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California State University, Northridge Figurines CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE FIGURINES, HOUSEHOLDS, AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES AT LA BLANCA DURING THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC PERIOD (900-600 B.C.E.) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Karleen Claire Ronsairo May 2016 Copyright by Karleen Claire Ronsairo 2016 ii This thesis of Karleen Claire Ronsairo is approved: _____________________________________________ ____________ Dr. Cathy Costin Date _____________________________________________ ____________ Dr. Julia Guernsey Date _____________________________________________ ____________ Dr. Michael W. Love, Chair Date California State University, Northridge iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would to thank my thesis committee for their unwavering support throughout my time at CSUN. I would like to thank Dr. Guernsey in Austin, Texas for providing me with great feedback as I was writing my thesis while doing fieldwork in Mexico. I am also grateful to have an encouraging mentor like Dr. Costin, who always offers advice with great enthusiasm and positivity. I especially would like to thank Dr. Love for assisting me in my thesis research in Guatemala City and for introducing me to other Mesoamerican archaeologists. Dr. Love’s support and guidance undoubtedly contributed to my success in this program and beyond. I am grateful for my parents, Ron and Carla, who encourage me to pursue my dreams no matter what it takes. They have always taught me hard work pays off. Thank you to my three older sisters, Kristeen, Katherine, and Joy, for their love and support and for staying connected even when we are in different parts of the world. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues who have inspired me in life and in my career goals. They have provided me with great friendships I will value for a lifetime. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Abstract ix I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………....1 II. Archaeological Background and Previous Research at La Blanca…………………....5 Chronology of La Blanca………………………………………………………….5 Site Plan of La Blanca……………………………………………………………..7 Previous Research at La Blanca………………………………………………….10 III. Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Interpreting Ancient Figurines and Their Contexts……………………………………………………………………......12 Figurine Production and Consumption at La Blanca…………………………….13 Constructing Social Identities through Figurine Use in the Household…………15 Figurines from Contemporaneous Preclassic Sites……………………………...17 Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico Naranjo, Guatemala IV. Ceramic Figurines from La Blanca………………………………………………….22 Existing Typologies of La Blanca Figurines………………………………….....24 Distributional Analysis of La Blanca Figurines…………………………………27 Standardization versus Variation: Analysis of Figurine Attributes……………...34 Summary of Data Analysis………………………………………………………42 v V. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………….45 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..46 Appendix A: Existing Typologies……………………………………………………….54 Appendix B: Distributional Data Tables of La Blanca Figurines……………………….70 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: La Blanca Figurine Head Types by Pinzón González (2011)………………….26 Table 2: Density of Jade and Figurine Heads by Operation...………...…………………28 Table 3: Figurine Head Type Percentages & Counts by Operation……………………..31 Table 4: Density of Figurines by Operation……………………………………………..33 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Map of the Archaeological Sites in the Soconusco Region during the Middle Preclassic period…………………………………………………………………………..7 Figure 2.2: Detail of the Central Zone of La Blanca……………………………………...8 Figure 2.3: The Northern Portion of La Blanca…………………………………………...9 Figure 4.1: Density of Figurine Heads vs. Density of Jade……………………………...29 Figure 4.2: Percentage of Figurine Heads by Type……………………………………...30 Figure 4.3: Percentage of Figurine Head Types by Operation…………………………..31 Figure 4.4: Density of Figurines by Operation…………………………………………..33 Figure 4.5: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Antropozoomorfos Type…………………….35 Figure 4.6: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Tocoyal Type………………………………..36 Figure 4.7: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Tocado de Cuernos and Copetes Types….….37 Figure 4.8: Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads of the Copetes Type………………...38 Figure 4.9: Hollow, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads of the Copetes Type………………39 Figure 4.10: Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads with Variable Attributes…………...41 viii ABSTRACT FIGURINES, HOUSEHOLDS, AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES AT LA BLANCA DURING THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC PERIOD (900-600 B.C.E.) By Karleen Claire Ronsairo Master of Arts in Anthropology The development of social complexity in ancient Mesoamerica during the Preclassic period is marked by ideological change, economic intensification, and increasing political and social inequality. Performing domestic rituals allowed the people of ancient Mesoamerica to maintain their social identities and to conform to or resist an emerging centralized political system. Archaeological research has investigated the ways in which elite and commoner classes defined their social identities and negotiated social status during a time of increasing social and political inequality. La Blanca was one of two major regional centers during the Conchas phase (900- 600 B.C.E.) of the Middle Preclassic period in the Soconusco region of Pacific Guatemala, the other being Takalik Abaj. Household differentiation and social stratification at Preclassic sites in this region can be explored by analyzing the distribution of ceramic figurines across elite and commoner households at La Blanca. Through an analysis of typological distributions of figurines from La Blanca, I plan to provide insight into the production and consumption of figurines and how figurines may have been used in practices of identity formation and social negotiation at the site. ix Moreover, standardization and variation in figurine attributes are considered in order to further investigate figurine production and consumption as ways for their makers and users to distinguish themselves from others and to maintain household identity and status. Through my analysis of the La Blanca figurines, it is my goal to provide further insight into emerging centralized political systems in Preclassic Mesoamerica. By taking a microlevel approach to analyzing household differentiation and social identities at La Blanca, the results of this figurine study will inform us of the different ways people responded to increasing social and political inequality during the development of social complexity in ancient Mesoamerica. x I. INTRODUCTION The development of social complexity in Mesoamerica during the Preclassic period is a common subject of investigation among Mesoamerican archaeologists today (Clark 1994, 1997; Flannery and Marcus 2000; Lesure 2011b; Love 2002, 2007; Pool 2007; Rosenswig 2010). Archaeologists investigate this subject through various approaches. Many Mesoamerican archaeologists begin with site-specific research questions that eventually lead them to address broader questions about interregional interaction and ideological influence. Ideologies were spread through human interaction and trade in material culture and as the archaeological record of symbolism and iconography shows, human cultures are not bound to one site or region. During the Preclassic period in Mesoamerica, changes in material culture were associated with the development of social complexity (Joyce et al. 2001; Love 1991, 1999). At the site level, household archaeology is useful in investigating how people responded to emerging centralized political systems during the Preclassic period. Household archaeology also provides a glimpse into the sociopolitical dynamics of a site and how household members interacted with each other to assert their social identities and to maintain social boundaries during a time of increasing social and political inequality (Love 1991). Domestic rituals were performed in the household to ensure life, health, and sustenance and were essential to daily life in ancient Mesoamerica. Archaeological investigations of domestic rituals provide a window into the daily lives and social practices of the people of ancient Mesoamerica (Plunket 2002). Households are physical 1 spaces where household members construct their social identities and create and express relationships with others (Plunket 2002:1). By considering the great diversity and complexity of the Mesoamerican ritual tradition, archaeologists provide a foundation to interpret the social practices that allowed households to maintain a sense of community and belonging as society became increasingly politically and socially complex. Through an analysis of solid, hand-modeled figurine heads and hollow figurine fragments recovered from elite and commoner households, I explore the nature of figurine production and consumption at La Blanca during the Middle Preclassic period (900-600 B.C.E.). I also explore how these practices involving figurines may have been linked to identity formation and social negotiation at the site. Where were the figurines produced and who produced them? How were the figurines distributed across households? What kinds of domestic rituals were the figurines used in and who participated in these rituals? How might the production and consumption of figurines have facilitated the construction of social identities and the negotiation of social boundaries at La Blanca? In Chapter Two, I provide a description of the chronology,
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