University of Copenhagen

Etruscan architecture from the Late Orientalizing to the Archaic period (c. 640–480 B.C.) Andersen, Helle Damgaard Publication date: 1998 Document version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Andersen, H. D. (1998). Etruscan architecture from the Late Orientalizing to the Archaic period (c. 640–480 B.C.). Download date: 24. sep.. 2021 NB: This is a digitalized version of my Ph.D. dissertation. It was originally in 5 volumes: Vol 1: The text This is included in the main text Vol. 2: The illustration to the text This is not included since this does not exist in a digitalized version. In the appendix there is a list of the illustrations Vol. 3: Catalogue of secondary evidence This is now included in the appendix Vol 4: Appendix of Etruscan and Latial settlement This is included in the appendix Vol 5: Illustrations to the appendix of Etruscan and Latial settlement This is not included since this does not exist in a digitalized version. In the appendix there is a list of the illustrations This digitalized version now include 2 volumes: Vol 1: The dissertation text Vol. 2: The original vol. 2 and 4 and illustration lists, terminology, practical information 1 CATALOGUE OF SECONDARY EVIDENCE FOR ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE (RELATED TO CHAPTER 3) This catalogue contains definite building models or depictions of buildings. Excluded are hut urns (for these see the catalogue by Bartoloni et al. 1987) and artefacts that cannot securely be identified as building models (such as, e.g. a number of cap stones). Artefacts of identical types have been placed under the same catalogue number (e.g. the sarcophagi from the Faliscan area). Tombs in the shape of houses or with architectural features (either cut into the tufa or painted) have not been included in the catalogue - for these see chapter 3. After the catalogue number follows the provenance (if known) and the year of the find (if known). For an overall view of these models etc. I refer to Diagram 1-6 in Vol. 2 House urns, sarcophagi, and "naiskos" in the shape of buildings from the Orientalizing to the middle of the Archaic period (Diagram 1) House urns group 1: the first half of the 7th century B.C. Cat. no. 1. Marsiliana d'Albegna (Banditella), tomb 41, Circolo della Fibula, the central fossa, 1908-1916. Measurements: unknown. Condition: few traces of the wooden skeleton of the urn is preserved. Parts of the bronze plaques once attached to the wooden urn are preserved, consisting of one of the two long sides of the urn and the upper part of the roof. Material: wood with bronze plaque mountings. Description: the urn is rectangular with a lid in the shape of a two-faced roof. Rectangular bronze plaques were attached to the wooden skeleton on the sides and the roof. The bronze mountings have a stamped decoration of bands of small dots. The horizontal bands on the edges of the long sides are decorated with metopes with "anchors"/double leaf motifs.1 The roof decorated with schematic quadrupeds, separated by short vertical lines.2 Inclination of the roof: unknown. Tomb: a rectangular fossa tomb within a tumulus that also contained another fossa. Tomb-context: an ivory group consisting of a lion in strife with several other animals (probably from the top of a box or casket); a small naked female statuette; a gold and silver fibula (ad arco serpeggiante); four gold pendants; a gold and silver cylinder from a comb fibula; a silver pectoral; a large bust, made of bronze hammered plates; a bronze shield; two bronze handles; two bronze tripods; four bronze lebetes and two lids; three small bronze bowls; a large bronze situla; several bronze plates; several bronze vases; two bronze knives; a Vetulonia censer; an iron dagger; several impasto vases; and two aryballoi (Protocorinthian imitation made in Etruria, though one may be a Protocorinthian original). 1 According to Strøm 1971, 192 these "anchors" should possibly be interpreted as a double-leaf motif. 2 According to Minto the short sides are decorated with a similar decoration. Since only part of the roof and one of the long sides are preserved I do not quite understand how Minto can describe the short sides. 2 In the filling of the trench were found iron wheels of a chariot. The finds suggest that the deceased was male. Workshop: possibly south Etruscan. Date: Possibly the first quarter of the 7th century B.C. or the second quarter of the 7th century B.C.3 Museum: Florence, Museo Archeologico (?). Bibl.: A. Minto, Marsiliana d'Albegna, Florence 1921, 87-88 and 277-278 (unfortunately, no illustration of this urn has ever been published); D. Randall MacIver, Villanovans and early Etruscans, Oxford 1924, 185-187; Strøm 1971, 192-193; Boitani 1983, 551; Buranelli 1985, 77 n. 111; Bartoloni et al. 1987, 142; Coen 1991, 120-121, 129. Cat. no. 2. Civita Castellana, Sepolcreto di Monterano, tomb 30 (XV), between T. 29 and 32, late 19th century (?) (Fig. A1). Measurements: max. H. of urn (with the lid) 39.2 cm; L. of urn 40.9 cm; W. of urn 21 cm; L. of lid 44 cm; W. of lid 26.5 cm. Condition: complete; the cross pieces slightly restored. The iron feet are corroded. Material: bronze with iron fittings. Description: the urn is rectangular and supported by four small iron feet, covering the corners of the urn up to the upper edge. Both short ends terminate in triangular gables. The lid is shaped like a two-faced roof. At either end of the gables the logs of the triangular gable or more probably the barge boards project above the apex, crossing each other, and along the ridge are seven pairs of ridge logs or cross pieces that cross each other in the same manner, but do not reach the eaves as the logs or barge boards in the gable do. The cross pieces are made separately and placed loosely on the ridge. Both wall and roof are divided by punched lines (semicircular in section) and rows of dots into square fields. Each fall of the roof has 14 fields, and the walls eighth fields on the long sides and four fields on the short sides (the two top ones with an oblique upper line). A tiny hole is bored through the centre of the ridge logs or cross pieces. Inclination of the roof: 30°-31° (measured at the museum). Tomb: fossa tomb. Tomb-context: the urn was found with alcuni vasi di rozzo impasto. Workshop: Faliscan (?). Date: the first half of the 7th century B.C. Museum: Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, inv. 2933. Bibl.: Montelius 1895-1910, pl. 308,8; J. Durm, Die Baustile. Historische und technische Entwicklung 2: Die Baukunst der Etrusker. Die Baukunst der Römer, 2nd ed., Stuttgart 1905, 45, fig. 45; Andrén 1940, xxv-xxvi, cat. no. 11; Moretti 1963, 174, fig. 135; Helbig III4 1969, 683, no. 2765; Boëthius 1978, fig. 18; Steingräber 1979, 290, cat. no. 485, tav. XXVIII,1; Villa Giulia 1980, 244, cat. no. 332 (ill.); Cozza & Pasqui 1981, 72 (ill.); Buranelli 1985, 51- 54 and 57, fig. 26; Bartoloni, Beijer & De Santis 1985, 190, pl. 9.3,1; Rasenna 1986, 249, fig. 162; Bartoloni et al. 1987, 142; Coen 1991, 121; Damgaard Andersen forthcoming. Cat. no. 3. Veii, Monte Michele, tomb 5, 1980. 3 Boitani 1983 argues for a date in the first quarter, while Strøm 1971, 192, prefers a date around 680- 670 B.C. Other scholars such as M. Sprenger & G. Bartoloni (Die Etrusker. Kunst und Geschichte, Munich 1977, 89, fig. 33 left) date the tomb and the grave goods to the second quarter of the 7th century B.C. 3 Measurements: H. 30 cm; L. 65 cm; W. 30 cm. Condition: the urn was severely damaged when discovered, but several fragments are preserved. Only the decoration on the sides can be completely reconstructed. Material: bronze. Description: the urn is rectangular with a lid in the shape of a two-faced roof. On all sides of the urn and the lid is a chased and engraved decoration. On the lid is a procession of animals, and on the long sides of the urn are bands of guilloches, rosettes, and flower motives, and on one of the short sides a face or a mask (a gorgoneion?). Inclination of the roof: unknown. Tomb: a chamber tomb with a rectangular chamber and a long dromos with a small room on each side. Altogether four burials were found within the tomb, thus probably a family tomb (in the right chamber a man, c. 18-20 years old (cremated); in the left chamber a skeleton of an infant; and in the central chamber two burials (a female burial judging from the finds and a cremated male within the urn)). The rich finds, including the urn, belong to the latter male burial, hence the tomba principesca. Tomb-context: within the central chamber, belonging to the male burial, were found: a carriage with four wheels; iron weapons; a large wooden stick with a bronze finial decorated with silver and iron inlays, probably to be interpreted as a sceptre; knives; an axe; firedogs and spits; a bronze grater; a bronze fan; fragments of a bronze carriage model (?); an ivory object with a sphinx, possibly of Oriental origin; two large impasto plates, possibly imitations of shields; and a large number of vases (impasto, spiral amphorae, Etrusco-Corinthian (MPC), bucchero). Within the urn were found the remains of a cremated man (adult), wrapped in woven fabric, as well as a silver fibula a sbarre, and three silver fibulae.

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