California State University, Northridge Figurines

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE

FIGURINES, HOUSEHOLDS, AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES AT LA BLANCA

DURING THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC PERIOD (900-600 B.C.E.)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements

for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology

Karleen Claire Ronsairo

May 2016

This thesis of Karleen Claire Ronsairo is approved:

______Dr. Cathy Costin Date

______Dr. Julia Guernsey Date

______Dr. Michael W. Love, Chair Date

California State University, Northridge

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would to thank my thesis committee for their unwavering support throughout my time at CSUN. I would like to thank Dr. Guernsey in Austin, Texas for providing me with great feedback as I was writing my thesis while doing fieldwork in Mexico. I am also grateful to have an encouraging mentor like Dr. Costin, who always offers advice with great enthusiasm and positivity. I especially would like to thank Dr. Love for assisting me in my thesis research in Guatemala City and for introducing me to other

Mesoamerican archaeologists. Dr. Love’s support and guidance undoubtedly contributed to my success in this program and beyond.

I am grateful for my parents, Ron and Carla, who encourage me to pursue my dreams no matter what it takes. They have always taught me hard work pays off. Thank you to my three older sisters, Kristeen, Katherine, and Joy, for their love and support and for staying connected even when we are in different parts of the world.

Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues who have inspired me in life and in my career goals. They have provided me with great friendships I will value for a lifetime.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Signature Page iii

Acknowledgements iv

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

Abstract ix

I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………....1

II. Archaeological Background and Previous Research at La Blanca…………………....5

Chronology of La Blanca………………………………………………………….5

Site Plan of La Blanca……………………………………………………………..7

Previous Research at La Blanca………………………………………………….10

III. Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Interpreting Ancient Figurines and Their Contexts……………………………………………………………………...... 12

Figurine Production and Consumption at La Blanca…………………………….13

Constructing Social Identities through Figurine Use in the Household…………15

Figurines from Contemporaneous Preclassic Sites……………………………...17

Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico

Naranjo, Guatemala

IV. Ceramic Figurines from La Blanca………………………………………………….22

Existing Typologies of La Blanca Figurines………………………………….....24

Distributional Analysis of La Blanca Figurines…………………………………27

Standardization versus Variation: Analysis of Figurine Attributes……………...34

Summary of Data Analysis………………………………………………………42

V. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………….45

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..46

Appendix A: Existing Typologies……………………………………………………….54

Appendix B: Distributional Data Tables of La Blanca Figurines……………………….70

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: La Blanca Figurine Head Types by Pinzón González (2011)………………….26

Table 2: Density of Jade and Figurine Heads by Operation...………...…………………28

Table 3: Figurine Head Type Percentages & Counts by Operation……………………..31

Table 4: Density of Figurines by Operation……………………………………………..33

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Map of the Archaeological Sites in the Soconusco Region during the Middle Preclassic period…………………………………………………………………………..7

Figure 2.2: Detail of the Central Zone of La Blanca……………………………………...8

Figure 2.3: The Northern Portion of La Blanca…………………………………………...9

Figure 4.1: Density of Figurine Heads vs. Density of Jade……………………………...29

Figure 4.2: Percentage of Figurine Heads by Type……………………………………...30

Figure 4.3: Percentage of Figurine Head Types by Operation…………………………..31

Figure 4.4: Density of Figurines by Operation…………………………………………..33

Figure 4.5: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Antropozoomorfos Type…………………….35

Figure 4.6: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Tocoyal Type………………………………..36

Figure 4.7: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Tocado de Cuernos and Copetes Types….….37

Figure 4.8: Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads of the Copetes Type………………...38

Figure 4.9: Hollow, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads of the Copetes Type………………39

Figure 4.10: Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads with Variable Attributes…………...41

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ABSTRACT

FIGURINES, HOUSEHOLDS, AND SOCIAL IDENTITIES AT LA BLANCA

DURING THE MIDDLE PRECLASSIC PERIOD (900-600 B.C.E.)

Karleen Claire Ronsairo

Master of Arts in Anthropology

The development of social complexity in ancient Mesoamerica during the

Preclassic period is marked by ideological change, economic intensification, and increasing political and social inequality. Performing domestic rituals allowed the people of ancient Mesoamerica to maintain their social identities and to conform to or resist an emerging centralized political system. Archaeological research has investigated the ways in which elite and commoner classes defined their social identities and negotiated social status during a time of increasing social and political inequality.

La Blanca was one of two major regional centers during the Conchas phase (900-

600 B.C.E.) of the Middle Preclassic period in the Soconusco region of Pacific

Guatemala, the other being Takalik Abaj. Household differentiation and social stratification at Preclassic sites in this region can be explored by analyzing the distribution of ceramic figurines across elite and commoner households at La Blanca.

Through an analysis of typological distributions of figurines from La Blanca, I plan to

provide insight into the production and consumption of figurines and how figurines may

have been used in practices of identity formation and social negotiation at the site.

Moreover, standardization and variation in figurine attributes are considered in order to

further investigate figurine production and consumption as ways for their makers and

users to distinguish themselves from others and to maintain household identity and status.

Through my analysis of the La Blanca figurines, it is my goal to provide further insight into emerging centralized political systems in Preclassic Mesoamerica. By taking a microlevel approach to analyzing household differentiation and social identities at La

Blanca, the results of this figurine study will inform us of the different ways people responded to increasing social and political inequality during the development of social complexity in ancient Mesoamerica.

I. INTRODUCTION

The development of social complexity in Mesoamerica during the Preclassic

period is a common subject of investigation among Mesoamerican archaeologists today

(Clark 1994, 1997; Flannery and Marcus 2000; Lesure 2011b; Love 2002, 2007; Pool

2007; Rosenswig 2010). Archaeologists investigate this subject through various approaches. Many Mesoamerican archaeologists begin with site-specific research questions that eventually lead them to address broader questions about interregional

interaction and ideological influence. Ideologies were spread through human interaction

and trade in material culture and as the archaeological record of symbolism and

iconography shows, human cultures are not bound to one site or region.

During the Preclassic period in Mesoamerica, changes in material culture were

associated with the development of social complexity (Joyce et al. 2001; Love 1991,

1999). At the site level, household archaeology is useful in investigating how people

responded to emerging centralized political systems during the Preclassic period.

Household archaeology also provides a glimpse into the sociopolitical dynamics of a site

and how household members interacted with each other to assert their social identities

and to maintain social boundaries during a time of increasing social and political

inequality (Love 1991).

Domestic rituals were performed in the household to ensure life, health, and sustenance and were essential to daily life in ancient Mesoamerica. Archaeological investigations of domestic rituals provide a window into the daily lives and social practices of the people of ancient Mesoamerica (Plunket 2002). Households are physical

spaces where household members construct their social identities and create and express

relationships with others (Plunket 2002:1). By considering the great diversity and

complexity of the Mesoamerican ritual tradition, archaeologists provide a foundation to

interpret the social practices that allowed households to maintain a sense of community

and belonging as society became increasingly politically and socially complex.

Through an analysis of solid, hand-modeled figurine heads and hollow figurine

fragments recovered from elite and commoner households, I explore the nature of

figurine production and consumption at La Blanca during the Middle Preclassic period

(900-600 B.C.E.). I also explore how these practices involving figurines may have been

linked to identity formation and social negotiation at the site. Where were the figurines

produced and who produced them? How were the figurines distributed across

households? What kinds of domestic rituals were the figurines used in and who

participated in these rituals? How might the production and consumption of figurines

have facilitated the construction of social identities and the negotiation of social

boundaries at La Blanca?

In Chapter Two, I provide a description of the chronology, site plan, and previous research conducted at La Blanca. I conclude this chapter by presenting how this figurine study provides a new set of data to analyze household differentiation and the construction of social identities at La Blanca.

In Chapter Three, I discuss the approaches utilized by archaeologists to interpret ancient figurines and their contexts. I outline the approaches I employ in this thesis to interpret the La Blanca figurines and their significance in the sociopolitical context of La

Blanca during the Middle Preclassic period. The frameworks that inform my analyses and

2 interpretations of the La Blanca figurines address social practices involving their production and consumption. I also consider issues of agency and practice (Blomster

2014; Joyce 2003; Lesure 2005, 2011; Lopiparo and Hendon 2009) in order to interpret how figurines may have served as objects used in identity formation and social negotiation at La Blanca. In concluding the chapter, I provide a discussion of figurine assemblages from other Middle Preclassic sites for comparative data in interpreting the roles figurines played in Preclassic Mesoamerican society (Cyphers Guillén 1988, 1993;

Linares Palma 2010).

In Chapter Four, I present an analysis of typological distributions of the La Blanca figurines, which include solid, hand-modeled figurine heads and hollow figurine fragments recovered from elite and commoner households at the site. I also analyze figurine attributes in order to address the nature of their production and consumption and how these practices may have facilitated the construction of social identities and the negotiation of social boundaries at the site. I conclude the chapter by presenting an analysis of figurine heads with variable attributes and how these figurines demonstrate the tension between standardization and variation in the production of the La Blanca figurines.

This figurine study provides a foundation to address household differentiation and the construction of social identities in the context of an emerging centralized political system at La Blanca during the Middle Preclassic period. In concluding this thesis, I suggest ways in which the paste composition of the La Blanca figurines can be investigated through petrographic analysis and chemical compositional analysis in order to infer the full nature of the production and exchange of the figurines and the degree of

3 interregional interaction and ideological influence in the Soconusco region during the

Preclassic period. Thus, although this project includes site-specific data regarding household differentiation and the construction of social identities at La Blanca, further analysis of the La Blanca figurines has the potential to address broader social issues during the development of social complexity in ancient Mesoamerica.

II. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH AT LA

BLANCA

The site of La Blanca is located in the Department of San Marcos in the Pacific

Coast of Guatemala, approximately 175 km southeast of Guatemala City. It is less than

12 km from the coast and approximately 60 km from the Tajumulco volcano, the highest peak in Central America. The site developed in the eastern portion of the Soconusco region with its principal occupation during the Conchas phase of the Middle Preclassic period (900-600 B.C.E.). The archaeological site is found on private agricultural fields near a modern town that shares the same name as the site (Love 2002).

Chronology of La Blanca

During the Archaic period (7000-1800 B.C.E.), mobile hunter-gatherer groups moved throughout the region and utilized food resources. Evidence of agricultural activity is present during this period on the Guatemalan coast and across the border on the Mexican coast (Neff et al. 2006a, 2006b; Rosenswig 2015; Voorhies 2004; Voorhies et al. 2002). The transition into the Early Preclassic period is characterized by sedentary villages and simple chiefdoms (Blake et al. 1995; Clark 1994, 1997; Clark and Blake

1994; Coe 1961; Lesure 1995, 1997a, 1998, 1999, 2011b; Lesure and Blake 2002; Love

2002, 2007; Rosenswig 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2015). It is during this period that we see evidence of early social complexity and hierarchical settlement patterns in the region. Regional interaction during the Early Preclassic period is interpreted to be between chiefdoms of several Mesoamerican regions that shared

symbolism and iconography of a pan-Mesoamerican belief system (Blake et al. 1995;

Clark 1994, 1997; Clark and Blake 1994; Love 2002).

Increasing social complexity continued into the Middle Preclassic period with the

formation of two major regional centers, La Blanca and Takalik Abaj (Figure 2.1)

(Graham 1982; Graham and Benson 2002). Both sites had Olmec-style sculpture, elite

residences, and pottery that reflect a common ideology of Preclassic Mesoamerica linked

to a pan-Mesoamerican elite network (Love 2002). La Blanca’s rise to prominence began

around 1000 B.C.E. after the decline of Ojo de Agua in the Mazatán region of Chiapas,

Mexico (Clark 1994, 1997; Clark and Benson 2002; Hodgson et al. 2010). La Blanca was

a major regional center for 300 years, from 900 to 600 B.C.E. La Blanca declined after

600 B.C.E. and a period of one hundred to two hundred years of no political

centralization is observed in the region. Around 400 B.C.E., regional dominance shifted

12 km east to the site of El Ujuxte (Love 2002, 2007; Love and Guernsey 2011).

Figure 2.1: Map of the Archaeological Sites in the Soconusco Region during the Middle Preclassic period (after Love and Guernsey 2011)

Site Plan of La Blanca

The larger polity that La Blanca controlled covered over 280 hectares and incorporated a multi-tiered settlement hierarchy of about 70 sites (Love 2007; Love and

Guernsey 2011). The central ceremonial zone of the site of La Blanca was built during the Conchas A subphase. It was raised with 2 meters of fill and extends about 100 hectares. Two more elevated areas were constructed on top of this leveled area, the East

Acropolis and the West Acropolis (Figure 2.2). The East Acropolis consists of elite residences and the West Acropolis had large public mounds that were destroyed by modern road construction. The public mounds were built along an axis aligned with the peak of the Tajumulco volcano, indicating communal site planning and organized labor

7 for constructing monumental architecture. Low habitation mounds and surface material extend over 300 hectares, stretching from 1 kilometer north and 1.4 kilometers south of

Mound 1 (Love and Guernsey 2011). To date, Love has investigated five elite households and four commoner households where figurines and other material culture were recovered (Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.2: Detail of the Central Zone of La Blanca (after Love and Guernsey 2011: Figure 8.1)

Figure 2.3: The Northern Portion of La Blanca with household excavations outlined in blue (excluding Operation 25, a public building [Michael Love, personal communication 2015]) (after Love and Guernsey 2011:Figure 8.1)

Previous Research at La Blanca

The first excavations at La Blanca were conducted in 1972 and 1973 by Edwin M.

Shook in the southern portion of the site. During Shook’s excavations, road construction

threatened destruction of Mound 1 in the central zone of La Blanca. Mound 1 was a large

earthen pyramid built during the Conchas B subphase (see map in Figure 2.2). It was one

of the earliest monumental pyramids in Mesoamerica over 25 meters in height with a

base of 100 x 150 meters (Love 2007; Love and Guernsey 2011). Shook purchased figurines from local children who collected them while the mound was being destroyed

(Michael Love, personal communication 2016). These figurines are now housed at the

Universidad del Valle in Guatemala City. In Chapter Four, I address stylistic variation of

the figurines recovered from Mound 1 and how these figurines may have been used in

constructing social identities and negotiating social boundaries at La Blanca.

Love conducted major field seasons at La Blanca from 1983 to 1985 and from

2003 to 20081. His research builds on previous investigations by the U.C. Berkeley

project at Takalik Abaj (Graham 1982; Graham and Benson 2002), which revealed

evidence of complex society in the Middle Preclassic period (Love 2002). Love’s initial theoretical objectives were to understand social differentiation at the regional and household levels by investigating changes in material culture that took place during the

emergence of social complexity (Love 1991, 2002). His objectives have since

transitioned to better understand household agency and ideology within social frameworks and structures (Love 2002:7; Love and Guernsey 2011).

1 A new field season at La Blanca began in January 2016. 10

The rise of La Blanca as a major regional center during the Middle Preclassic

period is marked by economic intensification, ideological change, and increasing social

and political inequality. The promotion of a public ideology fostered the establishment of

an elite class at La Blanca. One of the central objectives of investigations at La Blanca

has been to examine the relationship between the household and the emerging centralized political and economic system (Love and Guernsey 2011:177). Household differentiation and social stratification at La Blanca can be investigated by considering differential distribution of highly valued goods across elite and commoner households. In Chapter

Four, I present distributional data of figurines alongside distributional data of small jade

beads in order to demonstrate household differentiation at La Blanca during the

emergence of centralized political systems in the Soconusco region.

To date, there has been no attempt to investigate the distribution of figurine types across elite and commoner households at La Blanca. One of my objectives for this thesis is to build on previous studies of the La Blanca figurines through further distributional analysis in order to interpret the nature of figurine production and consumption at La

Blanca. This analysis will be used to interpret how the use of figurines by household members in domestic rituals may have facilitated the construction of social identities and negotiation of social boundaries at the site. The results and interpretations of these analyses will potentially provide insight into how prehistoric people responded to increasing social and political inequality and how these phenomena are reflected at the household level.

III. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO

INTERPRETING ANCIENT FIGURINES AND THEIR CONTEXTS

Ancient figurines can serve as indices of the social practices of the people who

made and used them (Faust and Halperin 2009). They reflect the social roles of people in

the past and inform archaeologists of the ways in which goods were produced and

consumed and how these practices contributed to the construction of social identities and

the maintenance of social relations.

In interpreting ancient figurines and the archaeological contexts in which they are

found, archaeologists are able to explore the different kinds of social practices that occurred in public and private spaces. Many Mesoamerican archaeologists interpret figurines found in domestic contexts as indices of small-scale rituals that served to reinforce social identities and celebrate the life cycles of household members and their ancestors (e.g. Joyce 2003; Lopiparo and Hendon 2009).

In Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art,

Richard Lesure (2011) discusses how contextualist and universalist interpretations of

ancient figurines depend on what features are analyzed to determine similarities or

differences. He suggests that universalist explanations of ancient figurines are limited

when emphasizing similarities over differences in archaeological patterns. Privileging

similarities over differences assumes that a common interpretation of ancient figurines

exists, when in fact there is diversity between the contexts and meanings of figurines

from different times and places (Lesure 2011a:44). By exploring the diversity of ancient

figurines (i.e. form, function, meaning, and material) from different archaeological

12 cultures across the world, archaeologists also consider local variations and differences over similarities lumped together into essentialized categories, like mother goddesses or fertility cults that do not apply cross-culturally. Figurines from ancient Mesoamerica may have been used in similar contexts, such as in domestic or public rituals, and they may appear similar in style, but their meanings may have differed across cultures.

The various approaches used to analyze and interpret Mesoamerican figurines include typologies and culture histories; iconographic and interpretive approaches; functional approaches; political-economic approaches; and agency, practice, and dialectics (Faust and Halperin 2009). Some archaeologists also incorporate gendered approaches within these frameworks in order to investigate varying gender relations and social identities that do not conform to male/female or public/private dichotomies

(Conkey and Tringham 1995; Brumfiel 1996; Costin 1996, 1998; Lesure 2002; Stockett

2005; Tringham and Conkey 1998). Rather than adhering to these dichotomies to explain social relations in the past, it is important for archaeologists in figurine studies to consider how people in the past experienced daily life by embodying identity in material culture such as figurines (Faust and Halperin 2009:11). Thus, emphasis is put on the agency and practice of their makers and users and how they produced and consumed figurines to assert their social identities and maintain social relations with others.

Figurine Production and Consumption at La Blanca

This thesis explores the nature of figurine production and consumption at La

Blanca during the Middle Preclassic period. The following sections outline the approaches I utilize in interpreting the social practices associated with the La Blanca

figurines. We know that all households at La Blanca used figurines, but where were they

produced? Were the figurines produced in the household or in a central location? Once

produced and distributed across households, what kinds of domestic rituals were the

figurines used in? The approaches I employ consider the agency and practice of the

people of La Blanca and how the production and consumption of figurines may have served as ways for them to assert their social identities and to negotiate social boundaries

with other households at the site.

Analyzing the distribution of figurines provides insight into figurine production

and consumption and how these social practices are linked to the assertion of social

identities and the negotiation of social boundaries between households at La Blanca.

Production locales are difficult to recognize in the archaeological record. Therefore,

approaches that analyze the figurine frequencies and distributions across households in a

given site provide an opportunity to infer the nature of figurine production for their use in

the household. Figurine consumption in the household may have served as a means for

household members to negotiate their social identities and define themselves in relation

to other households of different social status.

In order to determine where the figurines were produced at La Blanca, I analyze

the distribution of figurine types classified by Flory Pinzón González (2011) (see Chapter

Four, Table 1). I also analyze possible stylistic patterns in figurine attributes in order to

determine the degree of standardization or variation of the figurine types. These analyses

will inform me of whether the figurines were produced in a central location (i.e. a

workshop) or in the household.

Decentralized production of figurines would show evidence of household

workshops. However, since there is no evidence to date of figurine production locales at

La Blanca, I use indirect evidence of figurine type distributions and figurine attributes across households in order to infer the nature of their production and consumption. If the figurines were produced in the household, then we would expect to see high variation in

figurine traits, a limited number of motifs, and overall diversity in style (Lopiparo and

Hendon 2009:61).

Alternatively, if La Blanca figurines were centrally produced, then we would

expect to see some degree of standardization and low variation in figurine traits, such as

facial features and typological attributes, across households. Furthermore, distributional

patterns of the figurine types would show that all households had access to figurines

regardless of social status, as they would have been centrally exchanged in a marketplace

or changed hands through reciprocal exchange (Halperin 2014; Halperin et al. 2009;

Hirth 1998) after being produced in a central location.

Constructing Social Identities through Figurine Use in the Household

Once produced and distributed across households, how were figurines used in

domestic rituals? How was figurine use in the household important for constructing social

identities and maintaining social relations with other households? The following

examples from the Maya area show how figurine production and use in domestic rituals

contributed to the construction of social identities of household members and reinforced

the solidarity of households.

Jeanne Lopiparo and Julia Hendon (2009) describe figurines from the Late to

Terminal Classic Maya sites of Cerro Palenque, CR-80, CR-103, CR-132, and CR-381 in the Ulúa Valley of Honduras as involved in dispersed production in household groups.

The figurines and figurine molds show a diversity of designs and iconographic motifs that are difficult to classify into one typology (Lopiparo and Hendon 2009:61). Lopiparo and Hendon (2009:61) interpret these figurines to be associated with localized practices involving the maintenance and renewal of the social identities of household groups.

The social practices of household groups at Cerro Palenque and its neighboring sites include the reconstruction of households and life cycle rituals dedicated to their inhabitants (Lopiparo and Hendon 2009:62). Lopiparo and Hendon (2009:66) argue that figurines were actively constituted by and representative of performative acts of internment and the social practices of remembering and forgetting. The intentional placement of whole figurines in human burials under house floors and in between construction phases of households indicate that figurines were involved in localized practices that were meaningful and constitutive of the social identities of household groups over several generations (Lopiparo and Hendon 2009:67).

Similarly, Rosemary Joyce (2003) incorporates theories of embodiment, agency, and practice to interpret bodily experience and materiality at Playa de los Muertos in the

Ulúa Valley of Honduras. She describes Preclassic figurines from Playa de los Muertos as embodiments of life and death, suggesting they are bodily representations of the life cycles of the makers and users of these figurines (Joyce 2003:250-251). She further interprets the Playa de los Muertos figurines and their association with domestic rituals,

16 such as the ritual renewal of renovated households, as manifestations of social identities and common bonds within the household (Joyce 2003:256).

Figurines from Contemporaneous Preclassic Sites

The Early Preclassic period (1500-900 B.C.E.) in western Mesoamerica— particularly the Gulf Coast, the Valley of Oaxaca, and central Mexico—is characterized by the emergence of public architecture and sacred space, widespread cultural complexity, long-distance exchange, and Olmec influences on Preclassic Mesoamerican cultures (Blomster 2002, 2014). Social stratification during this period is reflected in the archaeological record by markers of social identities and differential consumption of goods in households (Grove and Gillespie 1992). Archaeological evidence of daily life serve to give meaning and value to social practices of production, exchange, and use of objects in domestic rituals, thus maintaining social identities and solidarity within the household (Hendon 1999:97-98, 118).

During the transition from the Early Preclassic to the Middle Preclassic period, access to and control over ritual and cosmological symbols seem to have been taken over by a limited amount of high-ranking people in order to maintain cosmic and social order and to legitimize their power over commoners (Grove and Gillespie 1992:30). Michael

Love (2002:203) explains that by the Middle Preclassic period, there was a reorganization of social and economic relationships as elites competed for prestige goods and formed alliances between regional centers. Shared symbolic and stylistic elements served to mark social boundaries between elites and commoners. Figurine assemblages from Middle Preclassic regional centers, such as Chalcatzingo in Morelos, Mexico

(Cyphers Guillén 1998, 1993) and Naranjo in Guatemala (Linares Palma 2010), demonstrate symbolic and stylistic elements in material culture that may have served both elites and commoners in asserting social identities and negotiating social boundaries during a time of increasing social and political inequality.

Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico

Chalcatzingo was an important regional center in the highlands of eastern

Morelos, Mexico during the Middle Preclassic period. The site’s archaeological remains show the development of social complexity and power accumulation characteristic of a pre-state political economy (Cyphers Guillén 1993:209). Domestic rituals at Chalcatzingo during the site’s Cantera phase (700-500 B.C.E.) are identified from structural remains and small clay figurines that depict women. Ann Cyphers Guillén (1988, 1993) interprets the use of figurines at Chalcatzingo as initially involved in death rites and life-crisis ceremonies. During the Early Preclassic period, however, population growth, agricultural intensification, and social differentiation coincide with a functional shift in the use of figurines in mortuary offerings to life cycle rituals conducted in household settings.

Cantera phase figurines were found concentrated in household contexts—particularly in food processing areas and in refuse deposits—and were used and discarded in female transition rites involving puberty, marriage, pregnancy, and child rearing. Cyphers

Guillén (1993:211) explains that the emphasis on rituals dedicated to the living increased social identity and solidarity within the household and also offered a wider range of social and economic opportunities available as a result of the increase in life cycle rituals celebrated in the household.

One type of figurine from Chalcatzingo—the C8 head—was initially interpreted by Grove and Gillespie (1984) to be portraits of male rulers, what they called “the cult of the ruler” at Chalcatzingo. However, subsequent analysis that matched head to body fragments suggests that most of the C8 figurines were probably women (Cyphers Guillén

1993:214). Thus, the predominance of female figurines at Chalcatzingo allows archaeologists to interpret them to have been used in curing and life cycle rituals. Cantera phase figurines are also interpreted by Cyphers Guillén to be involved in stages in the domestic cycle of successive reconstructions of households, thus implying continuity in household identities through time.

Cyphers Guillén (1993:215) further interprets the Cantera phase female figurines to be involved in ritual processes of reciprocal and redistributive exchanges that perpetuate social identities and social bonds within and among households. The collective economic and ritual actions were carried out by household members as a means to express their identity as an economic unit distinct from other household groups (Grove and Gillespie 2002:11). The formation of social bonds and reciprocal exchanges reinforced by the use of figurines in domestic rituals involving female life cycles and renewal of household structures contributed to the increase in social differentiation and accumulation of power in Middle Preclassic Chalcatzingo (Cyphers Guillén 1993:218).

Naranjo, Guatemala

The Middle Preclassic figurines from Naranjo, Guatemala come from the site’s

Charcas phase (900-700 B.C.E.) This the closest site to La Blanca with a large figurine assemblage of the same time period. Although contemporaneous with La Blanca, the

Naranjo figurines show how they were employed in different contexts during the Middle

Preclassic period. Unlike the La Blanca figurines, which were used in domestic contexts,

Naranjo figurines were used in public rituals in the ceremonial center of the site (Linares

Palma 2010:259).

Adriana Linares Palma (2010) presents a typology of the Naranjo figurines and invites an opportunity for comparison with other figurine assemblages from contemporaneous sites. Her typology consists of 13 groups, which are classified according to hair, headdress, and physical features. Linares Palma describes the figurine heads to be standardized in facial features, but with small variations in the hair and headdresses. This is a similar observation made with the La Blanca figurines, which show some degree of standardization in the facial features, but great variation in the hairstyles and headdresses.

The Naranjo figurine assemblage demonstrates how Preclassic figurines were employed in different contexts during the Middle Preclassic period. The Naranjo figurines were found concentrated in the center of the site, not in the periphery of the site related to domestic contexts (Linares Palma 2010:260). More than half of the figurine assemblage was recovered from the Southern Platform. Linares Palma interprets these contexts to be associated with sacred space in the ceremonial center of Naranjo. The contexts from which the Naranjo figurines are found differs from more common interpretations of Preclassic figurines, which are often found in domestic contexts and interpreted to be associated with fertility cults and life cycle rituals. Females played an important role in the Middle Preclassic society of Naranjo and were celebrated in public rituals in the center of the site rather than in the household (Linares Palma 2010:270).

Interpreting ancient figurines and their contexts allows archaeologists to investigate the daily lives of their makers and users. The theoretical and methodological approaches presented in this chapter provide a framework for interpreting how figurines

may have been produced and used not only as ritual objects, but also as objects used in

constructing social identities and negotiating social boundaries during a time of

increasing social and political inequality. Many archaeologists interpret ancient figurines

to be involved in female-centered rituals (Cyphers Guillén 1988, 1993; Linares Palma

2010; Marcus 1998, 1999). However, this figurine study goes beyond traditional

interpretations of Preclassic figurines and invites more nuanced questions of how the

production and consumption of figurines in may have facilitated the construction of

social identities of household groups and the maintenance of social relations between

households (Blomster 2014; Joyce 2003; Joyce et al. 2014; Hendon et al. 2014; Lopiparo and Hendon 2009).

IV. CERAMIC FIGURINES FROM LA BLANCA

The data analysis and results presented in this chapter provide insight into the production and consumption of ceramic figurines recovered from elite and commoner households at La Blanca. Though the data and results do not speak of the full nature of the social practices associated with the figurines, this thesis provides a foundation for further investigation into the sociopolitical context of La Blanca through analyses of material culture recovered from the site.

I analyzed a total of 333 solid, hand-modeled figurine heads and 92 hollow, hand- modeled figurine fragments recovered from architectural midden of five elite households and four commoner households (see Figure 2.3 for map of household excavations).

The hollow, hand-modeled figurines analyzed in this thesis do not refer to the

“hollow baby figurines” discussed by Jeffrey Blomster (2002). There are hollow baby figurines in the La Blanca figurine collection (Love and Guernsey 2011:181), but I will not analyze them for the purposes of this thesis. The hollow, hand-modeled figurines I consider in this thesis are quite different from the hollow baby figurines, which are much larger and are of a different finish. The hollow figurine fragments discussed in this chapter do not have the same key attributes as hollow baby figurines (i.e. chubby cheeks, flabby limbs, well-defined fingers [Blomster 2002]). The hollow figurine heads can be categorized into the figurine head types classified by Pinzón González (2011). To date, there are no hollow figurine bodies to fit the hollow figurine heads. Only fragments of hollow figurine bodies have been recovered. The hollow figurine body fragments are included in the hollow figurine fragments analyzed in this thesis for purposes of

22 distributional analysis. They include fragments of body parts that are indeterminate, but which are considered body fragments because of their thick, curved walls with poorly sorted, coarse-grain paste typical of hollow figurine body fragments.

The solid, hand-modeled figurine heads are classified into three different typologies (Arroyo 2002; Ivic de Monterroso 2004; Pinzón González 2011). They differ from the hollow, hand-modeled figurines in that they are smaller and include greater variability within the head types. In the following section, I provide a detailed description of the existing typologies of the La Blanca figurines. I build off of the typology of figurine heads developed by Pinzón González (2011) in order to interpret the nature of figurine production and consumption at La Blanca.

As described in the previous chapter, I performed an analysis of figurine head types in order to determine if there are possible stylistic patterns in the figurines across households at La Blanca and to interpret the degree of standardization or variation in figurine attributes (facial features, hairstyles, and headdresses). I also performed a distributional analysis of the solid, hand-modeled figurine heads and hollow, hand- modeled figurine fragments based on Pinzón González’s head typology in order to infer the nature of figurine production at La Blanca. Were the La Blanca figurines produced in households or in a central location? These analyses provide insight into how household identity and status may have been negotiated through the production and consumption of figurines at La Blanca.

Existing Typologies of La Blanca Figurines

Previous studies of La Blanca figurines include typological analyses of figurine head and body fragments (Arroyo 2002; Ivic de Monterroso 2004; Long 2011; Pinzón

González 2011) and the investigation of sociocultural contexts in which the figurines

were found (Cordova 2011). The majority of the figurines represent humans with

elaborate hairstyles and headdresses, and others represent supernatural beings or animals.

The first typological analysis of the figurines was conducted by Bárbara Arroyo

(2002), who presented a classification of La Blanca figurines based on head shape,

headdress, and head decoration. Arroyo’s analysis included the figurine assemblage

recovered from Operations 25, 26, and 27 during Love’s 1983 to 1985 field seasons.

Arroyo defines nine head types based on head shape: deformed, round, oval or elongated,

conic, oblong, square, fat face, banana shape, and hidden (refer to Appendix B for photos

of head types). She also provides a discussion of miscellaneous figurines that could not

be classified in the defined types, figurine body types, and animal figurines. I will not

utilize this typology in my analysis because it does not include the figurines recovered

from subsequent household excavations at La Blanca from 2003 to 2008.

The typology developed by Matilde Ivic de Monterroso (2004) includes an

analysis of the figurine assemblage recovered from Mound 1 at La Blanca during

Shook’s investigations of the site in 1972 and 1973. This collection is housed at the

Universidad del Valle in Guatemala City. Ivic de Monterroso analyzed 904 head and

body fragments out of the 1336 fragments recovered during the salvage project. Her

typology consists of nine types based on a combination of head form, body form, and

eyes. For the purposes of this thesis, Ivic de Monterroso’s typology is limited in that it

does not include the figurines recovered from household excavations during Love’s field

seasons at La Blanca.

More figurine fragments were recovered from subsequent household excavations

at La Blanca during Love’s field seasons from 2003 to 2008. Pinzón González’s (2011)

thesis presents the most recent stylistic and iconographic analysis of the La Blanca

figurines recovered from Love’s excavations to date. Pinzón González’s typology

includes eight head types with variants and two body types (refer Appendix A for photos

of head types classified by Pinzón González). The typology includes eight head types:

Copetes, Tocado de Cuernos, Tocoyal, Peinados y Rapados, Moño en la Coronilla,

Ancianos, Enanos, and Antropozoomorfos (Table 1). I utilized Pinzón González’s head

typology to analyze the distribution of the figurine head types and to interpret stylistic patterns in figurine attributes across households at La Blanca.

Head Type Key Attributes Copetes "Hair tuft" with incisions, punched, or without decoration

Tocado de Cuernos Conical horns on top of the head, with decoration or with nose adornment Tocoyal Tocoyal (head wrap) rolled around the head and over the hair

Peinados y Rapados Hair with incised or punched decoration

Moño en la Coronilla Crown like a band on top of the head or with hair wrapped with a band Ancianos Incised lines on face, punched cheeks, punched eyes, and hair without decoration Enanos Large cheeks and a round face; head joined to the torso without a neck Antropozoomorfos Round punched eyes, some with no nose, and punched mouth that sticks out from the rest of the face

Table 1: La Blanca Figurine Head Types by Pinzón González (2011)

Distributional Analysis of La Blanca Figurines

I conducted a distributional analysis of solid, hand-modeled figurine head types

classified by Pinzón González (2011) and hollow, hand-modeled figurine fragments in

order to interpret stylistic patterns in the distribution of figurine head types across

households at La Blanca. The second objective of this analysis was to infer whether the

figurines were produced in a central location or in households. The results of this analysis

show that figurine head types were available to all households at La Blanca regardless of

household status. However, the distribution of figurines across households demonstrates

differential consumption between elite and commoner households. Overall, the

distributional data demonstrate household differentiation at La Blanca.

Figurines were observed in greater abundance in elite households than in

commoner households. Table 2 shows that elite households—Operations 26, 27, 32, 37,

and 38—have the highest densities of figurine heads and commoner households—

Operations 31, 34, 35, and 36—have the lowest densities of figurine heads. This analysis coupled with the distributional data of jade is further evidence that Operations 26, 27, 32,

37, and 38 are the highest-ranking households at La Blanca.

Love and Guernsey (2011:179) suggest small jade beads are the best indicators of household differentiation at La Blanca. The density of jade across households is used to infer the socioeconomic status of each household at La Blanca. Although jade beads are

found in all households excavated to date, the distribution of jade demonstrates

differential consumption across households at La Blanca. Thus, the distributional data

show that the density of figurines and jade beads in each household can be used to

demonstrate household differentiation at La Blanca (Figure 4.1).

data from Borrero 2014:Figure 31 and Love and Guernsey 2011:Table 8.1) gurine Heads by Operation (Jade Table 2: Density of Jade and Fi

Figure 4.1: Density of Figurine Heads vs. Density of Jade from Elite and Commoner Households

Further distributional analysis of the figurine head types shows the four head types of greatest frequencies across households are Copetes, Peinados y Rapados, Moño en la Coronilla, and Tocoyal (Figure 4.2). These head types show the highest frequencies of all types across households, particularly the elite households. This is also shown in

Figure 4.3, which shows the relative percentage of each figurine head type in each household (refer to Appendix B for distributional data tables). The distributional data of figurine head types demonstrate that solid, hand-modeled figurine head types were not exclusive to any one household.

Figure 4.2: Percentage of Figurine Heads by Type

Figure 4.3: Percentage of Figurine Head Types by Operation

Figurine Head Type Percentages & Counts by Operation Elite Households Commoner Households Type Operation 26 Operation 27 Operation 32 Operation 37 Operation 38 Operation 31 Operation 34 Operation 35 Operation 36 24% 43% 21% 21% 46% 33% 45% 38% 42% Copetes 14 19 11 11 6 1 10 9 5 26% 14% 21% 29% 8% 33% 23% 29% 17% Peinados y Rapados 156111511572 14% 18% 15% 17% 38% 33% 23% 25% 8% Moño en la Coronilla 888951561 12% 7% 23% 19% 8% 0% 0% 0% 25% Tocoyal 73121010003 16% 14% 6% 2% 0% 0% 5% 4% 8% Antropozoomorfos 963100111 7% 5% 6% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Enanos 423300000 2% 0% 6% 6% 0% 0% 5% 4% 0% Tocado de Cuernos 103300110 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Ancianos 001000000

Table 3: Figurine Head Type Percentages & Counts by Operation

Hollow, hand-modeled figurine head and body fragments are observed in high

densities in four of the five elite households at La Blanca—Operations 26, 27, 32, and 37

(Figure 4.4; Table 4). This data demonstrate the concentration of figurines in elite

households with the exception of Operation 38, which contains only 14 solid, hand-

modeled figurine heads and two hollow, hand-modeled figurine heads. Hollow, hand- modeled figurine fragments were found concentrated in four elite households with the

exception of one hollow figurine head recovered from two commoner households each—

Operations 35 and 36. Operation 37 shows the highest density of hollow, hand-modeled

figurines among the four elite households. The hollow, hand-modeled figurine fragments

recovered from Operation 37 comprise of almost half of the total figurine fragments

recovered from this household to date.

Figure 4.4: Density of Figurines by Operation

Density of Soild, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads and Hollow, Hand-Modeled Figurine Fragments by Operation Elite Households Commoner Households Operation 26 Operation 27 Operation 32 Operation 37 Operation 38 Operation 31 Operation 34 Operation 35 Operation 36 Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads 1.50 1.57 0.89 1.10 0.58 0.08 0.44 0.54 0.32 Hollow, Hand-Modeled Figurine Fragments 0.21 0.53 0.27 0.82 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 Volume (m³) 52.83 37.66 62.96 49.83 24.00 38.05 54.56 53.52 44.17

Table 4: Density of Figurines by Operation

Standardization versus Variation: Analysis of Figurine Attributes

The La Blanca figurines show some degree of standardization in their facial features such as punched eyes, a prominent nose, an open mouth, and earspools. The figurines also show variation in hairstyles and headdresses. The four most common head types mentioned above—Copetes, Peinados y Rapados, Moño en la Coronilla, and

Tocoyal—all have variable attributes in the type of hairstyle or headdress depicted. Other less common head types such as, Enanos, Ancianos, and Antropozoomorfos also show variation (see Figure 4.5 for examples of Antropozoomorfos type). However, some figurine attributes of each head type show some degree of standardization: Figure 4.6 shows two hollow figurine heads of the Tocoyal head type and Figure 4.7 shows two hollow figurine heads with forehead pendants and nose ornaments of the Tocado de

Cuernos type (a, b) and the Copetes type (c).

Figure 4.5: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Antropozoomorfos Type (photos by Karleen Claire Ronsairo)

Figure 4.6: Hollow Figurine Heads of the Tocoyal Type (photos by Karleen Claire Ronsairo)

Figure 4.7: (a, b) Hollow Figurine Heads of the Tocado de Cuernos Type (photos by Karleen Claire Ronsairo); (c) Hollow Figurine Head of the Copetes Type (photo by La Blanca Archaeological Project); all with forehead pendants and nose ornaments

The Copetes head type is an example of how standardization and variation in figurine attributes are interpreted in the La Blanca figurines. The Copetes head type is found in all households and is represented in both solid, hand-modeled figurine heads

(Figure 4.8) and the larger hollow, hand-modeled figurine heads (Figure 4.9). The hollow, hand-modeled figurine heads of this type are found concentrated in elite households, which could be a matter of preference by elites (Julia Guernsey, personal communication 2016). They are depicted with the same key attributes seen in the smaller solid, hand-modeled figurines: tassels, ears, and an open mouth painted red (10R 5/8); a face painted white (10YR 8/1); and an elongated, banana-shaped head (Arroyo

2002:218).

Figure 4.8: Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads of the Copetes Type (a-c, photos by Michael W. Love; d, photo by La Blanca Archaeological Project)

Figure 4.9: Hollow, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads of the Copetes Type (a-e, photos by Karleen Claire Ronsairo; f-g, photos by La Blanca Archaeological Project)

Aside from the solid, hand-modeled figurine heads classified by Pinzón González and the hollow, hand-modeled figurine heads described above, there are solid, hand- modeled figurine heads that have key attributes of more than one head type or no head type classified to date (Figure 4.10). Although these figurine heads have punched eyes and earspools typical of all La Blanca figurines, they show great variability in terms of style of headdress and adornment, as well as head shape and facial features. The figurines shown in Figure 4.10 demonstrate the tension between standardization and variation in figurine attributes.

Figure 4.10: Solid, Hand-Modeled Figurine Heads with Variable Attributes. (a) Flower headdress; (b) Pendants on forehead and back of head; (c) Puffy cheeks and hair/headdress centered on top of head with adornment along forehead and back of head; (d) Headgear with jaguar adornment and neck strap typical of ballgame player (photos by Karleen Claire Ronsairo)

Summary of Data Analysis

The distributional analysis of solid, hand-modeled figurine heads and hollow, hand-modeled figurine fragments recovered from elite and commoner households highlight important information regarding household differentiation at La Blanca. Like small jade beads, solid, hand-modeled figurines are found in all households at La Blanca and are concentrated in four elite households located in the central zone of the site. The distributional data demonstrate differential consumption of the figurines between elite and commoner households.

Further distributional analysis of hollow figurine fragments shows that hollow figurine fragments are also found concentrated in elite households. High densities of hollow figurine fragments in elite households indicate hollow figurines were likely preferred by elites or essential to the domestic rituals performed in these households

(Julia Guernsey, personal communication 2016). In general, elite households have more of all artifact classes—jade, pottery, obsidian, groundstone, figurines, faunal remains, etc.—compared to commoner households due to their higher socioeconomic status and longer occupational periods (Michael Love, personal communication 2016). Unequal distribution of figurines between elite and commoner households could be explained by differential purchasing power or social conscriptions (Halperin 2014:179; Hirth

1998:456). However, the nature of figurine exchange activities at La Blanca is a subject of potential future studies, as noted in the concluding chapter.

My analysis of figurine attributes shows the tension between standardization and variation in the production of the La Blanca figurines. The figurines are standardized in facial features and types of hairstyles or headdresses depicted on the figurine heads, but

42 there are variable ways in which the hairstyles or headdresses are made (see variants of figurine head types classified by Pinzón González 2011). Variable attributes are typical of most hand-modeled figurines, as shown in Figure 4.10. However, the overall patterns in figurine attributes show some degree of standardization and low variation in figurine traits, such as facial features and typological attributes. There are also recurring motifs in each figurine head type, such as the “hair tufts,” or tassels, depicted on the Copetes head type (see Figures 4.8 and 4.9).

The distributional data of figurine head types and analysis of figurine attributes presented in this chapter demonstrate a case for centralized production of the La Blanca figurines. All households had equal access to the same types of figurines. The most common solid, hand-modeled figurine head types are found in all households (see Figure

4.3 and Table 3). If households were making their own figurines, we would expect more variation in the types of figurines represented in each household. We would also expect commoner households to have more figurines if each household was making their own

(Michael Love, personal communication 2016). However, the distributional data presented in this chapter demonstrate otherwise. Lastly, the overall low diversity in figurine attributes demonstrates that figurines may have been produced in a central location at La Blanca, perhaps by a particular group of people, then distributed to households.

It is possible to assert that figurines from La Blanca were involved in domestic rituals dedicated to the life cycles of household members, the construction of social identities, and the veneration of ancestors (Guernsey 2010:223, 2012:103; Guernsey and

Love 2008:1167-1168). Other Mesoamerican archaeologists have made similar

interpretations of figurines from Preclassic households throughout Mesoamerica

(Cyphers Guillén 1988, 1993; Grove and Gillespie 2002; Joyce 2003; Marcus 1998,

1999). Guernsey (2010) interprets the iconography of puffy-faced figurines (see Arroyo

2002 Typology, Type 7 and Pinzón González 2011 Typology, Type 3 in Appendix A) with puffy-lidded, closed eyes and swollen cheeks as representations of ancestors. She suggests the iconography of potbellies and puffy-faced figurines transitioned to public sculpture in the Late Preclassic period as rulers appropriated symbols of Middle

Preclassic domestic ritual (Guernsey 2010:225-226).

The full nature of figurine use in domestic rituals at La Blanca is beyond the scope of this essay. Comparative iconographic data from other parts of Preclassic

Mesoamerica outlined by Guernsey (2010, 2012) show the possibility of ancestor veneration involving the use of figurines in domestic rituals at La Blanca. However, the data presented in this chapter is not sufficient to address questions of who performed domestic rituals and how figurines were used in domestic rituals at La Blanca. What the

data do show is that the people of La Blanca were consuming the same types of figurines, which may have been produced in a central location. The fact that figurines were consumed in all households at La Blanca may be indicative of figurines as objects used in the construction of social identities and negotiation of household status (Guernsey

2012:103). Consuming objects that were made for everyone to use in their households provided a sense of community and belonging as society became increasingly politically and socially complex.

V. CONCLUSIONS

The distributional analysis of the La Blanca figurines presented in this thesis provide a foundation for future investigations into the political, social, and economic processes associated with the emerging centralized political system of La Blanca during the Middle Preclassic period. These larger societal dynamics can be explored through petrographic analysis to study figurine paste types and chemical compositional analyses to source the paste of the La Blanca figurines. Potential results of these compositional paste analyses will allow for further inference to where and how the figurines were produced and what type of exchange network they were associated with.

Investigations into the paste composition of the La Blanca figurines through petrographic analysis will help determine whether there are differential distribution of paste types and differential manufacturing processes of the figurines. Future data from chemical compositional analysis of the figurines could be compared to results from previous ceramic and raw material analyses of Pacific Guatemala (Neff and Bove 1999;

Tejeda 2007) in order to source the figurine paste. The data and interpretations presented in this thesis coupled with future studies of the paste composition of the La Blanca figurines have the potential to address broader social issues during the development of social complexity in the Soconusco region during the Preclassic period.

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APPENDIX A: EXISTING TYPOLOGIES

Arroyo 2002 Typology

Type 1: Deformed

Type 2: Round

Type 3: Oval or Elongated

Type 4: Conic

Type 5: Oblong

Type 6: Square

Type 7: Fat Face

Type 8: Banana Shape

Type 9: Hidden

Pinzón González 2011 Typology

Type 1: Copetes

Type 2: Tocado de Cuernos de Cabello

Type 3: Tocoyal

Type 4: Peinados y Rapados

Type 5: Moño en la Coronilla

Type 6: Ancianos

Type 7: Enanos

Type 8: Antropozoomorfos

APPENDIX B: DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA TABLES OF LA BLANCA FIGURINES

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Figurine Head Frag Head Figurine Variable Indeterminate x x x x x x x x x La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 26 rapados Moño en la Coronilla Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos Hollow Artifact #Artifact Copetes Cabellode Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyaly Peinados SM90-26-F31-4SM90-26-2-60-94 x SM90-26-1-270-14SM90-26-4-200-143 x SM90-26-5-60-67SM90-26-5-90-154SM90-26-4-140-69 SM90-26-4-160-66SM90-26-1-260-119 x x x SM90-26-5-220-79 SM90-26-5-80-112 SM90-26-5-20-70 SM90-26-1-120-71SM90-26-1-100-86 x SM90-26-1-253-113SM90-26-F32-294 x SM90-26-2-130-56SM90-26-2-160-86SM90-26-4-190-81 x SM90-26-4-100-69 x SM90-26-2-130-55SM90-26-5-180-87SM90-26-1-60-98 x SM90-26-3-40 SM90-26-4-140-70 SM90-26-4-200-152 SM90-26-F32-299 SM90-26-4-100-68SM90-26-5-220-81 x SM90-26-1-00-85SM90-26-1-00-118SM90-26-4-100-68 x SM90-26-1-130-46SM90-26-5-180-88SM90-26-F23-32 SM90-26-1-90-84SM90-26-5-110-65SM90-26-5-237-124 x SM90-26-5-227-2 SM90-26-4-100-70 x x x x x x x SM90-26-4-730aSM90-26-1-23-30SM90-26-5-30-89SM90-26-5-80-113SM90-26-1-130-47SM90-26-5-60-81SM90-26-1-260-49SM90-26-5-247-170 x x SM90-26-5-247-169 SM90-26-F32-298 SM90-26-1-190-50SM90-26-2-?-28 x x x x x x SM90-26-1-60-109 SM90-26-5-40-164 SM90-26-100-116 SM90-26-1-00-117 SM90-26-5-232-711SM90-26-1-40-78 x SM90-26-5-300A-30SM90-26-5-227-176 x SM90-26-5-247-187

x x x x x x x x x x x x Figurine Head Frag Head Figurine Variable Indeterminate x x x x x x x x x x x x rapados Moño en la Coronilla Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos Hollow La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 26 (continued) Artifact #Artifact Copetesde Cabello Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyaly Peinados SM90-26-5-237-234 SM90-26-1-150-59 SM90-26-F27-8 SM90-26-1-40-79 SM90-26-5-227-179 SM90-26-5-297-190 SM90-26-1-00-119SM90-26-5-170-66SM90-26-1-00-120 x x SM90-26-1-100-49SM90-26-4-220-84 SM90-26-5-130-67 SM90-26-5-40-82SM90-26-1-215-55SM90-26-F23-33 x x x SM90-26-5-227-181 SM90-26-4-180-84 SM90-26-5-265-27240 SM90-26-1-245-130 SM90-26-4-70-69 SM90-26-4-230-60 x SM90-26-4-240-8 SM90-26-4-70-70 SM90-26-F32-298 SM90-26-4-170-87 SM90-26-5-237-721 SM90-26-1-245-136 SM90-26-2-160-76 SM90-26-5-220-80SM90-26-4-110-81 x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Head Figurine Frag Figurine Head Variable Indeterminate x x x x x x rapados Moño en la Coronilla Ancianos Enanos Anthropomorphic Hollow x La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 27 Artifact # Copetes Tocado de Cuernos de Cabello Tocoyal Peinados y SM90-27-3-170-102SM90-27-1-275B-417SM90-27-1-170-75SM90-27-1-247A-57 x x SM90-27-F34-159SM90-27-1-275B-56 x SM90-27-2-150-78 x SM90-27-2-200A-142-3 x SM90-27-2-100-61 x SM90-27-3-160-107 x SM90-27-2-270A-319SM90-27-2-200A-251-3 x SM90-27-3-190-143 x x SM90-27-2-290A-125 x SM90-27-2-150-77 SM90-27-2-220A-62 SM90-27-130-126 SM90-27-1-265-78SM90-27-1-257-66SM90-27-1-180-122 48 x SM90-27-2-130-69 x SM90-27-F38-49SM90-27-2-210A-163 SM90-27-?-161 SM90-27-2-270A-320 x SM90-27-3-280A-200 x x 196 SM90-27-1-247B-46SM90-27-2-290A-123 SM90-27-3-150-175 x SM90-27-2-260ASM90-27-3-160-106SM90-27-5-88-?SM90-27-130-125SM90-27-1-70-69 SM90-27-2-280A-203 SM90-27-1-295A-35 x SM90-27-1-295A-24 x SM90-27-2-280A-199 SM90-27-2-270A-317 SM90-27-2-280A-241 SM90-27-2-189-160 SM90-27-2-130-84 SM90-27-2-210B-25 SM90-27-1-257-65SM90-27-2-50-80 SM90-27-2-200A-739 SM90-27-3-40-28 SM90-27-3-30-82 x SM90-27-3-170-103 SM90-27-3-130-140 x x SM90-27-2-200A-350 x SM90-27-2-270A-318 SM90-27-2-290A-321 SM90-27-130-126SM90-27-3-130-132SM90-27-2-290A-124 x x x SM90-27-3-150-177 SM90-27-3-160-109

x x x x x x x x Head Figurine Frag Figurine Head Variable Indeterminate x x x x x x x x x x rapadosCoronillala en Moño Ancianos Enanos Anthropomorphic Hollow La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 27 (continued) Artifact # Copetes Tocado de Cuernos de Cabello Tocoyal Peinados y SM90-27-3-180-190-143 SM90-27-2-160-58 SM90-27-3-160-258 SM90-27-3-70-80 SM90-27-3-160-105 SM90-27-1-110-60 SM90-27-3-140-169 SM90-27-2-280A-202 SM90-27-2-210A-153 SM90-2-1-180-117 SM90-2-1-180-116 SM90-27-1-237A-16 SM90-27-1-150-1 SM90-27-3-150-176 SM90-27-1-140-35 SM90-27-2-60-28 SM90-27-5-160-108 SM90-27-2-227A-156 SM90-27-3-160-109 x

rag Variable Indeterminate x pe - Operation 31 Operation - pe y os rapadosy os Moño en laCoronilla Ancianos Enanos Hollow Figurine F Head T Head y urines b g La Blanca Fi Artifact # Artifact Photo CopetesCabello de Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad

SM90-31-3-6-123 LB08-1405_JFR-LB08-1408_JFRSM90-31-5-10-106 LB2009v2_0117-LB2009v2_0120 SM90-31-1-2-70 LB2009v2_0685-LB2009v2_0688 x x

x x rminate x x x x x ollow Figurine Head Frag Hollow Figurine Frag Body Variable Indete x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x La BlancaLa Figurines Operation - by Head Type 32 os y rapadosos en la Moño Coronilla Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos H Artifact # Photo Copetes de Cabello Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad SM90-32-8-2-A-107 LB08-0595_JFR-LB08-0598_JFR SM90-32-8-5-A-94 LB08-0825_JFR-LB08-0828_JFRSM90-32-5-18-105 LB08-0845_JFR-LB08-0848_JFRSM90-32-2-2-106-1 LB08-0849_JFR-LB08-0852_JFR SM90-32-1-15-609 LB08-0866_JFR-LB08-0869_JFRSM90-32-7-1-261SM90-32-4-16-388 LB08-0894_JFR-LB08-0897_JFR LB08-0902_JFR-LB08-0905_JFRSM90-32-4-14-155 LB08-0906_JFR-LB08-0909_JFR x x x x x SM90-32-6-26-222 LB08-0962_JFR-LB08-0965_JFRSM90-32-1-16-548 LB08-0974_JFR-LB08-0977_JFRSM90-32-6-25-226 LB08-0990_JFR-LB08-0993_JFRSM90-32-5-18-106 LB08-0998_JFR-LB08-1001_JFRSM90-32-4-R63-14 LB08-1038_JFR-LB08-1041_JFRSM90-32-6-25-214 LB08-1427_JFR-LB08-1430_JFRSM90-32-7-8-31SM90-32-6-10-317 LB08-1447_JFR-LB08-1450_JFR x LB08-1471_JFR-LB08-1474_JFRSM90-32-6-10-318 LB08-1479_JFR-LB08-1480_JFR SM90-6-20-94SM90-32-7-9-37 LB08-1485_JFR-LB08-1486_JFR SM90-32-6-8-244 LB08-1487_JFR-LB08-1490_JFR x SM90-32-6-25-216 LB08-1500_JFR-LB08-1503_JFR x LB08-1504_JFR-LB08-1507_JFR SM90-32-6-23-139 x x LB08-1537_JFR-LB08-1540_JFR x x x x x SM90-32-6-25-214 LB2009v2_0751-LB2009v2_0754SM90-32-1-4-98SM90-32-6-18-64 x LB2009v2_0806-LB2009v2_0809 SM90-32-4-7-153 LB2009v2_0832-LB2009v2_0826 SM90-32-2-11-197 LB2009v2_0831-LB2009v2_0834 LB2009v2_0839-LB2009v2_0842 SM90-32-4-10-143 LB2009v2_0860-LB2009v2_0864 SM90-32-6-7-211SM90-32-6-25-221 LB08-1567_JFR-LB08-1570_JFR LB08-1605_JFR-LB08-1608_JFRSM90-32-6-11-249 x LB08-1624_JFR-LB08-1627_JFRSM90-32-5-1-289 x SM90-32-6-22-170 LB2009v2_0001-LB2009v2_0004 x LB2009v2_0005-LB2009v2_0009SM90-32-3-8-114SM90-32-6-26-226 LB2009v2_0050-LB2009v2_0053 LB2009v2_0062-LB2009v2_0065 SM90-32-8-4-96SM90-4-R61-68 LB2009v2_0090-LB2009v2_0093 SM90-32-7-1-260 LB2009v2_0125-LB2009v2_0128 SM90-32-4-10-145 LB2009v2_0161-LB2009v2_0164 x LB2009v2_0169-LB2009v2_0172 SM90-32-4-R61-69 LB2009v2_0173-LB2009v2_0176 x SM90-32-1-2-179SM90-32-4-17-371 LB2009v2_0181-LB2009v2_0184 LB2009v2_0201-LB2009v2_0204 SM90-32-6-22-168 LB2009v2_0258-LB2009v2_0261SM90-32-4-15-349 LB2009v2_0300-LB2009v2_0303SM90-32-1-22-402 LB2009v2_0345-LB2009v2_0348SM90-32-1-22-401 LB2009v2_0349-LB2009v2_0352SM90-32-4-17-370 LB2009v2_0365-LB2009v2_0369SM90-32-9-16-10SM90-32-2-12-170 LB2009v2_0370-LB2009v2_0373 LB2009v2_0418-LB2009v2_0421SM90-32-7-14-77SM90-32-2-5-95 LB2009v2_0430-LB2009v2_0433SM90-32-7-2-65 LB2009v2_0457-LB2009v2_0460SM90-32-6-26-219 LB2009v2_0470-LB2009v2_0473 LB2009v2_0538-LB2009v2_0541SM90-32-7-1-259 x SM90-32-8-5-22 LB2009v2_0661-LB2009v2_0664 x SM90-32-4-17-372 LB2009v2_0665-LB2009v2_0669 x LB2009v2_0727-LB2009v2_0730SM90-32-1-23-234 x LB2009v2_0731-LB2009v2_0734SM90-32-4-15-350 x x LB2009v2_0739-LB2009v2_0742 x x x x x x x x x

rminate x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ollow Figurine Head Frag Hollow Figurine Body Frag Variable Indete os y rapados y os Coronilla la en Moño Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos H La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 32 (continued) x Artifact #Artifact Photo Copetes Cabellode Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad SM90-32-4-19-125 SM90-32-5-20-40 SM90-32-6-26-198 SM90-32-4-19-107 SM90-32-5-18-78 SM90-32-9-2-91 SM90-32-2-9-130 SM90-32-7-4-55 SM90-32-6-20-94 SM90-32-6-25-284 SM90-32-6-25-249 SM90-32-6-26-240 SM90-32-6-26-270 SM90-32-4-R63-14 SM90-32-5-20-41

x x x x x x ollow Figurine ollow HeadFrag Variable Indeterminate x x x x x x x os y rapadosos la en Moño Coronilla Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos H La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 35 Blanca FigurinesLa HeadType by Artifact #Artifact Photo Copetes Cabellode Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad SM90-35-2-1-106SM90-35-3-7-A-90SM90-35-5-7-201 LB08-1058_JFR-LB08-1061_JFR LB2009v2_0010-LB2009v2_0013 LB2009v2_0038-LB2009v2_0041 x SM90-35-5-14-302SM90-35-5-R111-C-35 LB2009v2_0843-LB2009v2_0846SM90-35-5-R111-E-41 x x SM90-35-6-R118-37SM90-35-2-9-219 LB2009v2_0094-LB2009v2_0097 SM90-35-5-R102-347 LB2009v2_0165-LB2009v2_0168 LB2009v2_0189-LB2009v2_0192 SM90-35-1-10-130SM90-35-4-8-84 LB2009v2_0218-LB2009v2_0221 SM90-35-5-R111-D-58 LB2009v2_0270-LB2009v2_0273SM90-35-2-13-36 LB2009v2_0234-LB2009v2_0237 SM90-35-2-11-362SM90-35-2-4-131 LB2009v2_0316-LB2009v2_0319 LB2009v2_0361-LB2009v2_0364SM90-35-1-17B-191SM90-35-2-10-246 LB2009v2_0434-LB2009v2_0438 LB2009v2_0439-LB2009v2_0443SM90-35-3-6-120 LB2009v2_0444-LB2009v2_0448SM90-35-1-R112-A-221 LB2009v2_0530-LB2009v2_0533SM90-35-5-R110-48 LB2009v2_0478-LB2009v2_0481 x SM90-35-5-R110-B-159 x LB2009v2_0542-LB2009v2_0545 LB2009v2_0669-LB2009v2_0672 x SM90-35-2-11-361SM90-35-5-15-107 x x LB2009v2_0680-LB2009v2_0684SM90-35-5-15-106 LB2009v2_0699-LB2009v2_0702SM90-35-5-R111-A-164 x LB2009v2_0782-LB2009v2_0785 LB2009v2_0747-LB2009v2_0750SM90-35-2-13-37 x x LB2009v2_0835-LB2009v2_0838 x x x x x x SM90-35-2-7-106SM90-35-3-8-211 LB2009v2_0042-LB2009v2_0045 LB2009v2_0058-LB2009v2_0061 SM90-35-3-7-A-91 LB2009v2_0193-LB2009v2_0196

x x x rag Antropozoomorfos Variable Indeterminate x x os y rapados y os Coronillala en Moño Ancianos EnanosF Figurine Hollow La Blanca Figurines by Head - Type Operation 36 Artifact # Artifact Photo Copetes Cabello de Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad SM90-36-7-4-210SM90-36-3-R127-F-104 LB08-1022_JFR-LB08-1025_JFR SM90-36-2-15-215 LB08-0898_JFR-LB08-0901_JFR SM90-36-3-6-152 LB08-1760_JFR-LB08-1763_JFR LB08-0890_JFR-LB08-0893_JFR x SM90-36-3-R120-C-82 LB2009v2_0238-LB2009v2_0241SM90-36-3-R127-F-103 LB2009v2_0266-LB2009v2_0269SM90-36-3-15-H-180SM90-36-4-R126-B-38 LB2009v2_0320-LB2009v2_0323 LB2009v2_0332-LB2009v2_0335SM90-36-5-R126-39SM90-36-5-10-123 LB2009v2_0422-LB2009v2_0425 SM90-36-3-R122-A-129 LB2009v2_0570-LB2009v2_0573 LB2009v2_0550-LB2009v2_0553SM90-36-3-15-G-138 x SM90-36-7-6-190 LB2009v2_0629-LB2009v2_0631 x SM90-36-7-5-180 x SM90-36-5-13-99 LB2009v2_0641-LB2009v2_0644 LB2009v2_0774-LB2009v2_0777 x x x x x x

rminate x x x x ollow Figurine Head Frag Hollow Figurine Body Frag Variable Indete x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation - 37 La Blanca Figurines Head Type by os y rapadosos la en Coronilla Moño Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos H Artifact #Artifact Photo Copetes deCabello deCuernos Tocado Tocoyal Peinad SM90-37-4-R-153-B-250 LB08-0736_JFR-LB08-0739_JFR SM90-37-3-R168-C-65SM90-37-3-19-A-112 LB08-0744_JFR-LB08-0747_JFR SM90-37-3-19-B-148 LB08-0789_JFR-LB08-0792_JFRSM90-37-5-2-58 LB08-0813_JFR-LB08-0816_JFRSM90-37-3-R160-62SM90-3-20-A-166 LB08-0853_JFR-LB08-0856_JFR LB08-0870_JFR-LB08-0873_JFRSM90-37-4-R144-134SM90-37-R-R171-59 LB08-0878_JFR-LB08-0881_JFR LB08-0938_JFR-LB08-0941_JFRSM90-37-2-15-174 LB08-2311_JFR-LB08-2314_JFRSM90-37-2-17-247 LB08-2472_JFR-LB08-2475_JFRSM90-37-3-12-331 LB08-2496_JFR-LB08-2499_JFRSM90-3-3-12-332 LB08-2651_JFR-LB08-2654_JFR SM90-37-4-R153-E-221 x SM90-37-1-5-189 LB2009v2_0018-LB2009v2_0021 LB08-2711_JFR-LB08-2714_JFR x SM90-37-3-R160-61SM90-37-4-12-226 LB2009v2_0022-LB2009v2_0025 LB2009v2_0034-LB2009v2_0037 x SM90-37-1-30-A-40 x LB2009v2_0082-LB2009v2_0085 SM90-37-5-14-271 x LB2009v2_0086-LB2009v2_0089 x SM90-37-3-10-107 x LB2009v2_0121-LB2009v2_0124 x SM90-37-4-11-B-66 LB2009v2_0157-LB2009v2_0160 SM90-37-4-R153-G-89 x LB2009v2_0177-LB2009v2_0180 x SM90-37-1-42-A-71 LB2009v2_0214-LB2009v2_0217 x x SM90-37-3-13-218 LB2009v2_0226-LB2009v2_0229 SM90-37-5-12-129 LB2009v2_0246-LB2009v2_0249 SM90-37-4-R153-E-224 LB2009v2_0254-LB2009v2_0257 SM90-37-3-18-132 LB2009v2_0296-LB2009v2_0299 SM90-37-4-13-266 LB2009v2_0304-LB2009v2_0307 SM90-37-1-2-164 LB2009v2_0308-LB2009v2_0311 SM90-37-4-R153-B-251 LB2009v2_0357-LB2009v2_0360 SM90-37-3-4-129 LB2009v2_0312-LB2009v2_0315 SM90-37-5-10-195SM90-37-1-16-B-244 LB2009v2_0374-LB2009v2_0377 LB2009v2_0378-LB2009v2_0381 SM90-37-4-18-108 LB2009v2_0386-LB2009v2_0390 SM90-37-3-R168-B-90 LB2009v2_0405-LB2009v2_0408 SM90-37-3-R168-B-B-91 LB2009v2_0426-LB2009v2_0429 LB2009v2_0449-LB2009v2_0452 SM90-37-4-16-71SM90-37-1-R142-661SM90-37-4-R178-E-112 LB2009v2_0453-LB2009v2_0456 LB2009v2_0461-LB2009v2_0464 SM90-37-3-18-B-128 LB2009v2_0502-LB2009v2_0505SM90-37-4-15-104 x LB2009v2_0518-LB2009v2_0521SM90-37-5-7-104 x LB2009v2_0574-LB2009v2_0577SM90-37-1-R142-660SM90-37-4-R153-D-275 LB2009v2_0582-LB2009v2_0585 x LB2009v2_0594-LB2009v2_0597 LB2009v2_0598-LB2009v2_0601 SM90-37-2-13-184 x x SM90-37-4-14-167 LB2009v2_0610-LB2009v2_0613SM90-37-5-17-55 LB2009v2_0614-LB2009v2_0618SM90-37-1-R-142-662 x SM90-37-1-19-102 LB2009v2_0624-LB2009v2_0628 LB2009v2_0703-LB2009v2_0706 x SM90-37-1-R142-664 x x LB2009v2_0719-LB2009v2_0722SM90-37-1-28-A-47 LB2009v2_0794-LB2009v2_0797 SM90-37-4-9-139 x LB2009v2_0798-LB2009v2_0801 SM90-37-3-19-146SM90-37-3-8-181 LB2009v2_0810-LB2009v2_0814 LB2009v2_0851-LB2009v2_0854 LB2009v2_0855-LB2009v2_0859 x SM90-37-1-R142-666SM90-37-3-18-B-127 LB08-0249_JFR-LB08-0252_JFR LB08-0699_JFR-LB08-0702_JFR x

rminate x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ollow Figurine Head Frag Hollow FigurineBody Frag Variable Indete La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation 37 os y rapadosos enla Coronilla Moño Ancianos Enanos Antropozoomorfos H Artifact #Artifact Photo CopetesCabello de Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad

SM90-37-1-R142-753 SM90-37-1-R142-754 SM90-37-1-R142-743 SM90-37-1-R142-745 SM90-37-4-R154-B-46 SM90-37-1-R142-738 SM90-37-3-R168-75 SM90-37-1-R142-748 SM90-37-1-R142-740 SM90-37-1-R142-742 SM90-37-3-R168-80 SM90-37-3-R168-A-127 SM90-37-1-R142-739 SM90-37-5-14-276 SM90-37-1-R142-746 SM90-37-4-8-175 SM90-37-1-R142-741 SM90-37-3-20-B-128 SM90-37-1-R142-737 SM90-37-2-19-123 SM90-37-2-15-176 SM90-37-1-41-A-39 SM90-37-1-16-B-246 SM90-37-1-38-A-37 SM90-37-1-39-A-91 SM90-37-1-39-A-90 SM90-37-1-39-A-92 SM90-37-2-R148-24 SM90-37-4-R153D-278 SM90-37-4-R153D-281 SM90-37-4-21-38 SM90-37-1-R142-751 SM90-37-4-R153-E-232 SM90-37-2-10-192 SM90-37-4-R153-C-194 SM90-37-2-14-177 SM90-37-3-21C-83 SM90-37-5-14-223 SM90-37-2-21-34 SM90-37-3-188-123

x ead Frag ead Variable Indeterminate x x x x x x x x os y rapados y os la Coronilla en Moño Ancianos EnanosH Figurine Hollow La Blanca Figurines by Head Type - Operation38 Head Type by Figurines Blanca La Artifact # Artifact Photo CopetesCabello de Cuernos de Tocado Tocoyal Peinad SM90-38-1-17-A-262 LB2009v2_0498-LB2009v2_0501 SM90-38-1-R191-196SM90-38-4-R187-C-471 LB08-0724_JFR-LB08-0727_JFRSM90-38-1-15-B-359 LB2009v2_0054-LB2009v2_0057 SM90-38-1-16-210 LB2009v2_0070-LB2009v2_0073 SM90-38-1-R184-A-74SM90-38-4-10-324 LB2009v2_0078-LB2009v2_0081 LB2009v2_0074-LB2009v2_0077 SM90-38-1-R191-196 LB2009v2_0142-LB2009v2_0144 SM90-38-4-R187-B-259SM90-38-1-15-B-357 LB2009v2_0506-LB2009v2_0509 LB2009v2_0213 SM90-38-4-12-A-178 LB2009v2_0526-LB2009v2_0529 x SM90-38-1-R191-195 LB2009v2_0578-LB2009v2_0581SM90-38-4-10-325 LB2009v2_0586-LB2009v2_0589SM90-38-1-5-138 x SM90-38-4-8-A-116 LB2009v2_0767-LB2009v2_0770 x x LB2009v2_0771-LB2009v2_0773 LB2009v2_0778-LB2009v2_0781 x x x SM90-38-4-R187-B-258 LB2009v2_0153-LB2009v2_0156