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Environmental Assessment Report Summary Environmental Impact Assessment Project Number: 39038 February 2006 People’s Republic of China: Heilongjiang Road Network Development Project Prepared by Heilongjiang Provincial Communications Department for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The The summaryviews expressed environmental herein areimpact those assessment of the consul is tanta document and do not of necessarilythe borrower. represent The views those expressed of ADB’s herein members, do not Board necessarily of Directors, represent Management, those of orADB’s staff, Boardand may of Directors,be preliminary Mana ingement, nature. or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 13 February 2006) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1242 $1.00 = CNY8.0505 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BOD5 – biological oxygen demand (5-day) CO – carbon monoxide COD – chemical oxygen demand EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan GB – guojia biaozhun (national standard) HIV/AIDS – human immunodeficiency syndrome/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HPCD – Heilongjiang Provincial Communications Department NO2 – nitrogen dioxide PRC – People’s Republic of China RP – resettlement plan SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment SEPP – soil erosion prevention plan TSP – total suspended particles WEIGHTS AND MEASURES dB(A) – decibel (measured in audible noise bands) ha – hectare km – kilometer km2 – square kilometer m – meter m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mg – milligram MTE – medium truck equivalent mu – unit of area commonly used in the PRC; 15 mu = 1 hectare NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. CONTENTS Page MAP I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2 A. Physical Resources 2 B. Ecological Resources 5 C. Land Resources, Land Use, and Crops 6 D. Mineral Resources 6 E. Social and Economic Development 7 F. Economic Conditions and Quality of Life 7 G. Cultural, Historical, and Tourism Sites 8 H. Songhua River Bridge 8 IV. ALTERNATIVES 9 V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 11 A. Topography, Geology, Seismology, and Soils 11 B. Air Quality and Vehicle Emissions 13 C. Water Quality 15 D. Noise 17 E. Flora 19 F. Fauna 20 G. Land Resources, Land Use, and Crops 20 H. Mineral Resources 21 I. Induced Development 21 J. Cultural, Historical, and Tourism Sites 21 K. Aesthetic Impacts 21 L. Linking Roads 22 M. Possible Change in Alignment 22 VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 23 VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 23 VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 25 IX. CONCLUSION 26 APPENDIXES 1. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures 27 2. Summary of Soil Erosion Prevention Plan 31 3. Environmental Management Plan 35 4. Environmental Monitoring Plan 41 5. Environmental Protection Costs 42 I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)1 for the Heilongjiang Road Network Development Project (the Project), based on the feasibility stage design, was issued by the Heilongjiang Provincial Research Institute of Environmental Sciences in September 2005. The EIA of linking roads in the Project was included. The main highway includes the 2.6 kilometer (km) Songhua River Bridge, for which a separate EIA was conducted, and the EIA report for Songhua River Bridge was issued in December 2005.2 The consultant engaged under the technical assistance (TA)3 reviewed the report and visited locations that might experience environmental impacts in October–November 2005. This summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA) was based on the EIA report, following Asian Development Bank (ADB) policy and guidelines as indicated in the Environmental Policy of the Asian Development Bank (2002) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). Further information was obtained through meetings with the Executing Agency, Heilongjiang Provincial Communications Department (HPCD), design engineers, and county level local government4 representatives, during site visits. 2. The EIA for all other sections of the Project requires approval from the provincial level environmental authority, but the EIA for the Songhua River Bridge needs to be approved by the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA). The EIA for the main highway and linking roads was approved by Heilongjiang Provincial Environmental Bureau in January 2006. The EIA for the Songhua River Bridge was submitted to SEPA in December 2006 and approval is expected in March 2006. 3. The EIA was conducted in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and standards applicable in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), including in particular (i) Technical Guidelines on Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Protection Standards of the PRC (September 1993); and (ii) Standards for Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway Construction Projects, Ministry of Communications (January 1996). II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 4. The Project will (i) improve economic efficiency, encourage trade, and facilitate interregional integration by reducing vehicle operating costs and engineering-induced traffic accidents through improved road surfaces; (ii) reduce the Jixi–Nehe journey time by around 8 hours; (iii) spread economic development and social benefits over a wide cross-section of local communities by integrating rural connecting roads into project roads, and facilitating opportunities for cultural exchange; and (iv) catalyze economic growth in Heilongjiang Province which will, in turn, improve poor people’s incomes and well- being. 5. The Project comprises (i) upgrading or constructing six sections of the Jixi-Nehe Highway (the main project road) totaling 413.0 km of class III or unclassified roads to two-lane class I or class II roads with a major new 2.6 km bridge over the Songhua River, two other bridges more than 500 meters (m) long, an 80.8 km section through the Xiaoxing’anling mountains between Tonghe and Tieli counties, and a 23.4 km new alignment between Fangzheng and Tonghe counties; (ii) constructing a toll management center (Tieli), two management offices (Fangzheng and Suiling), and 9 toll stations; (iii) improving 155.0 1 Heilongjiang Provincial Research Institute of Environmental Sciences. 2005. Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Jixi-Nehe Highway Project (Jixi-Baiquan Section). Vols. 1 and 2. Harbin. 2 Heilongjiang Provincial Research Institute of Environmental Sciences. 2005. Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Songhua River Bridge Project. Harbin. 3 Asian Development Bank. 2005. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for Preparing the Heilongjiang Road Network Development Project. Manila. 4 Agriculture Bureau, Animal Husbandry Bureau, Communications Bureau, Cultural Bureau, Environmental Protection Bureau, Forestry Bureau, and Water Resources Bureau. 2 km of linking roads consisting of 21 sections of between 0.6 km and 34.4 km to strengthen the integrated network in the project area; (iv) upgrading county bus terminals from class II5 to class I and constructing class IV township bus terminals; (v) building roadside stations along the main roads; (vi) procuring equipment, consulting services, and capacity development; and (vii) land acquisition and resettlement. 6. The Project road sections are summarized in Table 1. The location of each section and linking roads are in the map. Table 1: Project Roads Section Location Length Linking Roads Linkou Bypass K62+950 to 14.33 km 1.39 km (Gucheng to Yicun) K77+285 Linkou to Harbin K116+000 to 88.61 km 30.15 km (Sandaotong to Tuchengzi, Dabeishun, Expressway K204+614 and Malanhe), 34.36 (Lianhua to Dongxing and Xinmin), 7.30 km (Diaoling to Yuanfa, Sihe, and Changqing), 0.560 km (“Eight Women” Monument) Fangzheng to K245+490 to 23.41 km Tonghe, Class I K268+897 Tonghe to Tieli, K268+900 to 138.00 km 1.58 km (Fengshan to Shuangfeng and Forest Section K406+895 Malanghe), 11.67 km (Fenshang to Fengyang), 2.40 km (Taoshan to Aimin) Qing’an to Suiling K433+600 to 70.29 km 2.49 km (Qing’an), 15.10 km (Qinlao to K503+893 Shuguang, Qinli, and Chaoxian), 1.40 km (Shangji to Baotian and Nuominhe), 4.64 km (Nierhe to Fubei and Weixing), 10.62 km (Changshan to Heyan), 5.16 km (Houtou), 2,58 km (Kaoshan) Hailun to Baiquan K543+268 to 78.26 km 2.14 km (Hailun to Baocheng), 4.45 km (Qianjin K621+529 to Shuangquan, Shengli, and Minzhong) 11.45 km (Gonghe to Zhongping and Gonghe),1.50 km (Yonghe), 2.09 km (Sanddaozhen to Gexin and Fuyi), 2.00 km (Xingguo) Total 412.90 km 155.03 km km = kilometer. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment (2005). III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT A. Physical Resources 7. Assessment Boundaries. The study areas for the EIA are (i) terrestrial environment – 200 m from the center line of the road but extended to borrow pits and material stockpile sites; (ii) aquatic environment – 200 m from the center line of the road, while for major bridges the study area extends from 1 km upstream to 2 km downstream; (iii) air quality – 200 m from the center line of the road; and (iv) noise – 200 m from the center line of the road and extended in sensitive areas such as schools and residential areas. 5 The Ministry of Communications classifies bus terminals according to their daily passenger handling capacity: (i) class I, over 10,000 passengers; (ii) class II, 5,000–10,000 passengers; (iii) class III, 3,000–5,000 passengers; (iv) class IV, 500–3,000 passengers; and (v) class V, 500 passengers. 3 8. Topography, Geology/Seismology, and Soils. The main project road runs east–west between 126o03’19”–130o53’18” east longitude and 45o43’01”–47o37’31” north latitude. In general, the terrain is hilly in the east and flat in the west. Between Fangzheng–Tonghe and from Qing’an–Baiquan, the topography is mainly low plain and terraces as well as gently rolling plains. Between Linkou–Daluomi and Tonghe–Tieli, the topography is mainly river valley through hilly areas. 9. The main project road crosses the Zhangguangcai Ridge, Laoye Ridge, and Wandashan Ridge, the central and northern edge of Songnen Plain, and the southern mountains and hills of Xiaoxing’anling.
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  • Provider Payment Reform for Chinese Hospitals: Policy Transfer and Internal Diffusion of International Models

    Provider Payment Reform for Chinese Hospitals: Policy Transfer and Internal Diffusion of International Models

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Müller, Armin; Ten Brink, Tobias Working Paper Provider payment reform for Chinese hospitals: Policy transfer and internal diffusion of international models Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 129/2021 Provided in Cooperation with: University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies IN-EAST Suggested Citation: Müller, Armin; Ten Brink, Tobias (2021) : Provider payment reform for Chinese hospitals: Policy transfer and internal diffusion of international models, Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 129/2021, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST), Duisburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/232291 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.