtec Diaspora Copyright © 2020 by Anna C. Bax iii Acknowledgements I respectfully acknowledge that this dissertation was researched and written while I was living on the unceded lands of the Chumash and Kumeyaay people. I am deeply grateful to so many people whose time, labor, and love have made this dissertation possible. Completing and defending this work from quarantine in the midst of a global pandemic has made me reflect on the many individuals who have helped me along the way, so many of whom I eagerly await the opportunity to see again in person. First, none of this work would have been possible without the generosity, patience, and enthusiasm of the Mixtec residents of Ventura County who have so graciously shared their lives, thoughts, time, and energy with me over the years. I am especially grateful to Isabel, Nina, and Ita Ndivi, the focal participant-researchers in this dissertation, for their dedication to this project and their trust. Thanks also go to their friends and family who participated in this research, particularly to Nina’s mother, who aided with transcription and translation of her variety of Mixtec. Thanks to the staff at the Mixteco/Indígena Community Organizing Project for their support throughout the years, especially Arcenio López, Vanessa Terán, Sonya Zapien Torres, and Elizabeth Villa. A special thanks to Griselda Reyes Basurto, for patiently and generously teaching the 2015-2016 Field Methods class about Tlahuapa Mixtec. I am also grateful to all of the Indigenous youth whom I had the privilege to teach at MICOP over the years through the SKILLS program. Your honesty in sharing your stories and your determination to support your languages have been the inspiration for all of my work on language shift and maintenance. An enormous thank you to the members of my committee, especially to my chair and advisor Mary Bucholtz. I am the scholar I am today because of you and your big-tent, inclusive, welcoming approach to sociocultural linguistics. You have never thrown up barriers in front of me, never told me that what I wanted to study “wasn’t linguistics.” You have always said “yes! and—”, expressed enthusiasm about every single idea I brought to you, and found ways to deepen and strengthen my intuitions and insights. Thank you for your extensive feedback on drafts over the years and your meticulous attention to detail, which has helped me polish my rough ideas into sparkling clarity. Your dedication to structural change and fighting for the next generation of scholars is an inspiration as I consider the kind of advisor I want to be in the next step of my academic career. A few years ago, I participated in a campus panel to give advice to new NSF GRFP applicants, and the moderator introduced me as “the next best thing to Mary Bucholtz.” I still haven’t recovered from the compliment. I am so proud and fortunate to have been your student. Thank you for everything. I am also immensely grateful to my other committee members, whose work has improved not only this project but my scholarship as a whole. Eric Campbell has been willing to go the extra mile to support my intellectual development since he came to UCSB, even before I worked with him officially. I am forever grateful to him for laying the foundation for my work with the Mixtec community in Ventura County and for working jointly with Mary and with the NSF to financially support my participation in this research. Lal Zimman has been an incredible role model for academic success; his advice has helped me add precision and sharpen my analyses with regards to both phonetics and social theory. Gabriela Pérez Báez’s guidance has been an indispensable reminder of the value of principled accountability to the data; I am also grateful to her for pushing me to iv contextualize this research for the broadest possible linguistic audience. My most sincere thanks to all my committee members for supporting this work even on a strict time crunch and in the middle of a pandemic. I am extremely fortunate to have been trained in UC Santa Barbara’s Department of Linguistics, where my colleagues and teachers have been far less interested in reproducing orthodoxy than in pushing the boundaries of our field in creative and thought-provoking ways. In addition to my committee, several other faculty members have supported my development as a scholar. Jack Du Bois has had a formative role in shaping the way I think about language and interaction, and I thank him for opening my eyes to the deeply dialogic nature of both everyday interaction and massive social systems. Thanks also go to Patricia Clancy for teaching me about language socialization; Lina Hou for supporting and advising my applied community work with Mixtec; Bob Kennedy for his pedagogical guidance; and Sandy Thompson for her generosity and unflagging good cheer throughout the years. In addition, the audience members at the Language, Interaction, and Social Organization (LISO) research group have consistently supplied extremely useful feedback and training in interactional analysis. I am thankful for the companionship of my many grad student friends at UCSB both within and outside of the Linguistics Department, who are too numerous to list individually. Special thanks go to the other members of the MILPA team, including Alexia Fawcett, Gabriel Mendoza, and especially Simon Peters for never failing to answer my out-of-the- blue random text message questions about Mixtec tone. I also owe a debt of gratitude to many wonderful UCSB undergraduates: my research assistants, Fátima Andrade Martínez and Diego Verastegui; SKILLS program mentors Itzel Cruz, Steven García, and Oliver Zuniga; and the numerous MILPA research assistants who have tirelessly processed the community language survey data that I cite in this dissertation. Thanks to Miguel Morán- Lanier for sharing his ongoing work on Mixtec with me, and for a deeply inspiring conversation, close to the end of the writing process, that threw the core arguments of this dissertation into sharp focus and reinvigorated my excitement to finish writing. Thanks also to Cynthia Montaño, whom I met at the 2019 WAIL Conference, for providing important insights about the New York Mixtec diaspora. For extremely useful feedback on this work during my final quarters at UCSB, I thank Susan Derwin and the rest of the participants in the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center’s Dissertation Fellows seminar. Lastly, I am grateful for the patience and flexibility of my LING 131 students during the Spring 2020 quarter as we all adjusted to a less-than-ideal learning situation and for cheering me on as I finished the dissertation. During my time in the Linguistics Department I have received immense support from Alicia Holm and René Marchington. I am also grateful to Alysa Sweeney, Paula Ryan, and Marcelina Ortiz for their financial wizardry. My work at UCSB has been financially supported by the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center, the Chicano Studies Institute, and the Department of Linguistics. I have also benefited from financial support from the National Science Foundation through the DDRIG (#1851433), GRFP (#1650114), and INTERN supplemental funding programs. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. I decided to pursue a career as a linguist in Dr. Michael Getty’s Introduction to Linguistics class at Washington University in St. Louis over a decade ago. I am so grateful v to him for planting the seeds of a lifelong interest and for guiding me first to Pomona College, then to UCSB. At Pomona, my passion for linguistics was nurtured by Michael Diercks, Carmen Fought, and Mary Paster, to whom I owe my preparation for graduate school. One of the highlights of the PhD process has been building a network of friends from other universities, including Bill Cotter, Sal Callesano, Ty Slobe, Mary-Caitlin Valentisson, Ally Rosen, Anusha Ánand, and Zack Jaggers. My thanks to them and others for moral support, job-market advice, and a lot of good-old fashioned fun, especially during the 2017 LSA Institute. Outside of academia, immense thanks are owed to my aerial dance coach, Lauren Breese, for keeping my soul, body, and creative spirit happy and growing. Thanks to you and the rest of the Airedanse crew for reminding me of the joys of collaborative creation and play even as I labored in solitude to write this dissertation. I am also grateful to my physical therapist, Andrea Stouffer, for showing me that minor adjustments can make a world of difference – a lesson as true for academic writing as it is for bodily comportment. My longtime friends, especially Olivia Delmore, Jordan Rush, Zach Schudson, Meryl Seward, Eric Sullivan, and Nick Weiser, have helped remind me what home feels like over the past several years, even from opposite sides of the country. Azul, Hallie, and Gracie have made my life so much better with sweet puppy snuggles and unconditional love. Love and gratitude also go to the friends I have made in Santa Barbara, especially those from the Bonfire Collective and the Glamurr Palace (RIP), who helped make this place a home and showed me what it meant to belong to a community.
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