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(y'^ A HEART FOR KOTA KINABALU: A DESIGN PROGRAM FOR A NEW MUNICIPAL HALL.

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Presented to A. Dudley Thompson Interim Chairperson and Associate Dean College of Architecture Texas Tech University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree

Kean C. Fong May 8, 1986.

A HEART FOR KOTA KINABALU: A DESIGN PROGRAM FOR A NEW MUNICIPAL HALL.

Presented to A. Dudley Thompson Interim Chairperson and Associate Dean College of Architecture Texas Tech University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree

By Kean C. Fong May 8, 1986. To the meniDiy of my father,

FONG, 8EE-KVAH. -7 J

ACKNO¥nLEDGEMENT

I express my gratitude to all vho have given their time, research materials, and special knowledge to assist me in the preparation of thds design program.

I thank engineers Keng S. Fong and Herman Le-e for their Kota Kinabalu Pre-planning Study Reports; Catherine Fong for her knoirledge of the Kota Kinabalu municipal government; Janet Goh from ToTTn and Coraitry Planning for her insights in city planning; and architect H.L. Lee for his advice on selecting my thesis project.

My appreciation goes to Behnda V/ong, irho t3?ped tiie initial draft; and to Harry Ng, vho altowed me to use his computer in the later part of my irork.

K.C.F. Page DedicatioiL 2 Acknovlcdgcment ^ 1.0 INTRODUCTION 6 THESIS STATEMENT- PHILOSOPHICAL / THEORECTICAL BASIS - PRINCIPAL ISSUES - GOALS AND 0BJECTI7ES.

2 0 BACKGROUND STUDIES 14

REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF SAB AH - Geographical setting - History - Government - Population and People - Economy. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF KOTA KINABALU - Summary - City Form and Dovntovn Environment - Dovntovn Parking and Traffic Conditions - City Devetopment TYends - Population - Economy - Chmate - General Design Guidelines for Ho^Humid Regions. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CIT7 HALLS - Antecedents of City Halls - History of Hierarchical Organization Structure. CASE STUDIES - Smnmary - Dallas City Hall - San Bernardino City Hall - Kamioka Tovn Hall - Proposed Teheran City Hall - Boston City Hall. 3.0 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 85 LIST OF TABLES

Sabak Distribution of Gross Domestic Product 1970-80 2A Population Gro-wHi in Kota Kinabalu & Penampar^ Districts 2B Kota Kinabalu Urban Population Projections 1980-2000 2C Age-structiue of Population 2D Emptoyment in Kota Kinabalu 2E

Assignment of Private Offices 4A Space Allocations - General Offices 4B Estimating Net and Gross B uilding Area 4C Anticipated Future Groirth Needs (1987-1997) 4D

Reflection Factors of Colors 6A Recommended Ulumination Levels 6B Recommended Maximum Noise Levels 6C

H

INTRODUCTION

8

THESIS STATEMENT

In the past two decades the responsibilities of cities, counties and other local governments in Malaysia have expanded enormously in response to population gio'^Tth, technology, and rapid sociaiogical change. This had a drsonatic effect on the cities and other local governments both internally and externally - internally in tiiechangin g complexion of management, externally in the assumption of ^.nder responsibflities.

The municipal government of Kota Kinabalu is no exceptiort Kota Kinabalu being the capital of Sabah in Malaysia, is experiencing a rapid groirth. Like all major cities, Kota Kinabalu plays a significant role in shaping the physical environment in irhich city hfe takes place and, in turn, this environment helps to sha^je the social, economic, and culuiral activiti.es that take place mthin it. The city further shapes its activities through its po-^rer to regulate human conduct As a consequence, the city shapes society.

The city's impact upon society, in turn, places major responsibihties upon the municipal government These responsibihties have increasingly gone bejrond the caretaJjer, housekeeping role it has playied in the past. No'57 the municipal government must also be concerned about the relationship bet^reen city and society, about hfe styles of people inthin the city, and about opportunities for improving the healtii, vitality and happiness of its city residents. These ultimate challenges confronting the development of the city rest upon the shoulders of the municipal government The manisfestation of the municipal government in the physical form of Tv'hat it represents is highly held in social regard. The search for a s^mibol that encompasses the bcal concern of aesthetics, meaning and d^nity, and the concern to elevate and celebmte hf e in tiiisrelativel y msw city has just t«gun. PHILOSOPHICAL / THEORECTICAL BASIS

We are children of the post-modem era. Architecture, as an art form directly concerned 'With the environment, is inimoniediate contact Trtth the changmg needs, desires, and demands of society by vhich it reflects. Architecture should be ready to make dnfictilt compromises and to suggest daring combinations. It must permit contradictions and heterogeneity in order to grasp the richness of life and to acknovledge a vile range of needs.

The ideas of International Modernism vhich forbade all forms of characterization and decoration in the name of purity, have lost their poirer of aesthetic persuasion and have been a force m our environmental destructiorL Despite its noble intentions, this modem morahty of simphficatiDn by taJdng architecture back to its elementary and primary forms and toMy rejecting history, n^ant that our cities are becoming collections of skek. boxes, vhicli finally succeded merely in their function as containers. As a result, our built environment has become endlessly monotonous and blant This total disregani for context, in the urbanistic sense, is a major TTeakness in the International Modem Movement.

Modem Malaysian cities are no exceptions. The impact of international modem architecture was similarly felt in this country as a result of returning Malaysian architects trained in Western nations. Since its independence in 1963, contemporary Malaysian architecmre has been influenced primarily by the 'west Local architects 'would normally imitate foreign st3?les and import nev construction methods and techniques. Through the process of assunilation, certain problems, conflicts and contradictions arise within the local context. For instance, a ghmpse over a major city's skyline -will indicate that "look-ahke" similarity to most modem American cities. Otir Malaysian cities encompassing its architecture clearly lack an unique identity and character of its OTim.

Preseittly, there is a growing a-^/arcness to search and develop a Malaysian identity in its architecture. In the Malaysian society with its multi-racial character comprising of great ethnic, hnguistic, ctiltural and religious diversity, a diffictilt problem arises. To integrate the diverse traditional concepts and incorporate them into tiie Malaysian architecmre remains a dilemma for most architects. The degree of appropriateness in determining which traditional forms donnnate is highly controversial.

With the coming era of self-consciousness, tiie architect must introduce a clear sense of Malaysian identity into a harmonious and viable unity to preserve drrersity while not allowing it to freewheel into chaos. This is a dehcate, yet vital, balance. I beheve that Malaysian architecture shouM be derived from the discourse of local language, its use of metaphors and symbob of daily hfe. It should not only be a symbolic representation of our diverse cultures to communicate its content, but it must aJso be allowed to flourish into a work 01 ait The essential part in biingirig about the architectural work, should go beyond function, but rather to create fiction. 10

Source: Daily Express, 8 August 1986.

Create new identity for cities, PM tells architects KUALA LUMPUR, Wed.- occupy the cities land­ Uatuk Scri L/r Mahathir scape. Mohaniad has urged archi­ Datuk Scri Dr Maha­ tects to create a new cha­ thir saki the Government racter for the country's was concerned with the cities by accentuating the environment and conserva­ uniqueness of Malaysian tion as much as it was architecture. concerned to see that every "We must preserve land owner got the wealth some of the old sliop- • that was due to him in houses to remind us of our alkiwing the construction old character. But there is of high-rise buildings. nothing to prevent us from The Government lately, creating a new character he said, had been looking for Malaysbn cities," the into the effects of rapid Prime Minister said. development in the cities Since Malaysian archi­ of Malaysia as more and tecture already liad its di­ more glass towers were fference, empliasising the being built to keep out the uniqueness would give the heat, thus kjwcring the country's arcliitccturc cha­ cost of cooling the inte­ racter of her own, he said riors. al the annual dinner of the However, he said, chan­ Malaysian Architects Asso­ ces were that the heat kept ciation here tonight, where out was heating up the he was conferred an ho- streets and the open nourary membership by spaces, making walking the association. about or even driving less Datuk Seri Dr Malia- comfortable and the go­ thir said tliat fWe-foot vernment sus|)ecfed tlut ways of old shop-houses heat islands were being wliich served as good Shel­ formed in certain loca­ ter from the local climate tions. and the uniqueness of Datuk Seri Dr Malia- Malaysian building perhaps thir said the short answer could be replaced by cover­ to this problem was to ban ed walks or sliady avenues the use of reflecting glass as free-standing buildings as exteriors of buiklings^ PRIHCIPAL ISSUES

There are several important issues that are to be addressed and they present a design challenge in this proposed thesis project. The issres identified in the proiect are as hsted:

The fint end obvious issue is the basic functional need for a centralized space for the efficient operation of the municipal s ovemment The existing municipal facility is totally inadequate and the government is forced to relocate many of its departments to other parts of the city.

The second issue is the pubhc's attitude towards the municipal government The government is responsible for providing many pubhc services and exercising a wide range of regulatory authority all for the general purpose of protecting and promoting the health, welfare, and safety of its residents. Despite charges of being non-responsive to popular pressure and needs of the pubhc, the municipal givemment must be accessible to the people and has to minimize the public's negative feehngs.

A third issue is concerned with the projected image of the municipal go^/emment. Located in the downtown of Kota Kinabalu, the municipal government seeks to enhance the image of its site as tiie "heart" of doT/ntown and to provide linJsages to its surrounding envuoment To create an unique identity in its architecture which city residents can associate with is also vit3i

With these issties in mird, the project ^rouJd set a precedent for the de';nplopment of the downtown area tiiat wouM improve the overall urban enviroment and quality; of hfe in the city of Kota KinabahL 12

GOALS AND OBJECTIYES

GOALS:

* To design a modem municipal hall as a new symbol and focal point for the city of Kota Kinabalu.

* To reinforce the image and symbolism of the site as the " heart" of the city.

* To pro-j/ide an inviting atmosphere that encourages public participation in bcal municipal affairs and estabhshes better relationship between city residents and murdcipai givernmenL

* To impro-tre downto^m's image and identity.

* To devebp an uiuque regional styia of architecture compatible to the bcal urban context.

* To express d^nc pnde of the city.

* To plan for the requisite ph3'3ical and '/isual hnkages between existing buildings, new de^TEbpmsnts and the site.

* To pn3^7ide an opportunity for the enjoyment ard relaxation of individuals; as ^rell as a sense of place conducr/'e for groups of people to gather and cor^regate formally and inforrnaliy.

* To iniidmize pedestrian-vehicular conflict on site. OBJECTIYES:

* To design a mtmicipal hall that ceremoniotjsly recer/es the pubhc at major entrance

• To pro vide a strong sense of spatial organization and directional clarity witiiin the bmidir.g lor botii staff and visitors.

* To avoid an inhumane building base at the eye-level streetscape where pedestrian activities occur.

* To pro'nde ample parking spaces for empbyees and visitors.

* To plan for future structural expansion and flexibility in office layout by open planning.

* To provide for tiie comfort and efficiency of empbyees witii controlled ventilation and adequate hghting.

* To provide an ease of access to pubhc meetings and major government representatives by tiie use of bcational map and proper signage.

* To design an urban park-hlie setting with pleasant landscape, planters, outdoor hghting and street fumiuue to encourage outdoor activities and pubhc use.

* To mtroduce extensive use of trees and covered sidewalks for shade and protection from tiie riauirai elements.

* To improve pubhc access to the municipal hall and surrounding pubhc buildings by integraung pubhc transportation system with pedestrian mo'/iement

* To avoid pedestrian-vehicular conflict by separating pedestrians from automobile traffic.

* To provide safe pedestrian crossings at the site's 'iricinity to link various parts of tiie downtown. BACKGROUND STUDIES

16

REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF SABAH

SOUIH CHINA tCA

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INDIAN OCCAM I -©«>•,S\J l«MIU ' I KAinANUN AUBTIUIU aiNoorcsiAi

MALAYSIA SABAH

GEOORAPIIICAL SETONG

SabaJi is one of the thirteen statss of MgIa'^oia. It occupies the northern part of Borneo, betj/'een 5 degrees and 7 degrees north of the equator. It is the second largest state in M?la.3'sia T.qth a bnd area of 28,500 square miles (73,800 sq. Km.) and a 900 miles coastiuie. Sabah is divided into five residences and twenty tiiree districts.

Bounded west by the South China Sea, north and northeast by the Sulu Sea and south by Sarg-TTB}! ?nd Ktdim^ntgn (Indonesia), Sabah is centrally located in the Australasia region Topographically, Sabah is a mountainous country of dense tropical forests 7ith allmial and ST.^mpy coastal plains intersected by numerous rivT-r?an d ';?ille3?s. The mountetinous interior varies in altiuide bet^reen 4,000 feet to 10,000 feet high, mih Mount Kinabalu reaching up to 13,455 feet, the highest mountain in South E9st Asia. Sabah hes below the t^^hoon belt and for this reason ^^ras named "Land Bebw the Wind" by seafarers of bng ago.

The principal cities in Sabah are Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, and Tawau. Kota Kinabalu, formerl-: Yun-^rR ds Jesseln?n, is the state's capit?! It is also kno^m ?-3 the "Eastern Gate';^y of Malaysia." Kota Kinabalu is a relati^^ly new town, rebtult and expanded only since World Wax II. In 1946. Kota Kinabalu "v^^s chosen as the most suitable site for the new capital because of the deep sea anchorage of the Gaya Bay. From a small coastal trading post, it has no'- expanded into a. major city.

Sandakan -v.^s the former capital of Sabah. Located on the northeastern coast, it is the center of timber production and also a primary trading center for rice, copra, rattanan d other hinderbnd products. T^'n.n is situated at the southern part of the state near the Indonesian K?lim?ntan. It is also a trading' tff-^ni jm^lved in agriculmral activities. Timber, cocoa, and oil pahn are it3 major export. I /

95 100 105 IK> ^ \LAOsi \ \

IS

10

2.1 MALAYSIA

2 2 SABAH ^ SARAWAK HISTORY

Sabah has a rich and bng history. From the Ist century A.D. onirards, Sabah ^/-as part of the rise and fall of various Asian empires. In tiie 17th century, Sabah became part of the Kingdom of Bnmei.

There are not many written accounts of Sabah's early histLiry. Recent archaeobgicai excavations in Sabah showed that earher tools used probably dated back to 6,000 B .C. The discovery of Sung and Ming pottery in the Kota Belud district indicates that Sabah traded witii China as early as 600 A.D. Sabah was ^risited by Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and Enghsh traders m the 16th and 17th centuries. In the Pormguese trading pohcy, by which all prodticts corjiected with the Chinese tcade were directed tiirough tiieir own depots in Malacca and Batavia had led to an end of tcade between China and Bomeo.(l)

The folb'^ring are dates of historical significance:

1763 - Sultan Amir of Sulu cedes his possessbns in Borneo to the East India Company. The Company opens its settiement on Puiau Balembang, an island north of Kudat. 1773 - Settlement on Pulau Balembang is attacted by pirates and abandoned. 1377 - Part of North Borneo is ceded to a British comrrifircial syndiiiate in return for annual payments to Sultans of Brunei and Stdu. 1881 - The British government grants a charter to the North Borrieo Pro'.i3bnal Assosiation Limited, which has taJjen over tiieS3,'ndicat e concessbns. 1882 - The British North Borneo Company is formed to finance the administration of the new state. 1888 - Nortii Borneo becomes a British protectQmte. 1894 to 1900 - The insurrection of Mat Salieh. 1896 - Railway begirt. This lead to the opening up of the West Coast for rubber culti^;ation. 1942 to 1945 - Japanese Occupation during Second ¥7orld War. 1945 to 1946 - Liberation by Common-^alth Forces. 1946 - Nortii Boroeo, '^ritii the Island of Labuan, becomes a British Crown cobny. 1958 - Proposal is considered for the cbser association between North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei. 1961 - Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Makya, proposes tiie creation of a Federation of Mala;;sia. National conscbusness is landled and pohtical parties are formed. 1962 - CobboM Commission arrives in Sabah to smvey popular opinbn before recommending the formation of Malaysia. This report indicates an o^;^rwhelming majority are in. fa^r of Malaysia. July, 1963 - Agreement on the estabhshment of Malaysia is signed ia. London by go^'emment representatives of Great Britsdn, Malaya, Singapore, Sara-^/ak and Sabah. Au?. 31,1963 - North Borneo gains self-go^/emment and becomes officially known as Sabah. Sept. 16,1963 - Mala-issia day. Sabah becomes tiie tinrteenst3.t e of Malaj^sia. GOVERNMENT

The basis of government ui Sabah is parhamentaiy democracy. Sabah has a single chamber legislative asseably that legislates rr^trjer not under the lUEsdiction of the Federal Parhament. There are 43 elected members (elected every five 3;ears) and 6 nominated member.i; m the Legislature. Under the state constiuition, the Head of the state is the "Yaiig DiPenuan Negeri" who is appointed by the "Yang DiPertuan Agong" (the King) on tiie advice arm consultation with the Chief Minister of the state. The Head of the state serves lor a five '.=ear term and can be reappointed. The Chief Executive of tiie government is the Chiet Minister who is assisted by a Deputy Chief Minister, seven ministers and rune assistant ministers.

POPULATION AND PEOPLE

SabaJi's populatbn reflects a rich ethnic mix and is etimographically complex. "Die government has tended to oversunpljiy tiie siuiation hsting major etiirdc groupings while there are, in fact, 25 ethnic groups exchiding minor tribal grotips. According to the 1970 census, Sabah had a population of 653,264. The population is estimated to have grown from 751,000 in 1975 to about one milhon in 1980, at an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent. (2) The population is mairdy concentrated in three major urban centers of Kota Kinabalu, San;i8kan, and Tawau."ITie state's population density is about 33 persons per sqijara mile.

The Kadazans make up 26% of the entire population and is the largest group in the state. They mainly reside in the ^.^est coast and interbr residencies. Mainly occupied as rice farmers, they are increasingly entering into civil services and commercial sectors.

The Chiriese is the second largest non-indigenDus group who make up 19% of the population. Concentrated prnnarily in the major uiban centers, they are engaged in commercial acu^rities. They also form the mam body of skilled laborers and professionals.

The B aiaus make up of 12% of the population. Of the Islamic faith, they inhabit mainly the coastal areas and are engaged in fishing, rice planting and cattle rearing.

Traditbnally living in the inaccessible parts of the interbr aid engaged ia hunting and shifting ciTltivation, the Muruts form about S% of the population. The other indigenous commumties are the Brmeis, Kedajjans, Orand Sungai, Biasaya, Sulu, Tidong and Sino-natives which comprise 20% of tire population. They are generally rice planters, seafarers, ;3Ufid fishermen. Today, they are being resettled t)y the"government in settlement schemes where modem amenities are available and economic cultivation practised.

Europeans, Eurasians, Malays, Indoriesians, Fihpinos, Iridians and PaJiistanis comprise the remainder of the population. The recent influx of illegal Indonesian laborers arid Filipino Mushm refugees into the state has raised mmierous issues arid concexris m the public. The state government is presently seeking ways to sol^/e this problem.

ECONOMY

The economy of Sabah is primarily based on forestry, agriculujre, and other natural resoijorces. Tiaiber is Sabah's main export arui exchange earner, folbwed by cocoa, prawns, palm oil, rubiDer and copra.. There was an annual economic growth rateo f 9% in 1980. A trade siuplus of about II$1,413 milhon for 1980 was recorded as compared to the 1979 surplus of M$l ,251 milliorL (3) vO

A.griciilt7.iip production has been concentrated on a few primarj- and agricuJttji?! product? such as lumber, pahn oil, cocoa and rubber. Sabah is considered to have great potential for agriculti.u?l de':?lopment. More than 20% of the land area is considered siutable for ag;ricu]niral purposes although less than A.S%i3 presentiy utihzed.

Manmacturiiit; and production is cmrentiy hmited in Sabah. Industrial growth lias been focussed primarily on the manufacturing of nondiua.ble consumer goods hlie food, ^.^aring apparel arid 7.^od products. Given tiie T^/ide rane:e of resources in Sabah, there are great potentials for resource based industries. A number of products ranging from 'v.Tiod products and ae:ro-product3 to cement and paper products, have been identified for devebpment m the statR

Sabah also has a significant minergd resources. Cmde oil and copper concentra.tes coimnenced production and exportation only in 1974 and 1975, which amomited to M$o c c milhon and litl I 6 milhon respective!;'.Undoubtedly , minerals inH become one of the main sources of foreiaii exchange and re^'enue for tiie state ui the fuUire. Krui-sA'i minerals include hmestone. asbestos, chromite, coal, copper, sihca, lead, sine, SUT^.I, and oil.

TABLE 2A S^^AH: DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 1970-1980

Timber processing centre

SABAH: DISTRIBUTION OF GDP, 1970-80 (percentage)

• INDUSTRY 1970 1975 1980 est

Agriculture 12.98 13.72 11.55 Logging 36.55 34.45 25.09 Fishing 2.98 2.42 1.70 Mining & Quarrying 0.36 2.18 10.43 Manufacturing 2.38 2.73 3.72 Construction 3.45 4.60 4.68 Utilities 0.95 1.25 1.48 Transport & Communications 4.40 5.61 5.95 Commerce & Services 29.17 28.29 30.89

GDP at purchasers' values at 840 1283 1965 1970 constant prices ($M)

Sources: Statistic Department. Malaysia, SRPS and SEPU ENYIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS SUMMARY

There arc advantages to be gained from tiie gatiicnng togetiier of people to form a city. The collective 3ocio-ecoru)mic amenities provided in tiie city is one of tiie many reasons vhy people hke to hve ui commtmities. My responses to tiie environment as analysed, may be expressed ia the foHoving manner.

The overall city ioaage of Kota Kiaabalu is one of rapid grovth. As tiie city expands, there is an increasing need to plan for its futtne balanced gro vtii and to utihze land more efficientiy in order to create a more attractive living and Worldng envuonment for tiie people.

Presently, the built urban envuonment has been less tiian satisfactory. There are many factors contributing to the cause as indicated in the chapter. A collective effort to improve tiie city by taking all the elements hke trees, nature, buildings, roads, and so on, and to -weave them togetiier m such a vay tiiat a pleasing erRTTonment capable of evoking positi^/e emotional responses can be achieved. The current trend of devebpment in tiie city, especially in dovntovn, is somevhat poor in its hnkages. Automobile mainly dominate in most areas. Pedestrian improvement rieed to be made to emphasize unique landmarks or settings in order to increase do-vrnto-^Ti's attractp.'eness. The art of relationshipi n tiie environment, just as tiiere is an ait hi architecmre, tiiati s essential in planning has yet to be fully practiced so tiiat the city's unage and identity can be enhanced. The concern for urban sprawl is not as eminent as compared to other major cities, but measures must be taken to prevent such imdesirable event from occunng in the future.

Through appropriate planning and design implementations, Kota Kinabalu has the potential of becoming a true garden city and "a gem of tiie Orient". The total image of the city encompassing its architecture, culture, and people must stQ\?e to enhance its identity tiiati s uniquely Sabahan in the tocalcontex t and truly Malaysian ivithin tiie regior^al context > J

EN7IR0MRNTAL ANALYSIS OF KOTA KINABALU

KEY ilUnran

K.K. Urban Area

District Boundary

^j Secondary Towns

Kota Kin^halti Future Metropolitan Area Huni r i pali t y

#•••• Potential Development Area

15 mile radius from HPKK

(V n .1 m p ,1 h g Ci 5f rid

Papar

2.3 KOTA KIIL^^ ALU AlTD FUTURE METROPOLITAN AREA

CITf FORM AiTD D0VmT0^A=7T ENVIROMEHT

Kota I'jnabalu is located on tiie ir^.zx coast of Sabah. It is de'^eloping r^.pidh' to becoine tiie toest metiopohtan area in tiie state by year 2000. The city has been the priricipal commercid, g.dministrati'nR and banking; center of Sabah ev'er since it became tiie state's capital in 1947 Knoiiii as tiie "International GateT^ray of Sabah," Kota Kinabalu offers a '.^riet;; of fa.cihties and attractions to its visitors and tourists.

Dleased -ith 5Pemingl7 perpetual blue t^Atz, beautiful coastal islands and ^.^loded momitahi^ be^vDnd. Kota Kuiabalu has '.«t to utilize its natural assete to its advantage. The topograph'' of the citj- is generally characterized by steep ridges and 'T^\kyz ahgned in a. northeast to soutiiT.-est direction parallel to tiie coast. The chaiige in gradient of tiie ground iz •Try abrapt from the stppp M[y region to the flat coastal ••-alle3^ and plains. 23

: ^ KOTAKIHAJAXU

» 7 « Km I 7d

The. city fonn of Kota Kinabalu is grovirig hnearly, Tvitii its major road netv/nirk extending north'^ri? and southw'^rds along the coastal region. Its city hmits extend into both the Kota Kinabalu I ItmicipaJity District and tiie Penampang District. The city's primar; conmiercial center? are Inr^.ted in fiv-e central areas namely, DoTnito7,Ti, Kai^mnnsing, Sembulan, Lilias Bdj area and Sabah Foiuidation area. The secondary; centers are located in Luyang, Penampang, Inanam, Menggatal, Tanjimg f^jn.i and Putatsn. The heart of Kota. Kinabalu is in

The Central Bushiess District or E)o^mtoTm of Kota Kinabalu is located on a naniov strip of land ben^en Signal Hill and the sea. Ahnost rebuiltcompletel y after the Second World Y7ar, tlie Do'smtoTvTi is ^5.^11 laid out 'jritii iTiodern buildings. Extensive reclamation from the sea '^as fust started in 1947 and are still in progress ^s part of an effort to allo-r the Do'^n[ito'?7ii aiea to exparid sea-j.'anis abri§: tiie frontage from the toT^/n's port to Sembulan. Many mapr de-nelopments are eitiier under constn-Tction or in tiieplannin g phase.

••r:j'i lOei - 1068 1DS0 PRE-1900 lond for Kompong Air Town r»tloim»d in 1961 but lay VQCont unlll 1966. 7 •

Srgnol Signal '*. SIgnol Hill Hill ; Hill

^'

1984/85 1976 Segama occupi^ ' Nrwiy redaimpd In lole 1984 p- land vocani Sinsuran almost liVj I tompleled I Hyolt ond Wi»ma YaKim buiM ^ -Old Post Olllce •••ii.i ft;M^< Signal tfS ;;-•?/•:#% Hill ' Signal I Hyatt Hotel - Hill Hyolt Hotel -f. - ''X sea %ta

New central morkel '^'/SSIM^iSS^W *'!:#

k.; "W

2.5 DO^A^ITOWIT RECLAI-IATIOM 1900-1985 6 HIE CEHTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

toe

:::jr-r""Hfi / 7 CBD SUB-AR'EAS AND KEY DEVELOPMENT

400

Fisheries Complex - Future office Block

Central Market —\

SAP MA Fisheries Complex —

CINEMA

wfsMA '/"J / PBRIOUMlj I I ->-7

CDD PARKING AND TRAFFIC CONDITIOITS

The folb^Tin? diagrams and information are obtained from tiie Kota Kinabalu Traffic StTjd-1985 and inH permit one to examine tiie existing parking and traffic conditions in tiie Dovnto"iTi area.

In Kota Kinabalu. a majority of pubhc spaces are dominated by vehicles. There is very httie space? allocated to pedestrian foot^^y and even lesser spaces designed for outdoor casual meetings and relaxation 14) There is an obvious need to unprove tiiese conditions and ^T pro^Tde more pedestriarused spaces in order to redure tiie pedestrian-vehicle conflict.

INVtmORY or TOUN CM rMKINU SI'ACCS (NOYtWCH 19841

PUgt tC WIYAIC MC« ON-STRCfl orf-sidtcT lom nunc OFf-si«ri totw.

261 lOS 174 II 40S 114 60 174 76 2S0 1(0'II ) 160 6S 22S (34 634 634 (I W 141 112 2S3 I St IS6 SO 206 324 324 22 146 41) 34 447 7S S22 121 121 311 414

*V Sit 94S 61 1009 S44 364 121 121 921 K M 2U 364

111 .? ^^-DOPTED PAPZING ZONES lOlU 332* 1174 4S03 1071 ss;6

111 ticlutflnf SO

12) iKlwtfet MO c*r p»rktmf %ptt% tor |k« mtedtrf e*r park la frwit of t)>e lUrkct txd 64 tpKes for the car park near ttK fork itarkai Ike latter uni be dltcMtlauetf ioo«.

131 In addltloai tlwrt It tpkce for iMteljr 1M ttilt. 28

2 9 NHW POTENTIpJ. PARKING £;1TE2 TO 1995

LEGEND

1200 spaces - Immediate implemmitat ion

800 spaces - by 1990

c)» I Possible alternatives to (b) '-»r'

d)\W\ Multi-level cir park/at- 1-™ gratJa sites for mid 1990's

e)r~J Possible alternatives to(d)

^i 200 I ?Q

: 10 EXISTING EXTERNAL ACCESS TRAFFIC VOLUMES & DISTRIBUTION

33.000

>^

SCALE METRES 100 100 JOO 400

LEGEND:

Designation of external © acces/irr^Acsc locatioloralion

4,500 (24 hours vehicles- two way) 7 •/•(•/. of all external access volumes ) 30

2.11 EXISTING PUBLIC TRAl^SPORT ROUTES Si TERMINALS

^

SCALE METRES '00 200 300 *0T

LEGEND

• Main routes for Southern """"* Access Main routes for Mini-bus Access Northern Areas Southern Areas

Major Taxi Terminals

TUARAN UNITED TRANSPORT TERMINAL

PROVINCIAL MINI-BUS TERMINAL

LUEN THUNG AND PENAMPANG UNION TRANSPORT TERMINAL '^\

1:; PROPOSED CENTRAI- TERMINAL ACCESS ROUTES (vith exiting netr/ork)

/^

SCALE METERS 100 200 100 4P0 or iD

OCJUU pilDtMiH 0 DISI •^ en /l •• h Possible Route! Variations jlj/ -^ igrg III.' 1L p \\

v5s./ =!!l PI i

/i .'V5 ^ Jr^'-K mJ Central Terminal ::ir-T~iBi 32

2-13 1990 HIGH & LOW DAILY TR/\FFIC FORECAST

1984/85 1990

/r Cordon /?-

Total 1984/85 Vehicle Trips (24 hour) Total 1990 Vehicle Trips (24 hour) entering/leaving Town entering/leaving Town ' - 110.900 (a) "high" forecast - 213.300 Total Cordon Crossings - 122,400 Total Cordon Crossings = 230.600 (b) "low" forecast = 157,000 Total Cordon Crossings - 169.800

LEGEND

e^A External access point designation |26.9"^ 2 of total external access traffic using access point Base traffic (1984/85) crossing Town Internal Screelines 1990 ..w r 1. high forecast TTOTr/Q c TTraffi rci c nGrowth factor: -r-^-^ — T984/85 low forecast

X~—X Internal Town Screenline 2 14 AERI.4L VIEW OF D0W14TO\W 1980

CITY DEVELOPMENT TRENDS^

^le cm- (ie'..^lopment trends of Kota Kinabalu are described in three separate sections

(i) hi^u5e pattern (ii) transportation and facilities (lii) public facilities and services

Lionel ,t'rt

™v'Xh,^w ^,^°f °"^' '"^*^- ^ *» P°P'^*«> *^«*3"1, the city began to r^I™^ • fwher mi,i,4 ,^^1 lesttiction of the sea to the west. As dewtopmem co«, raaior resylent^ areas in Lujang, Penampang and Likas became Le densely T A

Gro'«y1h to the north of the city is almost inherent. It takes advantage of the existing and programmed infrastructures such as significant regional roads links to the east coast and north of Kota Belud; accessibility to major social, cultural and recreational facilities such as higher educational institutions of UKM and VU^, Karambunai beach and Tuaran beach, the ne V horse racecourse and the ne vly planned hospital in Tuaran; and employment opportunities provided by industries.

Present grovth ID the south and 'vest is less dj'namic mainly due to the lack of social arid economic amenities as compared to the north. Location of the city's International airport restricts continous urban expansion to the south. HoTv'eTCr, there are good potentials for develoument.

Light industries are presently developing mainly in the northern part of the city bet?;een Likas and Menggatal. This is a suitable location to facilitate the transportation of industrial products because of its proximity to the ne'w port in Sepangai Bay and its linkage to major road netTTork. The nearby residential developments Tirill be beaefitial to the industries in providing labor force and accommodation facilities. Other industrial area^ are locatgd in Penampang, Kepayanand Pntatan.

(ii) Trartsportation ard facilities

Updating of Kota Kinabalu's transportation s^^stem is needed. The city's road system has evoh'ed from the historical routes vhich connected the in^m center to other smaller mims in its hinterland. The giovth of these surrounding to'sms has resulted in the increase of interaction and the amount of traffic flo^r bet^/een them. The ccntinuir^ expansion of Kota ICinabalu's urban area has increasirsgly underlined the need for nBW alternative routes vhich by-pass the Do^mto WTI and other parts of the inner urban area. It is clear that Kota Kinabalu is rapidly outgroi/ing its radial road rietsrark.

The Kota Kinabalu's ring road is in its early stages of constraction around the outer edge of the city, vhich provides a nev link from the airport's entrance in Kepayan through the city's jnain housing areas of Lu^/^ang and the Lil^Las industrial zone to connect the Tuaian Road souTJi of Inanam. (5) This road inR serve IQ alleviate traffic congestion in the inner parT5 of the city.

Roads standards and travel corditions vary '?rith location. There is a need to reorganize the roads on a hierarchical basis to identify the purpose of each road. The shortage of road signs, street markings, traffic lights, pedestrian sidewalks and zebra crossirigs, have contributed to the high incidence of road accidents.

The pedestrian sys^m aie underde^;eloped in most pans of the city. Yv^alking is still a major means of transportation ^ritJiin the Downtown. The pedestrian facilities in the Do^mtDwn area ha^/e good standards footpaths along the frontage of most roads and pedestrian walkways betwe-enshop buildings in Segamaand Sinsuran. However, safe pedestrian crossings have yet to be improved.

Kota kJna.balu's Iniemational Airpon is situated in Tanjung Aru. about five Kilometers south of Downtown. Air rjansportation is U5ed to tx9.vel to neighbouring countries, West Malaysia and mMn the state. The present location of tjie airpon has imposed height restrictiorjs on building structures from Tanjung Lipat north of Downtown to Lok Kawi in the south. South?/anl expansion of a continous coastal urban development is effecti^'ely hindered. There are no plans for relocation. JD

The existiLg to vn port is located immediately north of Do vnto vn and prohibits its noithvaid expansion, althotigh a coastal road continties beyond ^ port area. Sea transportation is used primarily for import and export of cargoes. Passenger liners are limited. A new port facility m Sepangar Bay is cuiieuQy under constiuctiuiL

The railroad transportaition system in Sabah is inwienievcloped. There is only a short line linking Kota Kinabalu to Tenom. Piesendy, the radlroad is not in operation.

There is no pluming for pubhc transportion in Kota Kinabalu. Public transportion is provided by private seoor and comprised of services by conventional buses, mini buses and texts There are three main bus companies serving the city. A nev bus terminal is presently under constraction in the Doimtown to meet the increasing demand for public traicport facilities. The bus is the most popular means to travel because of its inexpensive service, despite increasmg competition from mini buses and taxis. An effective public traffic management will be necessary in the near future as more routes are developed and the number of passengers increases.

Some of the city's traffic conditions have contributed to the qtiaint character of Kote Kinabahi, but congestion and inadequate transport facilities are not beneficial to its character and growth. An overall improvement in the cit/s transportation will be essential in order for it to function effectively.

(va^ Pubhc facilities and services

Kote Kinabalu offers its inhabitants many services and facilities. Visitors of Kote Kinabalu may find multiple pubhc attractions and services for social, cultural and recreational purposes. Pubhc services (Le. medical, educational, utiilities and city maintenance) have existing problems and possible upgrading of tiiese services is of predominant concern as tiie city expands rabidly.

The social 3e^^^ces in Sabah are primarily the responsibility of the federal government mmistries tiiat have departments m Kote Kinabalu including the Educational Department and tiie Medical Department Local state agencies are working togetiier witii tiie federal departments to complement tiieir efforts.

Educational facihties are adequately distributed tirroughout tiie city. Primary and secondary schools are well estebhshed. In tiie tertiary level of education, tiiere are four existing institutions. Major expansion in tiie facihties are planned for tiie University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and tiie Institute of Technology Mara (ITM). Development ntes for tiiese two institutions are located nortii of tiie city near Menggated River and Sabah Foundation.

The provision of pubhc hliraries are undenieveloped. The main pubhc library facility is te Kote Kirabahi Stete Library located in Downtown. Proposals to construct anotiier cenual nwary on a 2.4 hectare site near tiie Stete Archives in Penanqang is under considemtion Tvo prwate hbraries open to pubhc use are tiie British Council Ubraiy and tiie Tun Fuad Research Library m Sabah Foundatiort

I^ ^^^^ °^ ^^^ ^^^^^ services in Kote Kinabahi is better tiian any otiier parts of ^aoan. 1^ scale and t3?pe of existing f^nlities are considered satisfa^ ^ f il^^ 13 tiiemai n facihty tiiatha s a full range of speciahzed treatment services It B Dy tar tiie tergest hospitel in tiic Stete. Otiier healtii care facilities inchide tite Buh^ nentei Hospual, poly^:hnic3, health centers and sub-healtii centers located in various parts JU of the city. Expansion and restructuring of tiie healtii services are expected in tiie Fiftii Malaysian Plan (1985-1990).

The city of Kote Kinabalu offers more cultural opportunities than any otiier cities in t^ Stete. The Sabah State Musuern located on Bukit Istana Lama has se^/eral galleries that display various items of interest ranging the prehistor3' of Sabah to tiie contemporary artworks. A s^^stems of man-made lakes, botanical gardens ard park facilities will be devetoped on adjacent sites to tiieMusuem .

Altiiough tiiere are many rehgious facihties in tiie city, tiie Sabah Stete Mosqw is by fax tiie most outstarding. It is considered as one of tiie most beautiful mosques in Malaysia and forms an impressive monumental gatew3.y for all coming into tiie city from tiie airport.

Located on a 300 acre site of reclaimed land, tiie Likas Sports Complex is a major recreational center that provides a wide variety of outdoor and indoor facilities for competitive sports and games at stete, national and international levels. Some of tiietrainin g facilitifis provided are a running track, playing fields, tennis ard volleyball courts, olj'mpic-sized poob and a well equipped gjirmasitmi.

Otiier recreational facihties include pubhc parks, golf courses and r?ce course. The major pubhc parks m ti"^ city are Prince Phillip P juk. Tun Fuad Park ard City Park. Prince Phillip Park has an excellent beach frontage and good facihties including picnic grounds and food stalls. It is the ixjost widely used of tiie tiiree parks. Anotiier park attraction located on the off-shore islands of Kote Kinabalu is tiie Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park. The park is comprised of three islands aid has a ^/ariety of scenic attractions iricluding good beaches ard a de^^eioped hiking trail.

Golf courses are managed by priv8.te sectors and are inaccessible to the public.The horse racing course m Tuaran is 22 miles from Downto'^/n ard is restrictive to public use as it is only accessible to most vehicle owners. In general, recreational facihties need to impro^re their accessibility for a larger population in order to encourage iiiore pubhc usage.

Pubhc utihty sennces, include se^/erage, water supply, electricity supply, telephonesai d the collection and disposal of garbage, are adequately provided for tiie present. Altiiough there are some difficulties iii meetirig tiie demard of urban growtii, studies ard corrective measures are taken to alleviate tiiesituation . The pubhc utihty sendees of Kote Kinabalu are expected to impro^;e m the future. 37

POPULATION Kote Kinabalu has an estimated tnban poputetion of 170,000 in 1985.Thc aveiagc annual gn)vtii rate for tiie past two decades between 1960-1970 and 1970-1980 has remained relatively constant at abotit 5.7% per anntrni.The present population is expected to increase to 232,000 by 1990 witii an average growtii rate of 6.5 %, which is considered as a high projection.{6) Presentiy, tiiere is no detailed census date available on tiie demogiaphic characteristics of tiie migrante, tiie age-sex distribution and ite etiinic composition from tiie Mlnistiy of Tc^m and Country Devetopment

COMPOSITION: The population is composed of diverse etiinic commtmities. The tiiree major groups predominantiy reside in tiie urban area are tiie Kadazan, Chinese and Malays. The poptilation of Kote Kinabalu is relatively young wltii A0% of its population beto v tiie age of 14. The proportion of tiie working age poptilation between 15 and 64, is about 589^ in 1985. TTie residents of tiie city aie of great etiinic, linguistic, cultural, and religtous diversity. Tiiere are important differences between tiie indigenous and immigrant people, as well as among indigenous peoples tiiemselves, and bet^^een tiie Mushms, Buddhists, Christians, aid tribes adhering to traditonal rehgions. The society iteelf is an amalgam reflecting tiie diverse hfe styles and traditions of various etiinic groups. People of different races interact on a daily basis and each harmoniously retains its traditions and customs.

The diversity of tiie people's background adds to tiie richness of hfe in tiie city. The bcal ctilstae is a delicious reflection of its multi-racial personality, witii flavors as diverse and exciting as tiie people tiiemselves. In many food estebhshmente hke local foodstalls, open shophouse resteurants, coffee houses and restetirants in hotels, serve a wide range of Chinese, Malay, Indian and European dishes at reasonable prices.

LANGUAGES: Bahasa Malaysia is tiie national language in tiie country, but tiierear e many otiier languages widely spoken tiiroughout Oie city. Enghsh remains an important language and is commonly used among tiie middle class in tiie urban areas. The various Chinese, Lndian and native dialects continue to be used in households and in informal communications, as well as in schools, tiie mass media, ard in etiinic associations.

CULTURAL FESTIVALS: The four main festivals celebrated for both religious ard uaditional significance are tiie Han Raya Puasa, Chinese New Year, Christmas and Harvest Festival

Han Raya Puasa marks tiie end of tiie fasting montJi for Mushms. In Sabah, it is celebrated for two days and tiie dates vary each year according to tiie Muslim calender. Prayers are held in mosques tiiroughout tiie stete. Y7omen prepare traditional meals and sweet cakes for visitors. The finest traditional attire is worn during tiiis time. Malay townfolks often returnt o tiieir villages for celebration witii tiie elders.

Chinese New Year in Sabah is celebrated in a similar nianner as by Chinese elsewhere The atebration of rtew year lasts for 15 days. It is a time of year when certain duties must be ^normed m tiie temples to appease tiie spirite and offerings are made to tiie gods Boisterotis ways of welcoming tiie new year include hon, unicorn or dragon dances and piaymg of fire crackers. Like otiier festivals, Chinese New Year means ?ood food, plenty to ^^w clotiies and exchange of "Ang-pows" (small red packages of^blessings conteaning

Sabah Christians celebrate CHiristmas Eve by attending midnight mass. Seen as an occassion of a T/estem nature, some non-Christian participate in tiie festive occasion by 3tt

decorating plastic fern trees witii twinkhng hghte at tiieir homes. Book stores do a roaring business selhng fake snow and Christmas cards.

The Harvest Festival in Sabah is a rituahstic celebration of harvesting of rice. Rice serves not only as tiie stepie food of Sabahans but is symbohc in many ways, especially to tiie Kadazans. Altiiough all tiie indigenous peoples are urged to take part in tiie annual celebration tiiat occurs m middle of May, it is tiie Kadazans who revel in it witii much entiiusiasm. Aside from solenm and spiritual aspect of tiie festival, it is a time for merr^imakiTig. Much of tiie meniimaking arises from tiie drinking of "Tapai" (a traditioriai rice wine).

TABLE2B: POPULATION GRO^^VTH IN KOTA KINABALU AND PENAMPANG DISTRICTS

2c^ Pouulation ^AGFK^S) — I960 1970 1980 1970-1980 Kote Kinabalu Urban Area - 65,800 123,700 6 5 Rural Areas - 21,400 28,400 2.9 TOTAL 50.000 87,2000 152.100 5.7 Source: 1970 and 1980 Censuses; KKPS

TABLE 20: KOTA KINABALU URBAN POPULATION PROJECTIONS 1980-2000 Population Annual ?ro?/th nroiectioiis 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 J^o^im High 123.700 170,000 232,000 318,000 436,000 6.5 Low 123,7CG 170,000 208,000 261,000 323,000 4.9 Source: Kote Kinabalu Pre-Planning Studies 1983.

TABLE 2D: AGE-STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION 1970-2000

Age Year Percent change group 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1980-2000

0-4 16.2 17.0 16.8 16.7 15.9 15.2 -1.8 4-9 14.7 17 c 13.5 13.2 12.8 12.2 -0.2 10-14 12.1 10.5 10.6 11.0 11.0 11.0 +0.5 15-64 54.7 58.5 57.5 57.^ 58.3 59.3 +0.8 65+ 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.3 +0.8

TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Kote-Kinabalu Pie-Pianning Studies 1983. ^Q

:.15 P-OPULATION DENSirf 1980

ptiir.niis pen PCRSONS PtR H(CItR( aCRE

>lni(«r 1 Under O.S

1 • 2.k 0.5 - 0.1

:.5 - K.n t.O - 1.9

S.O 9.9 2.0 - 1.9

in.o . U.9 *.0 - 5.9 15 aile rartiut Fro* MPKK

Kuril trejf outiidc Kvtf Xin^bjlu IS.O - I*.9 «.0 - 9.9 and Penaapani) Oiltricts

lit I0» District Peundarits 40

2.16 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 1980

ruARAN oisrRicr (PART)

Key

Kota Kinabjiu Urban Ari^a (KKUA)

4uhdivi?ions of KKUA

• Oistrict Boundaries

Zone Population Number Percent (%) 1 Kota kinabalu To w-n Board 59,500 48.1 2 Koate Kinabalu Suburban 26,400 21.3 3 Inanam»'Mengatal 6,370 5.1 4 Penampang 8.390 6.8 5 Putatan 8,510 6.9 6 Lok Kawi 4,670 3.8 7 Remainder Urban Areas 9.860 8.0 KOTA KIN/il! ALU URBMT AREAS 123.700 100.0 Source: Kote Kinabalu Pre-Planrdng Studies 1983. ai

ECONOMY The economy of Kote Kinabahi is related to tiie distribution of wealtii in tiie stete. As tiie state's capital, Kote Kinabalu is tia largest employment center for public sector jobs emptoyed by tiie government One tiiird of tiie city's labor force is in die pubhc sector^) Much of tiie stete's expendiuire in tiie city creates a noticeable multiplier effect in tiie urban populatiort Kote Kinabalu's importence as a cargo importing port has reinforced tiie city's role as Sabah's main commercial and banking center, and also as a major distribution center for wholesalers. The 1982 emptoyment census indicated tiiat less tiian 10^ of tiie total labor force is engaged in tiie primary economic activities of agriculture, fishing, mining and quarrying, 26% in tiie secondary economic activities of manufacturing and construction; and 64% in tiie tertiary economic activities of wholesale and retail, hotels and resteurante,banking and finance, utihties, and government (8)

EMPLOYMENT: The primaiy economic activites comprises only a small proportion of tiie total work force. Emptoyment in tiie agricultural sector is expected to dechne due to tiie toss of agricultural lands from urban devetopmente and tiie offer of more lucrative urban emptoyment m otiier economic sectors. The bulk of agricultural producte to tiie city '^/ill come from surrounding rural farm areas.

In tiiesecondar y economic activities, tiiere is a small percentage of the labor force engaged m manufacturing industries. There are very few large scale mantrfactining companies in Kote Kinabalu. Some of tiie reasons for the lack of manufacturing industries are due to; a lack of skilled personnels; hmitetions of existing market size; a shortage of good industrial infrastructure; underdevetoped transportation and communication systems; and tiie high coste of labor. (9) The construction industry tend to fluctuates witii economic growtii in terms of emptoyment In view of tiie rising standard of hving in tiie city, tiie demand for housing and better mnastructures are predicted to increase.

In tiie tertary economic activities, government and tiie wholesale and reteiiltrad e are tiie largest emptoyers. Emptoyment in tiie banking and finance sector has been relatively tow in tile past As tiie city expands, opening of more commercial bank branches in centers hke Penampang, Likas and Menggattl are most hkely to occur. The hotel and resteurant industry is relatedt o tounsm. Witii tiie completion of several new hotels and tiie new airport terminal, a marked increase in touriste may be expected. Efforts to promote tourism by local agencies to neighbouring cotmtries are in progress.

UNEMPLO YI^1ENT: Presentiy, tiie Department of Manpower has no stetistics available to indicate tiie unemptoyment figure. The existing nature of village hfe in tiic surrounding rural areas and a large number of family owned businesses tend to absorb tiie unemptoyed work toD^ In a society hke Kote Kinabalu, it remams difficult io estimate the unemptoyment 42

TABLE 2E: EMPLOYMENT IN KOTA KINABALU 1982

Sector Percent(%) PRIMARY Agriculture 6.96 Fishing 1.41 Mining and (Quarrying 0.73 SUB-TOTAL 9.10 SECONDARY Manufacturing 7.35 Construction 18.92 SUB-TOTAL 26.27 TERTIARY Utihties 2.55 Wholesale and Retail 2.98 Hotels and Restaurante 3.84 Transport and Communications 7.46 Bank^ and Finance 1.74 Government Services 24.43 Otiier Services 3.63 SUB-TOTAL 64.63

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 100.0 Source: Kote Kinabalu Pre-Planning Studies 1983. -:>

CLL"..-.TIC CONDITIONS OF KOTA KINAB.^U

LOCATION: 5.58 Nortii latititude. 116.04 East tongiuide.

TEMPERATURE: The city experiences an equatorial climate of year round high temperature. The day temperatiire varies from 74 degrees in tiie early morning to 90 degrees Fahrenheit at midday. The annual average montiily temperature reaches 82 degrees Fahrenheit. The highest recorded temperanire is 97 degrees Fahrenheit There is httie temperaturevanation s from month to montii in tiie region.

SUN: Actual sunshine hours accoimt for 70% of tiie possible hours in tiie yearly average. CLaudy sky conditions reduce intensity of solar radiation and shaded conditions are required nearly tiiroughout tiie year.

¥7IND: The city is cooled by sea breezes dtning the day ard land breezes at night. Normally tiie night hotns and evenings are mostity cahn, or with light breezes cray. Strongest winds are generally prevalent during tiie monsoon seasons. At two times of the year when Monsoon wirds begin to change direction, there may be locahzed dry spell of t^'o weeks to a month.

PRECIPITATION: Rainfall is generally high varying from 60 to 200 inches. This is influenced by tiie North East Monsoon from November to March and South West Monsoon from June to August Late October and June are generally tiie rainiest montiis. During tiie Monsoons, tiiere are days of steady rain which cause river to flood and land constantiy wet. This is folbwed by a period of several months when days have hot, humid mornings accompanied by afternoon tiiurderSi^wers.

RELATIVE The average daily relativehumidit y is 83%, but can go as high as HUMIDITY: 95%. Day conditions ere hardly bearable without a breeze. d:

•^ 1 7O SURFACE ANNUAL WIND ROSE 1968-1977

Surface Annual Wind Rose (1968-1977)

ItNGUI OF EACH SEGNeNI fttPRESENIS fREOUENCy OF NINO eiOMING FROM DIRECTION SHOWN

Key

CALM LESS THAN 0.3 •!%

0.3 - 1.5 B/S

3.* - 5.* •/>

5.5 - 7.9 •/$

Meteorological Station: Airport Scale: Kiloaetres 0 I 2 3 I. 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 I IZl 45

2 18 FOUR DEGREE NORTH LATITUDE SUN ANGLE

The following is tiie ctosest available sun angle chart to Kote Kinabalu's 5 58 degree North btir.'df

North 360

o

Q 3

_» < K -« _» O

Fl-l-l-t-M^i-t-yflh Horizon 60 80 too 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 SOLAR AZIMUTH (Degrees) 4- NORTH LATITUDE

f^onrre- Dennett Sim Anele Chart. GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HOT-HUMID REGIONS

CLIMATIC CONDITION S 1. Temperamres high and relatively constant.

2. High humidit;;.

3. Heavy rainfall.

A. Strong wirds d.'oiiiig morisoon seasons.

5. B reese relativelyconstan t in the dayhght hours.

6. Vegetative covers from sparse to luxuriant and sometimes junglehJie.

7. Intense heat from sun.

8. Sky glare and sea glare can be distressmg.

9. Chma-tic conditions breed Insects in profusion.

10. Fungi cxs a persistent problem.

SITE TREATT'iENT 1. Deskn of site spaces to pro^ride shade, ventilation, and th.e cooiiiig; effects of foliage ard '^.rater. 2. Prnvioloii for all circulanon and evaporation.

3. ProtectiGn agaixsst dri^Ting rains ard adequate lurjjif capacity.

4. Maximization, by exposure, channehng, and funneiing, of th£ fa^.^orable etiect of ti^ie breese.

5. Use of lush foliage masses ard specimen plants as baclidrop and enframement and for tiie interest of form, foliage, or floral display.

6. Planning of outdoor activity areas for use in tiiecoole r morning and e*;ening hours. Heat-of-tiie-day gatiiering places should be roofed or tree-shaded.

7. Reduction or elimination of glare by plan location and well-pMced tree plantings.

8. Elevation of use areas ejd T.ral3;wa.3's by deck and platform coiistruction to open them to tiie breeze aid reduce annoj^ance by insects.

9. Use of stone, concrete, metels, and treated T.^Dcd only in contact witii tiie ground. 4.1- 7

BUILDING DESIGN 1. Induction of coohng by all feasible means, including tiie use of open building plans, high ceilings, broad overiuuRgs, louvered openings, and air conditioning of bcal areas.

2. Provision of air circulation; periodic exposure to sunhght and artificial drying where required.

3. Architecunai use of tiie colonnade, arcade, pavihon, covered passageway, and veranda; orientetionof entrancewa>"3 and windows away from tiie patii of tiie Storm track.

4. Design of T.^rd-resistant strucrares or hghter temporary.' and exuendabte shelters.

5. Design of r?oms. corridors, balconies, and patios as an interconrj5c*^d zyzism of breezeways.

6. Utihzation, indoors and out, ci indigenous plant materials for tiie coohng effect of their fohage.

7. Provision of shade.

8. Posltionmg of vle^mig points affray from the glare and provision of T/eu-designed screening.

9. Elevation of structures abovie the grourd, facing into the breeze, and insectproofing of critical points and areas.

10.Provision of open, weU-ventilated storage areas; use of fungus-resistant materials ard drying de^rices as reeded.

Note: These geiieral design guidehrjes for tiie hot-humid regions are taken from John 0. Simmonds' "Landscape Architecture: TTie Shaping of Man's Natural Enviroment" New Yorii: McG:iw Hili, 1961, p. 82-83. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIYE OF CITY HALLS

ANTECEDENTS OF CIT? HALLS

' 'In architecture, ti^e pride of man, his triumph over gra'ritetion, his will to power, assume a visible form. Architecture is a sort of oratory of poT/er hy means of form,'' conterded Friediizh Nietsche, a phibsopher. A city hall can le seen as an oration ci a local government's ~ili to po^z-er, symbolizing triumph over the natural end human impediments to ite growtii and prosperity. (IG)

In Southeast Asia, many murdcipai goverranente of cities and towns were once dominated by Huiopeans wlio colonized these pans of tiie 7-roM. During tiie coloniad period, tiiere were attempts to recognise, reoxganise,ar d iritergrate tiieexistiri g governiii? systems aD:ording to ae Western pattern of administration. Since Y\'orld War 2, all countries m tiie Southeast Asiari region axcept Thaiiard, which was never a colony, had gained naticinal independence. Ths uir/e for national freedom m tiiesecountrie s ^.^as primarily motivated DJ- tiie Western hberai philosophy and democratic ideals.

When the tisicied European civil servants left the scene. an administrative void vas created and there ir^s no indigenous instiuitions to supplant them. Nati^^^ fovemment officials who Took the responsibihties of governing were by erdarge trained in western administrative practices. As a result, a jTiajority of tiiese municipal governments TM continv^-d to adopt Western techrdques of management as wefl as the Western s v7le of CITJ:. architecture in a some^^Mt modified manner HD suit locM identity. The emergence of civic buildings, especiaiiy the design of murdcipai ha31s or town halls in many of these coiifitries wtere slgidiicantiy innusnced by tjie exaiTxples fouid in the West. In order to betrer urdersterd how the buildirig tj/'pe of city haiJs origiria.ted, it wiU be necessary to trace it back to tiie Gi^sk Cvnjizemn.

In tjie early Greek ciriiization, business of govenmient and law look place in temples Aid palaces due to religious ard aristocrastic irnportence within these societies. Str.\ctsjres h>:nj3ing the municipal government '/ere corrniioniy bcated at tiie ' 'Agora'' or marljetplace. TTie Romans copied tjie Greeks sM developed tJieir city center around a 'Forum' which \^»s a maiketpidj^e or public place of gathering where legal and pohtical matters ^/ere conducted. The Roman goverments' stnictures were desigrted to express the Roman mle ard power.

VTith tJie coEapse of Rome. tiieCatiioh c Church in western Europe assumed ite leadership in governments' affairs. Catiiedrals ireie tiien tiiecenter s of citric go^'^rximem. The rise of Protestaidsm during Reformation soon reducedth e Catiiohc Church's power with tiie doctrine of separation of church QM stete. WirJi tiie feudal order gradually endiag and control of tiie towns passing from royalty and the church to urban inhabitante, citizens needed a pl^ce to assemble, discuss and promulgate rules in order to exercise tiieir new responsibhties. Tl-ie emergence of city ste.tes in 12tji century Europe tiius brought a new bujMhig type, the town hail.

In tiiemedie^.'a l town hall, commercial, admini3tr3.tive and ceremonial functions ^'Bre typicaliv cornbiryed; the p-idace hail was adapted t»3 tiie Council Chamber over an open, arcadedmariiet. In the late IStiiard l^tii centuries, giomid floors in town hails began to he closed ard tjie market function ^;^ relesrated to adiacent squfires. Historian Jurgen Paul noted tJiat tjus sepaia.tion of pohtical form tiie hie of the market marked tiie emergence of pohtical architecture in tiie modern sense. By the early lotii cenuuy, the function of law, adminisira.tion aid commerce ^^re separately housed in different structuies. Cit:' halls sewed pnmaniy pohtical m^ cexemomai furictioris. TLe exuberance of style and size -^/as a meaiuie oi ciTic pride for t]ie city halls. UQ

In tiie miidle of 19tii century, a new fon» emerged tiiat would have far reaching effect en tiie design of tiie 20tii century city hall. Principal rooms of city halls were still tiie pubhc spaces, but ir-ore tdininistrative offices appeared in respond to tiie increasing duties of ?ffinal bodies, .-iter World War I, many local govemmente assumed new functions and ciiice risces erpaniied ard moved above ground level This was frequentiy done at tiie expense* of traditional ceremonial spaces. More often tiian not, civjc buildings, including city halls succunibed to the imagery of the corporate office btock. To achieve a building design tiiat suggests government, continuity of tradition and service to the commtmity is an immerse tesk for ti^e architect of tiie modem city hall

Tu ccr-:.'jie, it would be appropriate lo recall tiie words of Charles Eames 'J:. 19*43 T^hich ehjcida^d a democratic ideal: "A city government should - must - be ho^jsed as the center of .'.vjrjaiiv cooperative enterprise ... The city hall must properly be ccrisidered the heart ci eny c::mmunity, tiie house of government A building m which provision is maie rjat crJy :z: :^^ iir^-jsuailon of r>L&s aid regulations, but a building which must contain facihti?s tor tne expression of tiie idea of go^'^mment, which is never stetic and which can ;iever >'e co/uplete witiiout tiie direct participation of tiie people who created it. "(ll)

HISTORIC.^1 FURgPECTiyS OF HIEEARCH!C\U ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Municipal organizations have been staictured abng hierarchical hnes into various functions to te performed by tiie organization. This xy^e of organization places a cnlef administrauve oiiicer at tiie top of the hierarchy. He works witiiin tiie institutional ?u.bs\'Stem f!iA L?iL^rmt pohctes and otiier --.ctions at tJie institutionalle^'el to the managerial ard trchn^cai *eveL

In tiie ;iierarcl*ical pattern, tiiese forms of organization devetoped historically fro/ii two ?ources: tJie mihtary and tiie church. While one might think v:ro such organizations '^TIUII have httie m comr/ion. a quick review at history shows tiiis is riot so. Botii founded on absolute loyalty and faitii. Botii aimed for maximum control over those enhsted in tiieir ranks. ard loth sought power to maintain this control Both were organized by hierarchy T^rh :e">^L' of :o]7irjiard and authority and a supreme commander at tiie top. Most oreanization charts lollow a similar patterrt

W;t>i t,\e odvent of tiie Lidustnal Revolution, it was riatural tjiat industriaiiste would t;:rn to e::if Tir.g models ro form tiieir own organizations. As tiie Irdustrial Rewlution ad^'anced and techTinology became more sophisticated, widespread attention focused on efficiency ••itiiin *jie h:eran:r:ical s^^stem. As engineering developed iniD complex technology, the efriciertcv built into machinery became ajiparent aid a few creative engineers begari to look at ?.*se p.ru;iples in terms of or;^:3iuzatiorL

Tr.s most widely known among tiiese men T^/as Frederick W. Taylor, a steel production f;icn.cer. who csioe to U imownas tiie Fatiier of Scientific Ilanagement Taytor auphed rngiMeniii pimciples to tiie -roij: situation. He brolie e\^ry job into its basic components Uien d^ciae •.-..ne t-est way" to uerform tiie task. Tavlor's work and contnbution to'scientific jnanagement are dnectiy relatedt o what later became kno^m as tiie mechanical/rational t^pprodcn to i/j^tagement. since it deals primarily witii syster/js ard tilings. This approach nicely m?Dlves rational decision making, technology and mechanism for control. so

Another management technique is tiie human relationapproach . The human relations approach :D n-.anagenient is and outgro'^Ttii of the mechanicaL'rational management svstam. The human relations approach focuses on meeting the needs of people invoh/ed in tiie organization, -^.'hich the mech3nical/ratior;al approach has somewriat ignored. Th^ apppxach. emphasizes tiie crigroficsnce of tiie human group and tiie idea tiiataffihation , acceptance. ?nd bebnging are some of iTian's strorjgest ijeeds.

All emerging trend in recent vears h&3 been tiie effort to recorjuile tiie obvious exticiiies of the mechanics! rcitioriai and tiie human relations points of view and to integrate tiieir v.z?-v3l features. This eiioit is known bsely as Qr2:anization de^/ebpment. The focus cf ti-^ organizatioriai de^-nelopment is on groups -^^itiiin tiieorganizatio n and tiie devetopment of a system ihat talLes into consideration not only goals ard objectives but also the valjss oi indi^,Tjiuai3 dM gPDU.ps in the '^rork force.(12) The need to repersonalize the maiu^gement processes is vitei. and it is felt tiiatthi s can probably best be accomphshed tiirough organizations composed of small interdependent, interacting groups. Furthermore, these kinds of orgardsations are necessary, both to fijli'ill human needs ard to get tiie work dorie. Organizations are foDiied to accomplish goals and obiecti':f^s through people ^^tji tne m^j^sf. benefit aid satisfacti.on to all concerned. "Satisfaction to all concerned" includes the clientele of tJie orgamzation, the persons directiy invol^'ed in the oii^anizatifDn, tiie fiscal and material resources .wciilable, miA the larger socierj?. C 1

CASE STUDIES

SUMMARY

T>j= selected case suidies provide one of tiie most effective means of examining prev^us ;ohiuons .?ppiif d ^ problems of a similar protect scope. Each of the case studies presented in tiiis chapter has its unique details and conditions. A listing of spaces for ever? der!::tn?nT?i ?jtivities and each of tiie architects philosophical design approach are among tiie many iterj included. The lessons leamt from tiiese studies I'iave he^d me to devebp tiie foliowmg prcTfct analyses in ACHYITI, SPACE and SITE found in tiie later chapters. T^J^y are aiso >-sipral Li providing an L'^izr.t ii tiie current state cf art and directL^r^ L\ wi--L:h tins spccnic fcuiiimg type is devetopmg. The current airecuons of city hall designs may be summarized as tiie following :

e u^ design of tiie city ;^ as a rr^ans lo regenerate a decaying dowritowii area.

2 ? iTiviie a lac'js toi a city previously ?7iti:out one.

3 H 63'^:. the city hall as a JVijriiLTjent of civic prJ.e.

•5 r i-cvue Liige pubhc plaza or pedestrian spaces adjacent to tiie city hall.

5. " esig:i :ci ixpari^ijn aiui z^jii^,^.

6. Use :i open oifice plans.

A\-oidaru:e of using standard ccntempuiciw office buildir»g envebpes.

c E uiLiii^: ciiciXjoriii usiy receives tiiepiilli : at iiiajor eritrance.

9. Use d'j:tru:ti7e forms to show uruqueriess.

1Q. Make an irrjiorteni architectural steteroent in t^^ forms used.

^ >.. ZxtfiiiLr torms used to express unique functiorjs.

12. ?cnTi2 us&Q to reilect tiie state of building techiiobgy.

13 Forms used in attempt to symbohze democratic ideals. CASE STUDY 1 : DALLAS CITY HALL

PROJECT: Dallas City Hall, Dallas, Tciias, 1977

ARCHITECTS: I.M.Pei and Paitr^rs, New York. Harper ard Kemp, Dallas.

SITE: Located at 'Jie southern edge of downtown near the Con-j/ention Center. A 7 7 acres of biulding site T\ritii an adioining Park Plaza of 4.7 acres ser^nng as a fore CDUIT K* tiie building; 3xd an underground parkLng garage ard disaster shelter.

PROGKAI'I: Approximately 775,000 sq ft oifice spaces aid anurderground. pdi/Lnii: iGr 1 325 ^'Tehictes.

DESCRIPTION: The facihty; ser/es the city of Dallas as administrative headquarters for murdcipai aii^as as meetir^ place for elected City Couitcil, ard as a center of activity I'cr citizens aid 'ri^itors. The most apparent feature of tiie ten-leiiei biulding (eight levels ?no-r= grade ard r?7o bebw) is it cantilevered front which sbpes outward at an angle of 34 degrees. The short east ond ?,^st facades also cantilevered outwards over part of tiieirler^tii , but tiiere- the building rnass is stepped at each fbor instead of forming an inclined plane. The roof dimerwSions at top, 192 ft wide, are grea.ter tiian tiiose at tiie bottom of 130 ft. Each floor is about 9 ft -^/Ider tiian tiieon e bebw. The buiMing is 560 ft br»g ard 122 ft high.

Ail these d^niig sculptural gestures raquiia extracrdir^ar^; stnictorai effort to keep ±^m firmly in place and is tiie tour-de-force cf the buiMing. The cantilever is supported and stebihzed Ijy a ccn-icination of 14 major beariog ^/alls ard associated roof-ievBibo x teair^ post-tensionsd by unusual methods. To simphfy installation, reducecost s and pro^ride 9. smooth mcnoiitii cantilsi?er surface, tiie veiticai and horizontel cables 's/ere installed in lacps tiiat permitted Hfhtenm? from the top ard rear while avoiding or reducing tiie need for com^entional aiichorages at lootings ard front face of tiie building. The stress applied u each set oi cables reeched ?5 much as 6 milhon pounds.

The broad tilted facade is punctuated visually by tiiree rrsssi-r?- ^^rtical stsirs tn-^r!: reminiscent cf Le Corbusier's entrance pybns fcr the High Coun at Chandigarh. Coincidenteiiy, the stopirig facade has a simiki angle and -nzml impact to Corbusier^s Firminv Youtii and Cultural Center.(l3) The tiiree vertical stair towers appear to support the tiltfid front, but miact they do not since tiie front is m integral part of tiie building's strucujre.

The structure consists of cast-in-place concrete made of buff cotored cement whi:h a>:hieves the saiiie warm torie for botii the extenor-mtenor and provides maifiteriarice free smtaces thiougbout tiie buiMing. TTJS Dianas City HiSOl contains 1,400 '^'ork stations. It r.^s few iloor-to-ceTiling w^lls, usinsr instead five, six, and seven foot high partitions to create sepaia.te offices.This absence of i/aHs altows emplo3?ees ;3uLid -nsiiDrs to have wiidow •/le-^- from all &ieas, which add tiD the feehrig of spactousness. The furnishings ard decorations are made of acoustic mmms to absorb sourd and reduce noise Ie^.?els. Energy conser^^a.tion L=; especially enhanced by tiie naturel hghting from tiie broad expanses of windows and sk^'hgh^ and tiie towintensitj-fiourescenthghtin g throughout the buiMing.

Some other features of the building design include a Great Court located on the second floor aid exterding upwaid uninterrupted to a vaulted ceihrt? on tiie seventh floor; a three-storey council chamber -^.^tii tiieatre-sn-Iedseatin g for 250 persons; and an extensr;e audb-visual system.

All electrical and telephone hnes have been histailed urder tiie fbor to ehminate unsightiv ^rall ou.Tleti aid dangerous "Mi'^.'^y ^Tiies. Office furnitures were designed specifically t)3 conceal all wiring connected into fbor lines. Carpeting throughout the offices is in 18-inch squares for easy replacement and rapid access to floor wires.

Several important mechanical systems mamtedn tiie btuMing. One system momtors fire alarm and secunty functions. Anctiier controls heating and air conditioning, and has rapabihty to control lighting. Tlie buiMing is further equipped witii smoke censors and an automatic sprinkler s^'stem. In tiieeven t tiiatsmok e is detected inside, skylights bcated in tiiese tiuee banks m the vaulted ceilnxg will tilt open to allov smoke to escape.

The Park P!3za, two blocks bng and one btock wide, extends 425 ft out from tiie front of the City >^.T>JC city hall's 68-foot northward cantilever will shade tiie plaza in tiie ::ummen;, and imphciily hnk tiie buiMing and plaza. A concrete diagonal wall slashes tiie plaza ini: two levels oi 8 ft high from its riatural grade.The upper level features exposed aggregate concrete. a Heniy Moore's sculpture, a 180-ft diameter reflecting pool witii a bobbing redscuiptor e by Marte Pan, a variable height fountedm, park benches ard tiiree 84 ft conical flag poles. The lower segment is landscaped witii trees native to Texas. ^A^hile the buiMing demonstrates a portable cosmopohtanism and concern witii technobgy and future tine, the trees stard as quite renunders of ecological order, tiie cycle of seasons and a sense

SPACE ;::UMMARY:

LiTcl L1: ?cli:e/FL-3 Commurii:atii:n, Security, Traffic Operations Can'^r. L?vel L2: Emer?ency Preparedness, B rtlding Manegement. Copy Center. Mail Room. Level One. Tax and Revenue, Water Utiity Cashier, Hnaibyment Retirement Fund, Employee Credit Unton, Pubhc Utihties, Constuner Affairs. Livei ":~-z: .-^iicr^mg, Tax and Revenue, Water Uthty Cor.sumer Relations. Special Events, Action Center. Level T>jree: CcntToller, Auditor, Personnel Trainnig, Date Services. Water Utilit;; Personnel. Level Fc'ji: dry M'li^er, Management Serrices, Date Sertrices. Water Utility Administcation. Lc\nel Fr.-e: Mayor, City Council, City Secretary, Urban Planning, Transportation Program, Water UrihP; Accotmting and Finance Section. Level Six: Council Chamber (Pubhc Emxarjie), Council Reception Area, B oards and Commission Meeting Room, Press Room, Park Department. Housing and Jrban Rehabiliteton, Home Loar.3. Personnel, BuiMing Services, Civil Services. Level Seven: Empbyee Dining Rooms, City AUorney, Pohce/Fire Administration Level Eight Mechanical Equipment. Total enrss sq ft 771^104 Net sq It of usable office space: 637,603

^^L.^. $32 niilhon for the cir:; hall 511 nuliicn for tiie Park Plaza and parking garage.

IL-vJOR MATilRLUS: Exposed concrete, Graj^tinted glass, G:ini*^ paving, bid Cui-pet above Lobby level

•7-T AT TT \ TT^VT- -^ . .; ^ ''i;^^^'' ^^K- ' '—^^-^ srocture has been described by architecture critic Ada :'^:^'"«;;;, T" " "undemably among the most interesting urtjan constraction of the 2nth '--"^"^li •? ;•' '^^^^^^ corifig^jiation provides a striking contrast to tiie towerin?^ -/.j^CiipersL'i no ^TiTown Dallas. " ' wr'/he n tiie cit}? hall was dedicated in 1978, the former mayor J. Erik Jonsson. under whose administration tiie concept was conceived, remarlied "What we wanted was a city hall that was representetive of tiie poeple and their citj'... We ha^'e tiiatno w - a symbol of Dallas"! I6j There is no doubt tiiatth e design embodies famihai values of monumental scale, stitdied fonnalism, stn.tctuialdaringness, tiioughtful deteihng, and a heroic-fu.ti.tristic stence'

T^^ro major ^re^i^n^ssf^s Trithin tiiedesig n include tiie utihzation of the Park Plaza and tiie visual sohdity of tiie building's base. Altiiough tiie plaza is tiiefirs t large planned pedestrian open space m downtown, it is not located at the center of building concentration and pedestrian activity, but is at tiie core's southern fringe. Downtown growth is headed north and Ti^est, a^?ay from the plaza, so tha.t the park seems destined to be a place of premedite.ted civic ceremony rather tiian a natural crossroads ard spontaneous meeting point

Tlifi visual sohdity intDDduced at the building's base has created a eve-.'evel streetscape inhospiti^ble to human presence for nearly 500 ft in its length. Fr/e of the six major bays fronting the ptesa are blank concrete to a height of 15 ft - almost three timesa s tflll 8s an average person. Acconling to the project des^ner, Theodore Musho, there are two reasons for this decision: tuD give the biulding a proper visual base; and to emphasize the single glass entrance bay near its eastern end. Hove'rei, tiiese wo benefits do not emphasize the ground level transition of scale receptive to hiunan presence.

Overall, tiie design of the EJallas City Hall is indeed a masterpiece end rightly deserves its acclaimed credit

ARCHITECT'S PHILOSOPHICAL DESIGN APPROACH:

"Vve had to be concerned about people's perception of what the building should be. We chose to rft^ke it long aid low because we felt it should contrast witii private instiuj.tional buiMings. There ^.^s another reason for making it low. A pubhc building has to have a pubhc space, just as infront of a cathedral tiierei s always a square. If you put a tower in front of a plaza, the plaza lealis e^^r3'^^here, and JJDU eid up mth no enclosures. A tow building embraces the plaza aid makes it its own. So tiiesearc h for tiie symbohc is very important in this context... D^allas City Hall had to be more tiian just an office building. "[17]

I.M. Fei

Le Corbusiei's Firminy Youtii & Cultural Center.(lef^

The city hall mi A'^^ n 7 LL- '^ •Jj. A' \\ IJiLiiL >-^^i^^%^ .Sf?mT i^'tiTWla^Sr T53332;

r-^-l-^^rr The Park Plaza extends 425 ft out from the city hall. The broad tilted facade has a similar angle & visual impact to Corbusier's Firminy Center.

Henry Moore's bronze sculpture. •,^-^

T/r^XJ Ullllll iji/JiiiiJ bin'Mimi'it

^^'',.^ir^

• Cross section at interior court

Longitudinal section u HIntlFtlliifim ! * * Ufr4 * * * * **

'rtfr'ir ::.::: :.E3-.p- iiniHii.tUp ;Et r-fM^cLi.ga ii-^:r:rJU:pi::H5:ir:tnp :Cc'TirHru Third floor ", ^|j§^iirn[51iim^Miiini;imfmnfi(^^

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CI

—g—« , DCZDC I ¥1 Loesra T

PAnWNO

N * CU2E rrJDV ? ^.^^ BERlWARDING CITY HALL

PROJECT: San Ssmaniino City Hall, Cahfomia, 1972.

SITE :)r>wnt^wn Sar. Bemardino uithm an urban renewal area

ARCHITECTS Cesar Pelh of Gruen Associates, Los Angeles. Armstrong-Ulmer, San Bernardino.

PRC<5RAM Inchide all departments for city administration and a Council chamber. Part of a Civic-Cultural Center witii exhibit hall, urban park, tiieater, shopping center, and a pariring garage.

DESCRIPTION : The city hall is tiie foctis of tiie 11 acre San Bernardino Civic Cultural Center and is part of a 93 acre urban renewal area called San Bernardino Central City Project Economic and phj^sical deterioration had progressed so far in tiiis portion of San Bernardino tiiat all but three existing buiMings were cleared from the 93 acres in tiie process of the tlOOmilhon ifde^^topment program.

In tiie mixed use redevetopmeitt project, tiie vicinity of the city hall includes an exhibit hall/cQL'TBntion center under the raised plaza, ari 1 IQO-car parking structure and a 350,000 sq ft. enctosed civic mall across tiie street to tiie west. The devebpment of a hotel is connected to the convention center and to the basement level and a civic theater ericbsed north of tiie City Hall. Three department stores and 70 shops are planned and/or have been buih to face tiie mall The outcome of tiiis devebpment project is a success.

The San Bernardino City HaH has an uniform, grMlile appearance of broriZe tinted glass paneb "?.ritii dark bronze spandrob and columns of bronzed aluminium covers which deiuntelv convey a' 'High Tech'' image. Substantial accommodations have been made for tiie sun': effect and movement in tiie buiMing design. Majority of offices are on tiie buildings nortii sde, which has transparent glass panels. The east and west sMes have few offices and small windows made of opaque paneb. The south sMe has opaque glass - faced paneb and houses seivice spaces. Lifted above ground level, roof steeped, corr^rs chamiered, angle of transition bet«reen wall planes, tiie soutii wall broken by recessed balconies, tiie buiMing form is skillfully manipukted. Tlie parking structure is connected to tiic building at tiiesecon d level

The building b intentionally bcated in a tight configuration pressed against tiie pariong structure and tiie civic tiieater. *nie ciroulation at tiie sides are so narrow tiiat when one movw abng it wouM sense an impassing presence. The reflections and ttansparencies work tDgetner :D make tiie building ephemeral and dehcate. The glass extends to tiie ground witout masonry base. Half of tiie toted area b view gbss and tiie rest reflective spandrel

SPACE SUMMARY:

Basement Pubhc buiMing, Parking control. Date processing. Print shop. Snack bar Mezzamne: Council chamber. ^^i^^o±. First floor: Council offices. ^^.^- ^^™i' C«7 clerii. Treasurer, Central cashier. ^.u^ .ioor Planning depamneni, BuiMing safer/ Foutii floor Pubhc T;Tuk/Pubhc services Fiftii floor: Water department; parks, recreationar d community seiTice. Sixth fbor: Ma^/or' s office, City administrators, Finance department, AffirmatiiJie action.

Totelsqft 101,175.

IvLAJOR MATERIALS: Exterior, brorjse tinted glass windows ard dark brorize structural spandreb, bronze alimiiniun coktmn covers; Interior, acoustic tiiie ceihng, aluminum panel ard g^/psinn board T/alb, brick pavers, and vinyl asbestos tile floors.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: Concrete columns, beams, shear T/alb, and slabs.

MECHANICAL SYSTIM: Medium pressure constesnt volume double duct central air hannliivS 33?3tems, centrifugal -water chillers ard hot wa:=i boilers.

COST: $4,950.500 ($34.49 per sq ft)

EVALUATION: The Sen Bernardino dry Hail has been named as ons of the best ciP? haib in Califonua. It's bng, rectangular form of six storey high is merely more than a stetic glass box isolated en tiie landscape. Ite sculptural quahty is further enhanced tiirough tiie use of exterior glass aid i^^ interplay of transparencies bet5.?een interior and exterior spaces. At night tiiecit y hall becomes a skeleton rather than a solid mass durir^ tiie day. The 18 ft rise from street to street creates a graceful change in levels; altiiough it w&s due to ceihng height consideratton in tiieConventio n Center below tiieplaz a ard to aibw tiiecit y hall to be interconnected to a retdl de^^ebpment ard a parkir»g stracrare. This is latiier a unique Mea.Ho'^j^'v'^r, a difficulty may occur due to tiie buiMing's vast expanse of exterior glass surface which has to te properly mainteined ard cLeaiiel regularly.

ARCHITECT'S PHILOPSOPKICAL DESIGN APPROACH:

' W^ien you started deahr^ witii reiTections^;o u destroys clarir;. At tiie same instant there is a. muitiphcir/ of images superimposed, but the \nei,'er expects clarity; ard deciphers the inessages. Not trae cf mirror glass because of tiie lack of communication ber5.reen inside ard outside. I am more interested in tiiequaht y of interplay. The strongest reflectionsar e tiie glariiig Tx&^TS. The faceting of images, ^rhkii occurs when strucrorai expression interrupts tiie forms, esteblishes immediate contact with the viewer. Thb is why I pushed people siciast *>£ buiMing. I want ID deal ^^.ritii emotiorL I irdid to put the -.rtewer in Ihe. position of feehng before understanding. "(18)

Cesar Pelh. , V, .^.^„ r- J 3 rr"-ilcrm T.itiiin tiie 600 by 600 ft block witii tiie east west axb being a ::ji.\zii c.lesVjn pLi::a i? par* oi a 1400 foot to'ng pedestrian spine which connecte the block ;!,*JlZ.»v '-•- 'h" >ntr?l Ci-; Hail by a pedestnan bridge. The remaining foitr comers of »h? bl-.rVare pLii..v?d and.'or havJi; been devetoped by tiiepnvat e secton for office, hotel ai-l

o.**- nr *f "- . mmpm-'i ^rtiviie: (Pi Each of tiiese otiier sites has the use of the common parkin? JiTLl >

To Centtal City Mall tiuDugh pedestrian bridge. m- ;iP;:

IP ilf

mm•••:•«

• • -lilt*r • • • • ^• ^ I I Sit*•*• • • >»*S3*5*'' aS**f^ilnl '1»;'IJ-I^

Pedestrian spine San Bemadino City Hall 61

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The SanBemandino City Hall design reflecte the experimentetion if I 1. '• * with proportbn, cotor and shape that b t3^ical of tiie work of Cesar PellL

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*«V5!'r^-,::!<:;f~i: :•'.•.... A.J.V. ^rv.::..'..^*',...-* 6T CASH STUDY 3 : KAMIQKA TC v?TT HALL

PROJECT: Kambka Town Hall, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, 1978.

SITE: 7,046.4 sq m site set in a r»arrow mountain valley in tiie midst oi a mining town.

ARCHITECT: Arate Isozaki Ateher.

PROGRAT-'l: 4,400 sq m of office space ard a town council chamber.

DESCRIPTION: With its image of a huge, 3:nrii\y UFO just larded in a small mining town, the Kamioka to-^-Ti hall strongh? contraste i^ritii ite urban emnronment. The to^Ti hsU '-ncorporates unfamiliar geometncai shapes - rectangular sohds ard a senncyhrder - tiiat do not blend witii Urn tocal treditionai environment.

The building is desigr.ed '^rith nro gcemetric volumes along a broken axb. The shifting of the axes of "he two niavar bbciis w'as determined hy the relations of the reads adjacent to tiie site. The motion of tiie shifting tiie larger btock out of the s^jstem of tiie smaller one rm be pictured if *ha ctcular forms of the bw oiifi story sectbn are bcked upon as what tiiey can stiggest, a huge revolving stege forcibly turned at an angle of 22.5 degrees. This nn?^e is reinforced by the dbco^/eiw that the circle is iideed ccmpleted on the otiier side oi the buiMing in the form of a curing tow brick '^/'ali sid the paved area beti?/'een it and tiie buiMing.

The spatial structures of tiie buidirig are ger^rated as integral multiples cf the cuoe, zz tiiat its proiecttons as endless coverage of squares eppeai on all the txro drniensionai zziisccz, whetiier en zcM exterior or interbr walls, -vrn-dc^.:^ G: dccrs, ilcoi-s or ceilz^g, and t'-rtn built-in furnishings.

Ihe tectonicexterna l shsU of tiie building ii- expressed as a thin tightlydm^n i s}±i. The debasement cf the entiie siisieton aid tiie reinterpretetion of all tiie indi-rduai form elen-^snts as components of a contmtjous sldn, stretched rouid the spatial form resiiit? in ihe triumph of two dimensionalir}? ^M a kind of cardboard architecture.i20] The structural hbse is debased by the extenston of tiie skin o^/er tiie strucuiral members, partial concealment of the supports. hd intemj.Bticn of members. This process is heightened by warping the skin according t!3 con\'ex,'corica^^ shapes, ro further emphasize its non-stDjctJijalomainentel character. To provide the required spactousness witiiin an overall compact multilevel diraiigement, a recteir^ular receptiorihal l has been inserted into tiie semicyhnder of tiie office spaces. Above tiie reception hall is an open space witii a serrncyhndrical forms (6.6 m diameter) Md glass o^'ter walb that are three stories in full height. Above tiiisope n space is tiie council chamber sunported by eight colurrms arrenged in a semicircular fashion. Ll;iht enters ints^ tiie reception hall tiirough tiiesemicirctda i glass-btock eleva.tion tiiatfilter s dayhght in a wdy similar to the traditional .Japanese paper covered sMmg screens. Througl-iOut tiie interior of the buildiiLii, the distotnition of na.tuidi hght is splendidly brought in. ^-D

SPACE NUMMARY: Number of Icvteb: 1 basement, 5 stories, and 1 story pcntiiouse. FiTii t'bor Spaces involving extensive outsMe contect Entrancr hall Reception hall Business offices Conference rooms. SecorM floor Offices handhng mainly work exterior to town offices. Thinl fbor: Mayor's office Executive offices Main conference room. Fourth ftoor Town cotmcil chamber General council members' offices. Fiftii fbor Mechanical rtjom Rooftop terrace. BuiMing area: 1,626.6 sq m. Totel floor area: 4,307.3 sq m.

MAJOR MATERIAL S: Reinforced concrete Glass bbcks Ahmiinum claddir^ paneb.

EVALUATION: Arate Isozaki b tiie leading exponent in Japan of tiie "Post Modem" quasi-iT^iiuenst aestheti:. The Kambka town hall b a good example of Isozaki's quasi-mannenst buiMing totally isolated from their enviroment. The impresston conveyed by tiie bniMn^g is of passivity and indeperdence; instead of constituting an ideal integrated ard harmonious whole. Quasi-manneiist architecture emphasizes inconsbtency and ambiguity and a auitiphciiy of values. Isozaki's architecture b the outcome of a dialectical response to Modem Architecture invohring the inversbn and debasement of its form. IndivMuahsm b tiie ulumate source of his architecture. The pursuit of a "pure architecture", which imphes tiie treatment of architecture as poetry, and the use of simple geometry, hes at the core of Isozaki's approach to architectural creatiorL

A unique feature at tiie Kambka town hall b tiie joining of the two sohd geometric forms of tiie buiMmg. According to Isozaki, tiie manner of joining the forms was tiie object of hb greatest attentorL The metiiod hs empbyed are manifested by the "ripped out" and •defomied" section of tiie entrance hall and tiie urdtdating aluminum skin departing tiie tectonic body of tiie higher bbck on tiie bwer roof top, creating a transitional zone between tiic two forms tiiat are •tarashed" into each otiier and "interpenetrated".

The entrance h?ll witii curves similar to tiiose on tiie body of Marilyn Monroe mediates ber«7een tiiese two mabr bbcks. each of which has ite own irdivMual system and sttucrore. Monroe's nude profile is a rennrent tiieme m Isozaki's design. The persistence of tiib met^hor b a measure of fascination which big bosomed bbnde females have for Japanese merL(21) The metiiaphor of eroticism b an on-going pervasive factor in manneibm. ARCHITECT'S PHILOSOPHICAL DESIGN APPROACH:

"No doubt photographs and drawings of the buiMrcsg produce a sense cf disLir.r^ny, and thb b what I dehberetely intended to do to the hmits of possibihty... According to orie way G: tiiiniii:^-, if tiie buiMing serves tiie citizens - that b , if it fulfills ite primary fuijctiar^ - it makes no difference what tiie rmture of its architecture is. Indeed, it b probably be^r ID build saLifctning personahtyless and inconspicuous. On the other hard, it b only riatural tiiat people devot? much thought to the constn.tction of a town hall when such structures are erected crJy once in decades ard when tiieir town lacks any otiier dbtingubhing architecmre.

" Beheving that architecture shouM have s^Jnifcohc forms capable of estebhshing clear identitj.', from thus very beginning of planning, I intended to impart 33'mboh3m to the Kambka Town Hall. For thb reason, I abardoijed all thought of creating continuity with ths surroundings and made my oasis of judgement the search for ways of producing a conspicuous effect. It might even be said, tiiat traditional Japanese architecture has avoMed the idea of space as solid bodies. I am especially interested in rectangularsohd s and cyhnders precisely because they have no hbtoilcai tradition in Japaiiese architecture ard because tiie heterogenous elements tiieymtroduc e - their very inappropriateness - is needed in tiie an:hitecrjne of our catn-itr:>? today.

"Kambka buiMing b iu3t on the Modem Architectare tract, because it lacks tiie irdustcial reahsm that attempts tj satisfy functtonai requirementsb y means of tiie purely technotogical expressiDi:^ that are fundamental to modem architectarai thought. My metiiod is n-iOre accurately described as "Formalism" in that, in it, form b indeperdent. "(22]

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The dazzhng aluminum skin and pure geometric form bolate the Town Hall from its surrounding houses.

Axonometric. f^9.

West facade. The circular form contains offices.

Initial design scheme. K»moka ToTn Hdl: Plam ««1 nonometti: drairing. The wo storey public hall assumes the form of a circular temple partiy buried witiiin the west facade.

Council chamber. 71

CASE STUDY 4 PROPOSED TEHERAN CITY HALL

PROJECT: Design competitiDn for Teheran City Han, 1978 (First Place Award).

SITE 21,300 sq raeteis, Abbasadad New City Center, Teheran, Iran.

ARCHFTECTS: Kenzo Tange and URTEC.

PROGRAM: Approximately 20,000 sq meters of offices and pubbc oriented spaces vitii parking for 600 vehicles.

DESCRIPTION: The city hall b to be tiic symbolic heart of the new urban center. In tiic design it was assumed tiiat a number of otiier buiMings wouM handle day to day business on tiic bcallevel The city hall has 2 leveb of basements, 8 stories and 1 stoiypentiiouse. Itb intended to touse only tiie mayor's office, tiie key govemment departments, and the city council chambers.

A reception center for visiting represcntati.ve3 of local government organizatiDn b to be inchided. For ti)esak e of tiib fimction, a large reception hall opening on Shah and Nation Square has been planned as tiie major component of tiie btrilding. The city hall fronts on tiie ceoini part of tiie north side of Shah and Nation Square.

To tiie noithof tiie site b tiie spacious Shahdanou Park; to tiie east, Pahlavi Libmy; and to titf soudi. Shah and Nation Sqtiaie, which measures 200 meters by 400 meters and b one or titt largest pubhc open spaces in the worid.

One of tiie conditions set forth in the specified competition for ti^ design of the city hall was tiiat all buiMings on tiic pbza have front colonnades. But to emphasize its symbolic impoitmce, tiie Tange office requested tiiai tiib stipulation be altered to permit tiie facade of tiie city ban to project beyond tiie level of tiie plaza colomiade3.(23)

The spaces for tiieofficia l ceremonial functions and tiiose of office functions are distinctively scparaied and each has an unique architectural form of its OWIL The main block, which faces tiie plaza, liouses tiie mayor's offices, tiie city council chambers, and leceptton spaces for dbtingubhed guests. Architecturally, it has been designed to suggest urban shelter in tiib land of biilhant sunhght(24)

SPACE SUMMARY:

Mayors office: 1.800 sq m Council chamben: 4,000 sq m Depaiunental offices: ^,000 sq m Public oriented spaces: 4,000 sqm AnciDaiy spaces: 4y200sqm Parking (600 vehicles): 40,000 sq m l^'TAL: 60,000 sqm Conversion factor Sq m= Sq ft x 0.093 72

MAJOR MATERIALS: Steel frame and reinforced concrete.

EVALUATION: Though tiie current political situation in Iran b not peaceful, technical discussions on tiic builiing are proceeding. The outcome of tiie buiMing b still tmknowit Kenzo Tange's proposal for Teheran's City Hall has some significant similarities to tiie Town Han of Kurashiki, Japan, i^iich he designed in 1960. Botii of tiiese btnMings have an architecture of enormous mass, fortress-like sohlity, and aggressive tiuee dimensional plasticity. The exterior treatment of tiie buiMing facade sijiggests a t^^ical Js^anese manner of tiiinking architecture as a combination of heroit^Ify scaled horizontals and verticals. The proposed design has somewhat disregarded tiie use of rich traditional elements and forms found in Islamic Archilectme of the MMdle East, especiany in Iran. Thb hestitetbn b perhaps due to tiie difference in cultural background of tiie architect

The city haU faces tiie Shah and Nation Square to tiie soutii. 73 ^.

Plot plan;scalu: 1/7.00

Site for tiie city han.

Sections; scale: 1/2,000. 1 r*-. -prion hall 2 aisembly hall 3. entrance hall 4. parking area 5. auditorium 6. conference room 7 oflicet 8. moving sidewalk 9. observation deck 10. machinery J

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29. restaurant 1. office 10. secretariat 20. entrance lobby 30. exhibition hall 2. reception hall 11. conference room 21. information 31. coffee shop ,? foyer 12. VIP entrance 22. lounge 32. public information 25 t 4. main waiting room 13. chairman's room 23. ceremonial entrance rrwyor's entrance R waiting room 14. committee room 24. lobby 33. Third-fioor plan. lobby 6. mayor's reception 15. assembly hall 25. platform 34. council members' room 16. library 26. visitors' entrance entrance 7. kitchen 17. dining hall 27. stage 8. vice-mayor's office 18. waiting hall 28. multipurpose 35. press entrance security office Q maxn''' -^ffire 19. light well auditorium 36. 75

CASE STUDY f^ BOSTON CTH HALL

PROJECT: Boston City HaU, Boston, Massachusetts, 1969.

SITE Located m Boston's historic, bm deterjoraled, central area.

ARCHITECTS: KaUmann, McKinnen and Knovles

PROGRAM: ThecityhaUvas to be a building of 100 ft to 130 ft. high and some 275 ft square, vitiiin an urban pbza of montmientBl scale vhere it'wotild become tiie focus, botii visuaUy and symbolically.

DESCRIPTION: The design of tiie Boston City HaU vas an outcome of a nationvide open competition. A master plan for tiie area ves prepared by I.M. Fei and Associates, defining tiaffkrcinnilatkin and tiiekicatio n of open spaces and braidings. The general form of tiie city haU and its urban context irere somevhat predetermined. The specific functional needs of tiiB dty hafl vera outiined precisely in a veil-detailed program.

The city haU design conforms to tiie dimensions limits of tiieprogra m and is, basically, a square dotighnut typical of roost submissions in the competitioiL The building consists of tiuee distinct parts: tiiektve r part houses areas of heavy public access and forms abase; tiie upper part consists of tiiree floors of administrative offices supported by massive colrmms; berveen tiie base and tiie upper part are suspended ceremonial elements - the Council Chamber and Councitors* offices, tiieMayor' s suite, and tiie Municipal Reference Library. These ceremonial elemente are clraily expressed by tiieir shading heads tiiatlas t deep shado-vs onto tiie vindovs. A glazed entrance tobbyhouse s the stems and elevators, and is skytightad tiirough taU shafts tromtitt roof lirtiichconriBct an three parts of tiie buiMing. As tiie administrative offices are raised to tiie upper level, a series of sheltered, operhair terraces are directiy accessible from tiie plaze and tiie enclosed entrance tobby. This inner court is a gatiiering place for visitors, and encoraagcs tiiefre e access and flov of pedestrians.

The brick-faced floor of tiieplaz a stopes gently up tovard tiiecit y han in radiating, teiraced planes separated by strips of granite. Since terraced, brick planes are also used for Ite roof of tiic base and tiiere is no distinct separation bctveen tiic plaza and tiie building, ine constant changes in levels and perspecticves make tiiis an exciting vaUt for pedesttians tooking across tiie plaza, tiirough tiie building, and dovn into Dock square and old Boston.

The jtracturri system consiste essentiany of poured-iihplacc concrete columns and mr«, praast concrete Yierendeel trusses, and percast non-strucunal members '^rtiich cany S^^^^^^i™?- ""^^^^r^^^^^Js 14 ft-4 in. square vifli columns at HfH wht^ R ff ^ ^^ are 4 ft-6 in. and 2 ft-8 in. General office fbors have a clear ^rS^ u f- ^*^ ^ tnictural deptii of 5 ft Mechanical cquipmcirt consists of a ^tiSityS^roTO^^^"^ ^«^h Passes horizontal^ tiirough tiie truss openings and

^^w^^S^"^^'"'"'^^^^*^- "n* internal and external i^if tiie ^^^J^^^^ smmhaneously. TTie sttuctoral skeleton and f^nal ^^^areftetotelexpressioiL The exposed surfaces of concrete irin impose no great 76

Lighting, from fluorescent sources in office areas are 60 ft-c at voiking levels. Lighting in tiie main lobby viU be incandescent, reflected unvard. Other types of inumination vin be found in tiie Mayor's office and in tiie public rooms. Acoustical control in offices are largely be by carpeting. In corridors and otiier heavy traffic areas, TTOod-fiberteement panels are placed between trasses beneatii tiie concrete slabs'.

SPACE SUMMARY:

First Fbor. Cerrtial Office Supply, Centtal Mail and CommtDmcation, Emergency Command Center, Inactive File and Storage, Custodial, Mechanical Space, Weight and Measraes, Loading and Receiving, Garage.

Second Floor Central Electronic Date Processing, Registration Division of Healtii Department, Boston Retirement Board, Penal Institutions, Licensing Division, Licensing Board, Election Departoient, Credit Union, Complaints, Mechanical Space.

Third Floor Auditing Department, 'Heasury Department, Assessing Department, and Plaza LeveL Lobby.

Fourtii Floor Civil Defense.

Fiftii Floor Department of tiie Mayor, Council Chamber, City Council, Mmdcqral Reference Library

Sixtii Ftoor. Ci^ Clerk, Lav Departmem, AdministtativB Services, Press, Conference, Telephone Room, City Record.

Seventii Floor Veteran's Services Graves and Registration, Boston Housing Autiiority, Shared Conference Rooms, Public Works Department

Eight Floor Workmen's Compensation and Medical Facihty, Parks and Recreation Depaxtooent, Real Property Department, Shared Conference Room, Healtii Department, Building Department, Unassigned and Expansion Space.

Nintii Ftoor Boston Redevetopment Autiionty, Mechanical Space, Unassigned and Expansion Si»ce.

Building Area: 513,000 sq. ft

COST: $21,600,000 (Excluding land, fees, financing, furnishings).

MAJOR MATERIALS: Potned-inrplace Concrete columns and cores. Precast concrete Vierendeel trasses. ExiK)sed reinforced concrete. Brick ftoor paving. EVALUATION: The Boston City HaU vas an attempt to provide a core for a city of many decentralized nodes and to bind tiie pastto tiie future. The use of tiie triple chord of base, body, and attic in tiie building is an ancient harmontous canon that dates back to tiie days of tiie Periclean Acropolis.(25) The interior functions are expressed in tiie sculpuued, exterior form. The use of tiie continous plaza running into tiie building brings tiie extertor into tiie interior. The plaza boirovs from tiK plaza in Siena, Italy viOi its fan shaped terraces. 77

The pteza ts toteDyseparate d from vehicular traffic and is used in tiie summer for festivab, gathexii^, political raUies and demonstrations. Shaded sidevaUL restaurants and scatings are to aiuvt people to tiK plaza. Intiie vinier, the severe veatiier makes tiie plaza unusuable. Tlie aichiiects poim oxrt tiiat tiie irmer public court epitonnzes the concept of openess and accessibility tiiatgenerata d tiia design of ibtdxy han.(26) To be open day and night, altovs tiiecitizen to vaUL tiirough and be panof tiie city han vithout once opening adoor. The use of skylights and clerestories in tiia conidois helps to improve tiie interior hghting conditions. Hovever, tiiere are several confosing, meandering conidors and visitors often suffer from spatial and directional confusion tile first time tiieyaxnve. The sign system is of httie he^. Most city residents dislike tiie "monstrousity" took of tiie city han and often co^^)]aint tiiat it is too strong, overbearing, ugly and unfinished. When tiia building vas first occupied, tiiere vas a political scramble to obtain die best offices.

The city han can be seen as an "opexhended" aestiietic tiiat invites from tiie ontooker involvement and possibly even conchistoxt The architects vitiiout being extremists, have clearly been influenced by Le Corbusier's architecunal exan^les.

ARCHITECTS PHILOSOPHICAL DESIGN APPROACH:

"We distrast and have reacted against an architecmre tii&t is absolute, uninvolved and abstract We have mowd tovards an architecture tiiat is specific and concrete, involving itself vitii tiie social and gec^^raphical context, tiie program, and metiiods of constraction, in order to produce and building tiiat exist strongly and irrevocably, ratiier tiian an uncommitted abstract stracuire... We tiiought tiie involvement of tiie people vitii tiieir govemment vould be tiie mam tiieme and vould give us tiie chie to tiie volumetrics of tiie building... From tiie differentiation or hierarchy of function ve hope our design vin gain a hierarchy of spaces vhich have meaning.

*Wc are not interested in abstract space exercises or spatial sensatton, but in establishing a space and identity for tiie human being vho vorks in tiiis particular context. .Government is a very conserving activity, and ve felt tiie buildir^ needed staging pover ..There is a dlatoguc in tiiis buiUing: What ve can tiie conserviog element, in concen vitii tiie vitality in stretching and breaking out-hnkage to tiie rest of tiie city. The vhole mound building is very Bwch invoked vitii tiie plaza and tiie comings and goings of tiie people; tiie upper part, "vttit Urn mtemal vDridngs go on, is more aloof. The buildii^ vas described as aminiamre city, as it has tiie building materials of tiie rest of city. "(27)

Gerhard KaUman 78

View from Plaza

-.^^* m^"^^^ ' Interiorlobby (above) 79

Boston City HaUl 969. A clear resemblance to Le Corbusier's La Tourette.

UToureo*, France, by LeCoffeusier. 1957-60. 80

Boston Qty Hail. Floor pitfls. 81

b««ne» there eaSffiS™!^;^?}''''^ haU woul'ouldd otherwis otherwie» requjred ,«..),-.. (above/^"nBoi) y reauced ueniifflber of elevatore which rh. «^., 82

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The concourse. 63

BACKGROUND STUDIES: ENDNOTES 1 Malaysia, Sabah TomistAssociatton,.Sahah in East Matoysia-Land Betov the ^ (Hor« KW: Toppan Printing, 1973), p.6. 2 llii IT nmmmnh rt n1 f- ^^»->" ^^^^Pie-Planmng ^^ vol 1, (Kota K^hLMimsuVofTovnandComitiy Planmng,SaMJi, 1983),p.l8.

3 ffnrn. nn Siibfth 1981-1982.2nd editpn,(KotaKinabahi: Focusasia, 1981), p. 34. 4 nr-?rnrtrmrrz?W ^*' ^"^^^^^^"^^^^^StodYim^toteActoiPto, (Kote Kinabahi: Pubhc Worts Department, Sabah, 1985), p. 2-9.

5 Brammah, vol. 2, p.283.

6 Brammah, vol. 1, p. 23.

7 Brammah, vol. 1, p. 55.

8 Brammah, vol 1, p. 39.

9 Bnmmah, vol 1, p. 50.

10 Winiam L Lebovich, America's City Han. (Washington DC: Preservation Press, 1984), p. 14. 11 Lois Craig, The Boston City Han and its Antecedents,'' AIA Journal. September 1980, p. 50

12 Stanley Povers, et al, Devetoping tiie Municipal Organization. (Washington DC: IntemattonalCi^ Management Association, 1974), p. 26.

13 Peter Papadctoou, "Anghng for a Civic Monument," Progressive Architecture. May 1979, p. 105.

14 John Pastier, "Bold Symbol of a City's Image of its Future," AIA Journal. Mid-May 1978, p. 113.

15 Lebovich, p. 184.

16 Pastier, p. 116.

17 Lebovich, p. 184.

18 Estiier McCoy, "San Bemandino City Han: High Tech Images." Progressive Archdecma. Febniaiy 1974, p. 70.

19 , "SanBemandino Civic-Cutanal Center Complex," The Urban Land Institute Proiect Reference Pile, vol 3, no. 10, (Washington DC: UU, 1973).

20 Botond Bognar. Contemporary Japanese Architectare: Ite Devetopment and Chaflenge: (Nev York: Harper and Rov, 1982), p. 189. 84

21 Phiffip Drev, The Architectare of Arate Isozaki. (Nev York: Harper and Rov, 1982), p. 32.

22 Amta Isozaki, "Kamtoka Tovn Hatt," The Japan Architect. January 1979, p. 9.

23 , "Teheran City Han," The Japan Arehitect. July^August 1979, p. 74.

24 , Tange's Proposal Takes First Place in Teheran City Han Contest," The ^fepanArehitect. May 1978, p. 7. 25 Sib^d Moholy-Nagy, "TBoston's City Han: It Binds tiiePas t to tiieFuture, " Arehitectural Forum. JannaiyfFebruary 1969, p. 44.

26 Mildred F. Schnud, "The Nev Boston City Han," Arehitectinal Record. February 1%9, p. 138.

27 Paul Heyer. Architects on Architecmre: Nev Directions in America. (Nev York: Wafter and Co., 1978), p. 261. iitmJ^mU^^'^^^Kf^ieutrLtlm^tyifCmtOtHtUKkMUtrttitl^-ynt^tn^^^^^. 85

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

•Mii 86 87

Acnrrnr ANALYSIS

HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS AT WORK

According to Abraham Mastov, man's highest need is for self-actualization involving accomplishment and self-devetopment This need is rarely completely met Otiier needs, in tiieir broad categories and in a descending order, include a need for umqueness, a need for hetonging, and a need for survivaL(l) This hierarchy operates from tiic bottom n^. That is one first focuses on survival needs and once tiiese are met, one pn^resses to eadi succeeding level of needs and finally to self-actuahzatiort

Figure 3.1 inustrates hov tiie foregoing might take place for a nmmcipal emptoyee or vork group. The hne from the individual or grougp to tiiesurviva l needs indicates that tiiese needs are being adequately met (80% of 100%maximun^ and have minor source of motivation or frustratbit The percentages of each succeeding levels graduaUy disminishes. The emergence of tiie next highest need is not a sudden happening but ratiier a gradual overlapping.

y.PFiiy,!^ 10% Self Actualization Needs

Mll^iisSi 40% Uruflueness Needs

50% Belonging needs •••r .^b...v.\.^b...^.\.^.^J^.•^^^. 80% Smvival Needs Emptoyee v••v..A>^.^»^.;«»»i:gSi>>ffi:;„;<.<,^..s, ,.^;J or WorkGroup

3.1 DIAGRAM OF NEEDS GRATTFICATION Since most niunicq>al eroptoyees spend an average 8-hom day in tiieiroffices , a portion of tiie personal needs are tob e met vifliin tiiese voriring environment There is also a noticeable correlation bctveen personal needs and tiie individual's vorit performances.

Please refer to "SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA - Psycho-phystotogical factors" for fuflier detailed infbrmatiorL

1 Personal Needs 2 Work performances

3.2 WORK ENVIRONMENT 86

A BASIC SYSTEM

Tte mmxipal govemment is a system bounded by a set of elements tiiat are more ctosely related to each otiier tiian to elements outside tiie boundary. TTiese elements m tiie system act togetter to achKve sometiiing in tiie srarounling environment To achieve tins, tte system prodiressomctiiingtKhnicanycaned an "ouorat- To produce tiie ouq)Ut, tiie system weds resources technicany caUed "ii^mts," and infonnatton about hov rl is domg is techmcanycaDed "feedback."

Input Ou^ut SYSTEM —, •TARGET J

Feedback

3 3 ORGANIZATION AS A BASIC SYSTEM

As a system, die municipal government exist for a purpose. They are not historical accidents. In tiie broadest sense, tiie niunicipalgovernnicnt provides pubhc services. These services are as definite and visible as maintahdng and building an acceptable street. These services affect tiie physical and social city in pubhcly desired vays. Some services are more measurable tiianotiiers , but an are real In general, the municipal government is concerned vitii pubhc services i^nch achieve pubhc goals. They are here to serve and do tiie pubhc's vork.

TTIE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF KOTA KINABALU

ORGANIZATIONAL STT?UCTURE: Figure 3.4 outiincs tiie orgamzation of tiie municipal government in Kota Kinabalu Tlie municipal government is organized in a hierarchical pattern of five levels. These leveb include:

1 President 2 Executive Staff Departments 4 Secttons 5 Employees

Each emptoyee is responsible to a sectton, each sectton is responsible to a Departoient Head or executive officer, each executive officer is responsible to die President TTie President vorks ctosely vifli tiie City Councfl vhich comprises of 22 councfl members nominated by tiie Mmisuy of Local Govemment 89

3.4 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF KOTA KINABALU.

HAJLIS PERBANDARAN KOTA KINABALU ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

TnsiikTA City Depiity PresiluBt CovMil Secretary Zl DejiKly SecrrtJiry T>tjWf Secrrtay A55t. Secretury LiecBsiikg Assl. Secretaty

Henkk Emgisccnjug^ Beautifujiitioft

Bxtmif^m Proierty Geiunl Ptd^lie P^lic PersoikAd fn\kiftkio% 7*liuitio& Trwiswy Developmeat Esforrejneot Office RebJtio&5 Fjicilities Uiut Project

ADMINISTRATIVE

FIGURE 3.4

City Councfl 22 Bumiputra Participation Unit 5 Executive / Administrative Group 13 General Office 27 Road Vehicle LKcnsing 18 Public Relations 8 Legal 5 Valnatton 10 Healtii 27 Treasury 10 Engineering 66 Property Devetopment Project 16 Beautification 18 Enforcement 17 Personnel 12 Pubhc Facihties 4

TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONNEL: 278 90

It IS importent tonot e that tiie Cit^ Councfl is excluded fiom tiie main organizational jtracture,altiiox]ch it has a significant influence. The City Councfl's role is to establish and impkment pohcies m die fairest and most efficient manner in tiieinteres t of its city residene [20) The President is responsflile for tiK operatton and enforcement of tiiepolicies . Within tiie municipal govemment stracture, there are 17 departments vith unique functtons to perform

OFFICE HOURS: 8.30 a.m to 4.30 p.m (Monday to Friday) 8.30 a.m to 12.30 p.m (Saturday dose on Sundays and pubhc hohdays.

ORGANIZATIONAL BREAKDOVm

The foQoving is a breakdovn of tiie organizattonal structure of each department vitii a brief description of its function(s).

CITY COUNCIL: The City Councfl compiises of 22 councfl members nominated by tiie Ninisuy of Local Govemment The City Councfl's primaiy function is in pohcy making and administratiorL It is tiieresponsibilit y of this councfl to estebhsh municipal policies for the onieity gro vtii and devetopment of tiie city of Kota Kinabalu. The President and tiie City Councfl seive as tiiemai n pohcy determining body tiiatmake s final decistons on matters of zoning; holds public hearings on items of public interests; revievs and adopts tiieannua l budget; and approves purchases of goods and services for tiie city.

MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT NomiiBiI e Councfl Members (22) I PxMidant (Executive / AdmlniauaUve Group)

FIGURE 3.5

2^™^^^°*^ ^° ^^ nonnafly spend tiieir time in tiie munic^)al buflding except for councfl ^^°L°if^°?^*^^ When tiie councflmen arc in die buflding, tiieyvfll need a group of offices mvhrh tiiey can vait or vork before and after councfl meetings or at any otiier time.

^^^^^!S™'^'^'^S«^'™". Auditor, (odtteirsssB^ His and mw«« iw-tJItllT^ .r^^ , ™"' °* "* ^- T^ Off** coonimates, dnects, ana revievs activities of an municqal operations. 91

EXECUTTVE / ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP

President Personal Asst Auditor Deputy President Assistant

Secretary Assistant

Deputy Secretaries (2) Stenographers (2) Asst Secretaries (2)

Number of staff: 13

FIGURE 3.6

ROAD VEHICLE LICENSING: This department is a subsifliaiy branch of tiie Traffic Department, vhich docs not betong to tiie municipal government The departnoenf s functions are to assist tiie T^raffic DepaiUnentand to issue hcenses and permits.

ROAD VEHICLE UCENSING

Administrator I Semor Clerk Cleri5s(14) I Security Guards (2) Number of staff: 18

FIGURE 3.7

LEGAL- TTie City Attorney and his assistants perform auxfllaiy functions of advice, drafting attendance at councfl meetings, and legislate revievvhfleemptoying special counsel to handle such specialized matters as tiie issuance of bonds, an civfl and crunmal htigation, special appearances and die hke. 92

Attorney

Deputy Attorneys (2)

Secretaries (2)

Number of staff: 5

FIGURE 3.8

HEALTH: Its primary objectives are to suive to protect tiie city residents in areas of pubhc healtii, and to promote tiie healtii status of tiie entire populatton by elevating health standards. Its functions inchide:

1. Plan and direct environmental sanitation programs 2. Monitor pubhc heahh programs.

There are tiireesectton s vitiiin tiie department, namely:

REFU SE, COLLECTION, AND SCAVENGING. This sectton is responsi'ble for tiie operation of sanitation programs classified as preventive medicine.

GENERAL HEALTH. Its functtons are to plan, organize, manage,and coordinate services in die healtii department to meet healtii needs of the city residents in an effective and efficient manner. Related services included are viral statistKs, certification of food handlers, and training of personnel and consultations.

MARKET. Itis tile responsibflity of this sectton to conduct regular investigattons and routine inspecttons of vartous food estabhshments and facflities tiiat arte tocated in die central mariset area of tiie city. 93

HEALTH

Chief Advisor

Chief Healtii Inspector

REFUSE, COLLECTION, GENERAL MARKET SCAVENGING HEALTH

Municipal Municipal Superintendent Healtii Officer Superintendent

Inspectors (2) Asst HeaWi Officer Sentor Healtii Officer I Driver Clerks (2) Healtii Inspector I Twists (4) Supervisors (8)

Messenger I Driver

Number of staff: 27

FIGURE 3.9 94

ENGINEERING- The deparuncnt inchidcs a considerable number of professtonab and IS divided into SIX secuons Its funcuons inchide engineering planning, control of 5cvagc srtfxx hght and ttaffic systems, and admimsttation of city's zonmg onlmances. This off« coordinates, dnects and revtevs dte activities of an tiie engineeimg secuons. The SIX cnginecimg scctcns are

PLANNING & BUILDING. This section's main responsi"bflhty is to estabhsh goals and obicctives of urban devetopment and zoning ordinances. It also cooniinates die activities of die tvo suh-sections. The sub-secttons are :

DEVELOPMENT. This sub-section is responsible for promoting hcaldi, safety, comfort, convenience and vehare of die pubhc by assuring diat aU land uses are in conformance vitii tiic Conrprehensive Landusc Plan arri zoning ordinances.

BUILDING. It is responsi'ble for ensuring diat an constractton in die city meets state ard nattonal building standards, idiile providing the safest and most durable constraction to die public.

MAINTENANCE It is tiie responsibflity of tiiis section to provide and maintain an optimal enviiuiunem conducive to good voridng conditions in the Municipal Hafl by mamtammg the facihties and equiproent to minimize energy consmnption and maximize tiieir hfe-cost factor. These equipment includes die air-conditioning and mechanical systems in die conqilex.

STREET LIGHTING. This section is responsible for installing, maintaining, and modernizing tiie street hghting systems (including ttaffic hght system) that are die safest and most efficient for motorists and pedesuians.

GENERAL OFFICE. This office provides informatton to the pubhc concerning street design, drainage, property devetopment, arsi odwr miscenaneous engineering services.

VPORKSHOP. This scctton's function is to provide proper maintenance services to an facflities, equipment, and vehicles of die city government

ROAD MAINTENANCE. This section ensures diat aE paved streets are maintained in an effective and efficiem manner in order to protect die city's invesunent in tocal streets and to enhance tiie quahty of Uavel for tiK pubhc by providing a safe and pleasant road vay system ^^ 95

ENGINEERING

Chief Engineer Stenographer Sentor Engineer

PLAHMWG STREET MAINTEHAHCE GENERAL VORKSHOP ROAD & BUILDING LIGHTING OFFICE MAINTEHAITCE

Engineer Sentor Electrical Chief Clerk Mechanical Engineer Engineer Engineer

Asst Engineer Asst Engineer Clerks (8) Asst. Engineer Engineer

Asst. Engineer Technicians (2) EtecUical Asst TyP^ts (8)

Technicians (2) Messenger (2) Sentor Technician

Draftsmen (2) Technician

Clerks (4)

Typists (2) Engineer Engineers (2)

Sentor Asst BuiMing Engineer Inspectors (3)

Asst. Engineer Administration Assistant

Administration Asst Buflding Assistant Inspectors (4)

Asst Buflding Draftsmen (2) Number of staff: 66 Inspectors (4) FIGURE 3.10 96

BEAUTTFICATION: TTi»departttentisresponsibteto^ jmwvETO aiii cooidinatii^ an nev and cxisung park facflrtics and land. Oto ^^Sies uchide pjjreparatton, conttact admin^tntm^plan ^^f^^J^ i^phmning. It also serves die entire dty population by piovUmg an aesdieuc urban cnvnonment vidi veU designed and useable facflities

BEAUTTFICATTON |

Landscape Architect

Asst Lai dscape Architect

Horticulmral Supervisor

Planting SrqKrvisor

General Overseer

CleriL Head Inspector

Draftsmen (2) Environmental Inspectors (9)

Number of staff 18

FIGURE3.il 97

PERSONNEL: This department is divided into tvo groups responsible for emptoyment, benefit and penston plans, manpover planning and labor relations. The department's functtons are to administer personnel pohcies and procedures; to recruit highly quahfied job qipbcants for dty emptoyment; to effectnrely administer emptoyee service programs and emptoyee counsehng; and to provide competent advice and assistance to die administrator. It also serves as a staff agency to afl tiie operating depaiunents vidiin die municipal government.

PERSONNEL

Sentor Administrator

Sentor Asst Administrator

SALARY, ALLOWANCE SERVICE TRAINING & PENSION ESTABUSHMENT

Asst Administrator Asst Administrator

Cleik Clerk

Asst Clerk Asst Clerk

Typists (2) Typists (2)

Number of staff: 12

FIGURE 3.12 98

BUMIPUTRA PARTICIPATION UNFT: This department primarily focuses on die rural devetopment of tiie native people ("Bmmputra" is a tide diat hteia^ means "Sow of die sofl") Its functwn is to momtor die progress of die economira] and social devetopment m the rural areas

BUMIPUTRA PARTICIPATION UNIT

Administrator

Asst Administrator

Ckrk(2) I Typist

Number of staff: 5

FIGURE 3.13

PUBLIC RELATIONS: This departnent is concerned vidi die planned program of pohcies diat vfll biuld pubhc confidence and increase public understanding. Its function is primarily to fadhtat e communication vitiiin die organization and betveen the municipal government and pubhc. This office vorks to keep tiie city emptoyees and general pubhc better informed on municipal affairs.

Administrator

Sentor Officer

Asst Sentor Officer

Clerks (2)

Recepttonist

Typists (2)

Number of staff: 8

FIGURE 3.14 99

GENERAL OFFICES: The services administered by die department inctade: mafl and messenger services, central reproduction, records management, central vord processing, communications, office supphes, central reception, and administrative service sateflites. Its main function is to coordinate vidi the activities of other departments.

GENERAL OFFICE

Administrator

Secretary

Office Superintendent

Chief Cterk

Stenc^raphers (2) Clerk (4)

Typist/Technician Asst Clerks (4)

Telephone Operators (3)

Machine Operator (2)

Messengers (6)

Number of staff: 27 FIGURE 3.15 100

3.16 GENERAL OFnCE SERVICES: WORKFLOW.

PfclNTINO PRINTED srrocK

MAIL HANDLING CX)PYINO OFFICE SUPPLIES

DELFVERIES' I

vl/VerVerticai l transportation

f ^ * 1 2 3 4

Administrative Service Satellites

The administrative seivice satettites should be dispersed to serve ah departments vidiin die municipal government (3) A typical sateflite vfll have a counter vidi storage space for office supphes and a copy machine. The sateUite may be expanded to include departtnental records, a vord processing unit, and a sub-receptton for departnoents. 101

VALUATION: The department's functions inchide:

1. To determine die appraisal and valuation of property for tax assessment purposes and coflection of taxes; 2. To supeivi^ appraisal programs tuid related activities,' 3. To estabhsh and reviav improvement unit values for real estate vahiatton; and 4. To meet vidi taxpayers and ansver tax assessment and coflection inquiries.

VALUATTON

Valuation Officer

Valuation Asst

Sentor Clerk Sentor Valuation Technician

Valuation Clerk (2) Technician

Typists (2)

Messenger

Number of staff: 10

FIGURE 3.17 102

TREASURY: This departtnent focuses on die procedural and control mediods of die financial affairs of die dty administrattoa It deals vidi accounting, purchasing, auditing, treasury managen^ni, and related activities This office recommends courses of action vidi regard to utihzauon of assets and maintains ongoing investment programs for die dty. Safeguarding and accounting for assets, evaloadng internal controls and conducting regular audits are also its responsibflities.

TREASURY

Sentor Treasurer

Treasurer ~1 Accotmting Accounting Accounting Officer Officer Officer

Sentor Clerk (Trade License) Cashier

Clerks (2) Asst Cashier

Number of staff: 10

FIGURE 3.18 103

PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT UNIT: The department plays a simflar role to a real estate devetopment firm. It is involved vidi die devetopment of tov cost public housing and is lesponsihla in conducting studies on die demand of puhhc housing.

PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Manager -Stenographer Project Engineer I I— Asst Engineers (3) Asst Administrator

Sentor Technical Clerk Asst Asst Clerks (2) Technician I Draftsmen (2) T^ist

Messenger

Number of staff: 16 FIGURE 3.19

PUBLIC FACILITIES: The pubhc facihties administration section is responsiWe for providing eff«:tive administratton to satisfy die needs and demands for recreational, cultural, educational, and entertainment services vhich are not or cannot be provided by private sectors. This department mainly manages die city's community centers

PUBUC FACIUTIES ~1 Manager

Asst Manager

Secretary I ClBTk

Number of staff: 3 FIGURE 3.20

ar 104

ENFORCEMENT: The department's functions are to organize and direct activities of die Pohce DeparUMut to ensure diat die pubhc receive efiiective lav enforcement services; and to provide a system of internal integrity. The department is divided in tvo sections namely:

ENFORCEMENT. It is responsible to inclement and evahiate die rules and regtflattons set forth by pohcies.

PARKING It estabhshes and administers die city's parking r^^ulattons.

ENFORCEMENT

\ Chief Enfon:ement Officer Enforcement Officer

ENFORCEMENT

Asst Enforcement Sentor Vehicle Officer License Officer

Sentor Asst Asst Officer Enforcer

Assistant St^jervisors (2) Clerk Cleri5S(2) I Asst Clerk Typists (2) Typist

Number of staff: 17 Messenger

FIGURE 3.21 105

GENERAL OFFICE FUNCTTONS

The vartous functions of die office may be grouped into tvo general classifications: (1) Operating Services, and (2) Control Services.

OPERATTNG SERVICES: Every enterprise has a need of st^kmentaiy aids, such as reception, information, telephone, messenger, typing, ffling, hflhng, aid computing, vhich are clearly office seivice functions. In a sense, personnel selection, training, general veflrbeing, and even die purchase of equipment, materials, forms, and stpphes may be considered office seivice functtons. The maantenance of bufldings and grounds, die layout of offices and vork areas, hghting, ventilation, headng, acoustics, and saniteitton are inchided in tins category. Proviston for safeguaiding property devices and dirough vartous forms of insurance might hkevise be considered as aseivice function.

CONTROL SERVICES: Services rendered by die office are designed to assist responsi'ble offidab in exercising proper control Most, but not an, of tins voik can be inchided under die term "accounting." General accounting, as veh as die more spedahzed spheres of cost voik, credits and cohections, vcnk analysis, and traffic, is part of die control niechanism in die business operatiorL(4) Planning, scheduling, mediods of analysis, and measured production are elements of necessitating office seivices.

Through its many activities, die office is des^ned to facihtate and accelerate die vork of fbt munic^ government Control seivices assist in planning and coordinating, and also measuring peifoimances. Through it, administrative and production costs may be controfled and voik effort directed to best advantage.

OFFICE ACTlVmES

Office activities noimally occur vitiiin a five part frame vork. Theyare:

(1) One must have an office space for communications in and otit of this space. (2) One must have people to peifoim clerical acts tmder supernstort (3) One must have office tools to peifonm voik. {4) One must have mediods to devetop and maintedn records. (5) One must have executive control to coordinate and attain vork objectives.

The foltoving is a general hst diat suggests die variations of office activities vidiin die above mentioned firamavork:

OFFICE SPACE: Space forecasting. Space anotmem. Office layouts. Heating and ventilating. Air conditioning. Acoustics, Painting, Seivice facflities. Assembly rooms, Standanl paitittons. Safety factors. Moving offices. Alterations, Maintenance. COMMUNICATTONS: Mafling, Messenger seivice. Pneumatic tubes. Telephones, Wiring layouts. Telephone dictation. Interoffice telephone systems. Telegraph and cable seivice, Bufletin boards. Reception seivice. 106

OFFICE PERSONNEL: Perfonnance of personnel administratton vidrin die area of die office: Sekctton, Oneirtatim, Traaning, Tasting, Promotion, Turnover, Suggestton system, Poohng e^^ltoyBcs, Tardiness, Absenteeism, Departure inteivievs. Lunchroom facilities. Morale, Discipline, Retirement, Rating, Grievances. FURNITURE AND Standardizauon and control of: EQUIPMENT: Desks, Chairs, Tables, Ffling cquqmKnt, Vaults and safes, Functtonai furnitme. Warehousing fumitme. Maintenance and repair. Reference equipment, Shq>ply cabinets and shelving, Ctodih^ racks. Library ftnnimre, Evaluatton of nev equipment

APPLIANCES AND Standardizatton and control of: MACHINES: Typeviiteis, Adding machines, Bflhng machines. Bookkeeping machines, Calciflating machines. Dictating equqiment, Mailtog eqtqmient. Visible apphances, Misceflancous office equqmient, Jamtoiial equqiment. Reproduction equ^ment. Maintenance and repair. Evaluation of nev apphances and machines.

SUPPLIES AND Standardization and control of: STATIONERY: Stattoneiy items, Letteihcads, Foims stocked for disbursement, .hnitonal supplies, Reproductton stipphes. Evaluating of nev supphes. METHODS: Simplification and standardization of office routines: Data processing. Office surveys. Measurement of clerical ouq)ut, Schcdifling of rotrtincs. Work simphcation studies. Charting procedmes. Use of films. Statistical analysis. RECORDS: Standardizatton and control of: Forms coordination. Forms design. Correspondence services, Forai letters, Lettervriting revievs. Typing poob. Reporting mediods. Maintenance of files. Surveys, Disposal of records, Microfihning, Retention schedules. Archival practices and storage. EXECUTIVE Organizatton planning, Centrahzatton or decentrahzatton of CONTROL: services. Budgetary planning. Forecasting, Instruction manuals. Conferences, Replacement training. Job aiolysis. Salary standardizatiorL

i.3i^_^^??" arefurtfaer divided into fom categories. The scope of office activities ^!^j!I?^if^^°^'TI?^^'^^^^ From dicse categories or acuvmes, me spaual quahty and quantity are diengeiteialBd. See Figure 3.22. 107

WORK WORK FLOW BQUIPME^iT LAYOUT DII?rRIBUTION Distribijrtimi of Labor uving dsviisM, Routiiira, ooosflTviz^ Coa^inB, cfaange, space, 8iiq}k^rM tinw, •ffort, skiUs, or simplify groupiqg, adsptatkni and wDiidoadi. or rafineniBnt. nMds ^phydkad oonditioni.

3.22 SCOPE OF OFFICE ACTIVITIES

MOTION ECONOMY A typical voik station analysis is associated vidi die niovement of die hands, arms, or odier parts of die body. This is knovn as die motion economy study. The essential rationale of motion economy is diot diere are diree parts to vork:

(1) Getting ready: such as assembhng maternb, setting up equipment, and arranging for personnel to do voik. (2) Doing die voriL (3) Cleaning v$ after die job: such as unloading, disposing of unused materials, storing materiab, and a general cleanup. Motion economy assumes that die human body, die vorii place, and die toob and equipment control die level of peifoimance. It emphasizes die importance of making maximum use of die human body in die vDikcycte.(5j

Inanoimalvorit area, itb highly desirable tiMit materiab and toob be placed vitiiin an area irfiere sttetchii^, bending, and simflar efforts by each arm be minimized. In die case of vork requiring tvo hands, dierebabo a normal and niaximumvorii area. See Figure 3.23. Any materiab and equqjment placed outside die normal vorking area should be vie ved ciiticany, paitinflarty if diey are subjected to frequent use.

Anodier factor related tomotio n economy b die general layout of vorit stations. See Figures 3.25 & 3,26. Considerations are to be given to:

(1) Wafldngdbtance involved in getting vorit done. (2) Ftov of voik fiom one tocatton to anodier. (3) Anangements of vork stations in relation toon e anodier. (4) Locatton of equ^)ment and facflities, such as ffles, tetephones, and machines. 108

* ^ f

3 23 NORMAL WORK AREAS.

<

3.24 WORK LAYOUT- BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY. ^

109

3.25 GENERAL FLOW PATTERN, (a) Sttaighthne. (b) U-shaped. (c) S-shaped. (d) W-shaped.

(a) (6) ((•) ((/)

3.26 FLOW WITHIN A DEPARTMENT. Notice tiie tocationso f the entrance and exit (e^ At die samctocation. (b) On adjacent sides, (c) On die same side but at opposite ends, (d) On opposite sides.

(a)

(b)

(c)

id) 110

SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS AND ACTIVITIES

FUHCriOH ACTIViriES IHTERACnOH SPACES MOTES

LEGISLATITE GROUP City Pohcy Executive. Offices. Counrlhnen. making^ Councfl administration. chamber. Conference. EI [HCUnVE / AJ)NINISTBA 1nr s GROUP

President Implement Legal executive Maybe Deputy policies. Pubhc offices. pbnnedas Pn»ident General Relattons. Board room executive Secreteiy. admtnbtratkML Treasury. Receptton. suite vidi ExecutivB Financial Conference controlled Steff. planning. room access. Deputy It Business DocTunents Asst devetopment Storage. Secretaiiaa.

DEPAR TNEHTAL GROUP Road Assist Enforcement. Offices. Substantial Vehlcte TYaffic Computer record Licensing. Department teiminab. keeping Issue Centrahzed requirements. hcenses & records. peimits. Vehicle legbtratton.

Legal. Legal Executive. Offices. services for Pubhc LavKbraiy. die municipal Relations. Word govemment processing.

Health Plan& Enforcement Offices. direct Conference. environmental sanitatton [urograms. ]donitD r ]licald i ]progiam s . Ill

FUHCTIOH ACTIVITIES ]OfTE B ACTION SPACES NOTES

Engineeiing Engineeiing Property Conference. May he a planruitg. Development Reception secured area. Admiiustra- Project. area. VentilatiDn tion of zoning OtherM&E Printing & for print ordinances. groups. storage. machines. Control of Composing Rack of flat paved streets. & void files for sevage, & processing. dravings. general High lighting engineering level. services. Beautification Plan& Engineeiing. Drafting design. Property area. Implement Development Printing & planting Project. storeige area. piDgrams. Manage & inspect public parks & beach fronts. Coordinate vith other planning departments. Personnel Administer Executive. Offices. Reception employee Treasury. Reception room(s) compensation Pubhc ioom(3). should he & benefit Relations. Testing near to plaiL loomCs). main Recruit, Interviev reccptiorL interviev, & roomCs). Periodic hire technical Conq)en3atioiiI use & & benefit of large professional files area. conference staff. room for Manpover orientation. plaiuning. Labor relatitons. 112

ruHcnoH ACIIVITII8 IHIXEACTION SPACES HOTIS

Bumiputre Monitor die PeisonneL Offices. Pardctpatton progress Property Unit of rural Devetopment devetopment Project Bumiptitra recruitment

Pubhc Pubhcity. ExecuUve. Offfces. Maybe Rebdons. Pressft Legal Presentatton divided into pubhc room tvDormore rebttons. Word secttons. Pubhcattons. processing. Promottonal Documents campaigns. stoiage.

General Mafl& An Reproduction Seivices Office. messenger department!. center. maybe services. Central provided Vohnnc records. on each copying^ Telephone & ftoor vidi reproductton. tebx copying, Central operating void tpanscriptton room processing, 8(. void Woid st^pUes^ processing. processing messenger Records center. stattons. maittgement Main Communi- catton receptton room systems. Supply Central Storage. reception. Purchasing & distribu- tton of office srqjphes.

ValuatioiL Tax Legal Offices. assessment Treasury. Tax Supervise hbiaiy. appraisal programs.

. - 113

FDHCnOH ACnvmES nUEKACTION SPACES IfOTES

TYeasuiy. Financial Offices. Executive May have pbrnung^ Personnel Woriaooms analysb. Odicr for one or more Estabhsh finance accountants secttons. budgetaiy grotqo. & auditors. Records are conuol Computer confidential Financial tennhialarea. report Accessto Process vauh. WN. . bflhngs Documents & & payments. files Storage. Direct & Property Engineeiing. coordinate Offices. Devetopment Drafting area. Project devetopment projects. Conference. Initiate pubhc housing schemes.

Enforcement Administer Road Offices. pubhc safety Vehicb Conference. programs. licensing. Enforce nfles Legal & regulations HealdL of pohcies.

Pubhc Manage Engineering. Offices. Facflities. community Kcceptton. facflities.

EHPL< )TEE 8ERTIC IE8

Cafetana Foodservice Central Food Kitehen foren4)toyees locatton. preparattons. area should Diy& & visitors. have access refrigerated totoading. Storage. Services Dbhvashing maybe area. Lockeis. contracted Food serving. to private seating & food dinmg areas. agencies. 114

SPACES NOTES FUNCTION ACTIVmES IHTERACTION

Emptoyee F^ekaxatton Near Lotnige SateUite tounge. ^sodahzing cafetaria. area. lounges may Tabbarea be provided for coffee & on each floor nevspaper. for coffee hreaks. BUILDING SERVICES

Control Monitor None Control center. buiUing room systems &. vith security. consoled equipment.

Mechanical Engineer's & electrical office. sys^ms. Mechanical room. Air handling units. Electrical services. Tekpbone mainframe

Maintenance Maintain Engineering. Staff lockeis Scope building & Receiving. Maintenance depends on site. VDikshop. ivhether Janitor's maintenance closets. is contracted House­ keeping, supphes & general storage. 115

FUHCTIOH ACTIVITIES DTTERACnOH SPACES HOTES

Receiving Receive & Mafl room Receiving & storage. store st^phes, Maintenance dock. con4)uter area. Control forms, Kitehen. office. furniture, & Storage equqiment room(3).

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS: ENDNOTES 1 Stanley P. Powers, et al., Developing tiie MimicipcQ Oiganigatign, (Washington DC: International City Management Association, 1974), p. 44.

2 Catiierine M.L. Fong, Municipal Go^/emment Officer, personal interview, 30 June 1985. 3 Bry^t P. Gould. Pjaiming tiie Nev Corporate Headquarters, (Nev York: John Wfley & Sons, 1983), p. 49. 4 Hanj/L. Wv1i>. fid.. Office MaiwementHandbook. 2nd ed., (Hev York: Ronald Press Co.,'l958),'p. i.lL

5 Wyhe,p. 14.1.

6 ?oireT3, p. 233.

116

SPACE SUMMARY 117 118

SPACE SUMMARY

SPACE ALLOCATTONS FOR PRIVATE OFFICES AND GENERAL OFFICE AREAS

The municipal govemmem may base its standards for assignment of offices on die occupant's title or pay scale. These standards deteimine vho is eh^le for private offices and the sizes of typical offices. An exaraination of the organization's structure vfll be helpful in determining die issue of "1*0 gets vhat" (See ACTTVITY ANALYSIS)

Table 4A shovs a space-standards system for die assignment of private offices. The decistonas to vhich office type vfll be fully enctosed by funrheight partitions or screens vfll be influenced by die office planning concept

Table 4B gives die suggested space aflocations for typical vorking positions and equipment Ah aUocattons include space around fundture and eququnent toaUo v passage. The designated space provides for an uncrovded environment Hovever, it is possible to reduce diese aDocattons if die designer so desires.

TABLE 4A ASSIGNMENT OF PRIVATE OFFICES

TypJCQJL Responsibihties or Rank Type Range of Net Position Affecting Office Assignment Office Square Feet Note

President Higlsst position in organization A-A 375-600 hierarchy

Deputy Highest posittons reporting A-A 300-375 Size may depend President directiy to President vhether office Executive tocated in Members. executive suite

i. Inresponsible chaise of major A 225-300 municipal government's operation

2. Tvo or rrore important groups report to indnridiial

3. Frequent visitors of highest executive or professional cahber

4. Makes deciston involving bige commitaients or acquistton of funds 119

Continue

Typical Responsibflities or Rank T>pe Range of Net Position Affecting Office Assignmem Office Square Feet Note

Depaiuncnt 1. In charge of deparunent vidi B 150-225 Hnd suategic operattons

2. Manages staff vidi preponder­ ance of professionals

3. Receives ffequent visitors of executive cahber

4. Assists or vorks frequentiy vidi senior exectitives

Assistant 1. Stqwvises substantial number 100-150 100 square feet Department staff is smallest for Head. vhich fun-height 2. Has custody of sensitive records pardttons should orvahiables be considered 3. Regutoiiy conducts highly con­ fidential meetings or intervievs

Analyst 1. Workinvoh^es intense 100-125 Assume vork Auditor. concentialton station vidi tov Computer (app. 5'-6") Programmer. 2. Stores significant amount of screen partitions Engineer records, printouts, manuals, and so on at vork station Allocation includes aflov- ance for aisle passing station; actual sizes approximately 80 square feet and 110 square feet lespectivety 120

TABLE 4B SPACE ALLOCATTONS - GENERAL OFFICES

Typical Occt^ancy Net Square Feet Notes

Secretaiy to executive 100

Secretaiy to manager 75

Accountant, bookkeeper 75 Normahy requires supplementary vori&suriace

Operator (business machine, Varies vith type of equipment computer terminal 60-lW} Investigate equipment characteristics

Word-processing operator Acoustic conuol may be needed

Clerk or typist 65 Minimum ahocation

Drafting 85 Assumes one 6' X 3' table vitii 1/2 reference board. Aflov additional space for plan ffles, supphes, etc.

Work table 50

Microform reader/printer 40 Shared

Computer terminal 40 Shared; acoustical tteatoient may be needed

Storage cabinet (3.0 X 1.5) 10

Standard fihng cabinet 8

Lateral cabtDCt (36") 10

Lateral cabinet (40") 12

Fireproof cabinet 10

Movable storage cabinet (3.0X1.5) 10

Openrshelf unit (4 hnear f^ 10

Special Storage units Automated ffling units, plan ffles, and so on, size for individual units vidi altovance for access 121

DEFINITIONS OF NET AND GROSS AREA

NET AREA - It is die usable ftoor space roeasTned from inside vah (or Convector Line) of extertor vaUs. It does not inchide die spaces taken rq? by:

Wahs and partitions. Mechanical and electocal rooms and shaftvays. Public toilets and janitorial areas. Major dnnflatton, including primaiy aisles in open-office areas, conidors, stairs, elevators and elevator tobbies. 0R03SAREA- It is defined as ah of die ftoor space inside a building, measured fitmi outside suifaces of exterior vahs.

METHOD 1 : PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF BUILDING AREA

The prehminaiy calmbttons for die net and gross building areas vfll be based on die formulas from Table 4C. This mcdiod is a quick vay of determining die overafl scope of die facflity The disadvantage of diismediod is diat it does not specificaflyhstaU die spaces.

No. of Personnel

City Councfl 22 President & Executives 10 Deparunent Heads 14 Sentor Officers & Professionals 47 Clerical Personnel 157 Service Staff 28

TOTAL 278

Net Sq. Ft

A EXE( TTVEAREA 10200 Councfl members 22x 150sf =3300 President & Executives 10x375 sf =3750 Department Heads 14 x 225 sf =3150

B PRIVATE & GENERAL OFFICE AREAS 27300 Sentor Officers & Professtonab.... 47 X 150 sf = 7050 Clerical Personnel 157 x 100 sf= 15700 Secondary Areas 22750 sf x 0.20 = 4550 C CONFERENCE SPACE ITS^ (93/2)x27sf=1256

D COMPUTER HARDWARE 775 122

E COUNCIL CHAMBER & RECEPTION 3570 sf Councfl Chamber (47 X 30 sf) + (60 X 12 sf) = 2130 Reception 120 x 12 sf = 1440

F OFFICE SERVICES 2586 (Sum of A dirough E = 43101) 43101 sfxO.Cte = 2586

G BUILDING SERVICES 1509 43101 sfx 0.035 =1509 H EMPLOYEE SERVICES 3705 Cafettaia. 31^58 Other emptoyee services 647 TOTAL NET 50,901 sf TOTALGROSS (50,901 x 1.5) 76,352sf

TABLE 4C ESTIMATING NET AND GROSS AREA FuntionalDiviston Calculation of Net Area

A Executive Area (No. executives x 375 sf) + (No. department heads x 225 sf) B Private &General Offices (No. officers / professtonals x 150 sf) + (No. clerical personnel X 1(H3 sf) + (total net sf officers/professtonals & clerical x 0.20)

c Conference No • councibnen-t-Exec. -i-Dept Heads +Qff. /Prof. x27sf 2 D Computer hard vare 0.02 x(A+B+C) totals f E Councfl chamber & receptton Chamber sf = (No. govemment officials x 30 sf) •¥ (No.pubhc participators x 12 sf) Reception sf = No. of persons x 12 sf) F Office services Total net sf A dirough E x 0.06

G Buflding services Toted net sf A duough E X 0.035

H Enq>toyee services Cafetaria sf = Buildir^ occTq>ants/2 x 22 sf Odier emptoyee services = A dirough E x 0.015

TOTAL NET = Sum of A dmiugh H TOTAL GROSS = Total net (A dirough H) x 1.5 123

METHOD 2 : SPACE ALLOCATION BREAKDOWN

A portKjn of dns calculation for net and gross building area is based on Tables 4A and 4B.

PRIMARY SPACES: 1 cmr COUNCIL 3325 sf No occupants: 22 Private offices, 10 x 150 sf Shared offices, 5 x 275 sf Conferences, 450 sf

2 EXECUTIVE / ADMINISTRATTVE GROUP 4725 No. occupants: 13 Private offices, 10 @ 300-375 sf General office, 3 persons x 125 sf Conference, 300 sf Receptton & vaiting, 600 sf Document storage, 150 sf

3 ROAD VEHICLE UCENSING 2715 No. occupants: 18 Private offices, 2 @ 150-225 sf General office, 16 persons x 65 sf Conqrater terminals, 200 sf Centcahzed records, 500 sf Receptton & vaiting, 600 sf

4 LEGAL 1975 No. ocnqtants: 5 Private offices, 3 @ 225 sf General office, 2 persons x 150 sf Lavhbraiy,700sf Won! processing room & storage, 300 sf

5 HEALTH 2980 No. occrqwarts: 27 Private offices, 5 @ 150-225 sf General office, 22 persons X 65 sf Storage, 150 sf Reception & vaiting, 500 sf

6 BEAUTIFICATION I795 No. occupants: 18 Private offices, 3 @ 150-225 sf General office, 13 persons x 65 sf Drafting, 2 X 100 sf Priming & storage, 150 sf 124

7 ENGINEERING 6985 sf No. of occupants: 65 Executive offices, 2 x 225 sf Private offices, 16 @ 100-150 sf General office, 43 persons x 65 sf Drafting, 4 persons x 85 sf Conference room, 2 @ 150 sf & 225 sf Reception & vaiting, 725 sf Printing & storage, 300 sf

8 PERSONNEL 1820 No. of occupants: 12 Private offices, 4 @ 150-225 sf General office, 8 {arsons x 65 sf Receptton, 2CK) sf Inteiviev / testiong rooms, 2 x 100 sf Ffles storage, 150 sf

9 BUMIPUTT5A PARTICIPATION UNIT 570 No. of occupants: 4 Private offices, 1 x 225 sf General office ,3 persons x 65 sf Ffles storage, 150 sf

10 PUBLIC RELATIONS 1490 No. of (Hxupants: 8 Private offices, 2 @ 150-225 sf General office, 6 persons x 65 sf Reception, 200 sf Presentation rrarai, 375 sf Document Storage, 150 sf

11 GENERAL OFFICE 3460 No. of occupants: 27 Private offices, 3 @ 150-225 sf General office, 16 persons x 65 sf Main reception, 450 sf Reproduction center, 125 sf Central records, 300 sf Communications, 345 si Office sigjply storage, 450 sf Mafl room, 150 sf

12 VALUATTON 2090 No. of occupants: 10 Private offices, 4 @ 150-225 sf General office, 6 persons x 65 sf TaxhTirary,700sf Reception, 150 sf Storage, 100 sf 125

13 TREASURY 1775 sf No. of occupants: 10 Private offices ,5 @ 125-225 sf General office, 5 penons X 65 sf Computer room, 225 sf Vault, 250 sf Docmnent & files storage, 150 sf

14 PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT UNIT 2330 No. of occupants: 16 Executive offices, 2 x 225 sf Private offices, 5 @ 125-150 sf General office, 7 persons x 65 sf Drafting, 2 persons x 100 sf Printing & Storage, 150 sf Reception, 150 sf Conference, 225 sf

15 ENFORCEMENT 2120 No. of occupants: 17 Private offices, 4 @ 150-225 sf General office, 13 persons x 65 sf Conference, 225 sf Reception, 150 sf Storage, 150 sf

16 PUBLIC FACILmES 825 No. of occupants: 3 Private office,! X 225 sf General office, 2 persons x 125 sf Reception, 150 sf

TOTAL PRIMARY OFFICE AREA. 40,780 sf

SECONDARY SPACES:

1 COUNCIL CHAMBERS RECEPTTON 3570 (See Table 4C for fbmuflas) Cotmcfl chamber, 2130 sf Receptton, 1440 sf

2 SATELLITE EMPLOYEE LOUNGES 1500 5 satellite lounges for 14 departments (exchiding ExecutivB / Administcative Group) 5 X (15 emptoyees x 20 sf) 126

3 CAFETARIA &KrrCHEN 4665 sf CafeteGria: (See Table 4C) Seating area, 150 persons x 18 sf Serving area, 150 persons x 7 sf Kitchen: Food preparation, 225 sf Dry Storage, 125 sf Rcft^erated storage, 125 sf Dishvashing area, 115 sf Disposal area, 50 sf Receiving, 150 sf Lockers, 125 sf

4 BUILDING SERVICES 1650 Control center, 150 sf Dehveiy/ receivingarea , 300 sf General storage, 1200 sf

TOTAL SECONDARY FLOOR AREA. 11,385 sf

TOTAL NET AREA. 52,165 sf (Primary spaces + Secondary spaces = Netsf)

TERTIARY SPACES:

1 MECHANICAL AREA 7825 (Net bufldir^ area x 0.15)

2 CIRCULATION 11998 (Net buflding area x 0.23)

3 TOILETS & UTTLITIES 3130 (Net bufldir^ area x 0.06)

4 WALLS 3130

TOTAL TERTTARY FLOOR AREA. 26,083 sf

TOTAL GROSS AREA. 78,248 sf (Netsf + Tertiary spaces = Gmss sf) 127

PARKING AREA Formulas No. of vehicle spaces = Buflding population X 0.90 Paridi^area = No. of vehicles x 325 sf

1 EMPLOYEES'PARKING ^^^^ 278 emptoyees X 0.90 = 251 251 parking spaces X 325 sf= 81575 sf

2 VISnORS'PARKING ^^° Assigned paridng spaces, 30 @ 325 sf

TOTAL NO. PARKING SPACES 281 spaces

TOTAL PARKING AREA. 91,325sf

4.1 APPORTIONMENTOF GROSS AREA

4 95 Toflets& utihties

4%Wans

10% Mechanical

15 96 Circulation

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND QUALITY OF SPACES

People do activities. Activities occur in spaces. The relationships betveen departments and of emptoyees to one anotiier are discussed in chapter 3.0 - ACTIVITY ANALYSIS.

(i) Intenlepartmental rehttonships (see ACIIVITY ANALYSIS - Oiganizattonal Chart and Summary of Fimcttons & Activibes).

(iO Relattonship betveen enqjtoyees vidiin each deparunent (see ACIIVITY ANALYSIS - DepartDiental Breakdovi^

m Spatial quahties of an office environment (see SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRllEklA - Psycho-phystotogical FsBCtors). 128

FUTURE GROWTH NEEDS

The future grovdi needs of die Kota Kinabahi municipal government is based on a 10 year period. The anticipated increase in personnel per department and its square footages are indicated in Table 4D.

TABLE 4D ANTICIPATED FUTURE GROWTH NEEDS (1987-1997)

1987 1997 I>epartnKnt No. occupants - Sq.Ft No. occupants - Sq.Ft

CityCouncfl 22 3325 27 3820 Executive / Administtative 13 4725 18 5215 Road Vehicle Licensing 18 2715 25 3270 Legal 5 1975 10 2360 Healdi 27 2980 35 3620 BeautifKation 18 1795 23 2220 Engineering 66 6985 75 2245 Personnel 12 1820 17 2245 Bumiputta Participation Unit 5 570 10 995 Pubhc Relations 8 1490 14 1990 General Office 27 3460 34 4125 Valuation 10 2090 14 2410 Treasury 10 1775 15 2200 Property Devetopment Unit 16 2330 22 2880 Enforcement 17 2120 25 2760 PrLbhc Facflities 4 625 12 1225

TOTAL: 278 40,780 sf 376 49,295 sf

Estimated Netsf 52,165 63,057 Estimated Gross sf 78,2^ 94,586 129

OFFICE PLANNING CONCEPTS

TTte offtoe ptannmg concept has a significant impart on die overafl design of die buildii^. The tvo nwm concepts considered are : (1) The Conventional Plan in vhich most of tiK building perinteter is ttken up by fuhy enctosed private offices, (2) The Open Plan assigns ah or most occupants to spaces enctosed by tov screens or modular fumitme. There are several pros and cons for each of die tvo main concepts diat need to be considered carefuny. A ti^coiicept, vhich is a coroproniise of die tvo is die Executive Core Concept

CONVENTIONAL PLAN: The Conventional Plan has been die customary vay of arranging office space for many years. For an organization diat has a high ratio of managers to clerical and technicai personnel, apphcatton of diis conceptmay result in die use of almost the entire perimeter for enctosed offices.

The advantages of die Conventional Plan are:

(1) Visual and amal privacy can be provided for die offices of executives and managers.

(2) The plan is veh suited for an organcalton that vishes clear distinctions betveen ranks of its staff and diat considers a private office a measure of promotton. (3) The need for conference space is minimized.

The disadvanteges are:

(1) Paitittons must be demolished or demotrnted i^ien space changes are required.

(2) Nattnal hght and a viev of die exterior is denied to diose voiking in die interior.

(3) The energy savings made possible by directing natural li^ht to die interior are minimaL

OPEN PLAN: The Open Plan has gained much popularity in recem years. Theapphcation of office landscaping vhich originated in Europe and vas introduced in tiie USA in tiie 1960's, is videly practiced in tiie office environment

The advantages of die Open Plan are :

(1) Most enqjtoyeeseipoy naturally and a viev of die exterior.

(2) The plan is highly flcxi"ble. Space can be reananged or offices moved vidi relative ease.

P) By using modular vorit stations, variations in da user's needs can easfly be accomphshed.

(4) The plan is compatible vrtii energy conseiving design. 130

The disadvantages are:

(1) There is a lack of aural and visual privacy.

(2) The plan is not feasible in buddings vidi nanov vings or many obstructions.

(3) Orientation for visitors may be more difficuh dian in die Conventional Plan.

(4) More conference space may be necessary dan for die Conventional Plan.

EXECUTTVE CORE CONCEPT: An office planning concept tiiat compromises bet«reen da tvo basic concepts has resiflted in the devetopment of the "Executive Core" concept In this Concept, it places fufly enctosed offices (vidi glazed van sections) in die core area, tiius keeping die perimeter open for others. It has proved veiy satisfactoiy in most nev bufldings vith a relativelylarg e group of empto3?ees from the tover hierarchy of organization structure.

This Concept sXdms from die idea diat emptoyees performing routine tasks vhich. keep diem at dieir desks ahnost the entire vork day require the psychological advantages of vindov space. Supervisors and executive officers are frequentiy caUed upon to leave dieir offices for meetings, trips, etc., and intertor offices, if properiy designed and decorated, are completBly acceptable for diem Furdiermore, die occupants of private offices generahy receive a h^her number of visitors vhich perhaps justify die need of beir^ assigned to private offices. Thus, private offices in die core facflitates tiiehandhn g of visitors and keeps them from the general vork areas.

SPACE SUMMARY: REFERENCES

1 De Chiara, Joseph, ed. T^me Saver Standanis for Buflding Type. 2nd ed. Nev Yo* McGravHflL 19ffl). 2 Gould, Bryant P. Plannirg die Nev Corporate HeadqiMirters. Nev Yorii: John VRley & Sons. 1983. 3 Moguleschu, Maurice. Profit Throt^h Desigr* Fnr Effective Office Planning. Nev York: American Management Association. 1970.

4 Packanl, Robert T., ^. Architecunal Graphic Standards. 7di ed. Nev Yorii: John Wfley & Sons. 1981.

131

iBA98iBa SITE ANALYSIS 132 133

SITE ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION TO TTIE SITE

The proposed site is tocatedi n da center of die Commercial Business District (CBD). The totalsit e area of 259,963 sq ftis bounded by JatonTcguhondie nordi, JalanTunRazak on tiievest , and JalanLapanondie soudi. To die eastof die site is bounded by die Sabah State Library, Court House, and City Park. Presently, tiiere is an existing tvo-vay sueet (Jalan Tugu) diat passes dirough die site in die nordhsoudi direction hnking die K.K. Old Tovn to the Kamptmg Ayer commercial areas (See Figures 5.1 to 5.3).

The topt^raphy of die site is flat and is part of die extensive reclairoed area of dovntovrt Existing sueetscapes are vefl ahgned vidi nevty planted tees atong Jalan Tun Razak and Jalan Tugu. Groupings of uees are also planted in die Chfldren's Playground (adjacent to die Shefl statton) and in die City Paik. The existing open space next to die Bus Tenninal has htde interesting landscape and is primarfly covered vidi grass. Hovever, diere is an attempt to beautify die open area by die arrangements of circular concrete planters t^edier vitii uees for shading purposes.

ADJACENT LAND USE

Figure 5.4 iEusttates die sub-areas of dovntovn and the land use pattern estabhshed adjacent to die site. The designated zones are as foflovs:

Zone Sub-areas Notes

Commercial/Retafl &gama These areas are primarfly cum Residential KK Old Tovn dominated by traditional Sinsuran shophouses. Typical shophouses Kanipur^Ayer are 4 or 5 storey in height Commercial shops are tocated on die ground ftoor and resideroial apartments (or converted office spaces) in the upper levels.

Govemment / Pubhc General Post Office The Post Office is currendy BankNegara in die constructton phase and Court House is expected to be in use by City Pari! die end of 1986. Sabah State Library

The proposed site is designated as govemment/pubhc land use. A major portion of die site is used as pubhc openspace and is presendy occupied by die War Memorial and Bus Terminal The lesser portton of die site betongs to die municipal govemment and is occupied by die Tovn Board office buflding. 134

5 1 LOCATIONAL MAP CITY CENTER 135

5.2 SITE LOCATTON

1.00 136

5 3 SITE BOUNDARY 137

5.4 SUB-AREAS OF DOWNTOWN (See section on" Adjacent Land use ")

Wlsma Perkasa r /^ Kanau Sdn Bhd Development - ^ Proposal [\_L^_-. SCALE j, Hap Seng Develop- METRES II ment o too Joo 300 400 Menara Kinabalu

j_|| t—-Old Post Office

^-Tli/^fnlLSliJl V,L. J of CarPark/Comiiunity

I I Development under WISMA construction in YAKIM early 1985 m site Police Station

Fisheries Complex - Future office Block LIBRARY Central •Padang Market —

-V- Mosque Valley SAFMA ^^ Wisma Kos.m Fisheries Complex "^ J ,-Inlormation \ Office

^e^ERJAY/^

CINEMA

-III wJsMA 'I"'! / PEIRIDUMIJ I / k:J I I u i! 138

PARKING AND TPAFFTC CONDITIONS

The existing parkii^ and traffic conditions are previously analyzed in chapiter 2. (See -ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS - CBD Paridng and Traffic Condittons ")

(i) PARKING CAPACITY. TTie site's pariong caqpacity is zoned as area "E". (See Figures 2.8 and 2.9). The number of parking spaces vill have to be increased to accoimnodate future paridng needs. The anticipated number of required paridng spaces for the nev municipal haU is a minimum of 290 .

Existing Pubhc Paridng. Onstteet 61 spaces Off street 80

Existing Private Paridng. Off sueet 112

Totalspaces 253

(ii) TRAFFIC FLOW. The volume and pattern of traffic fiov at the site's vicinity are indicated in the foltoving illusuations :

See Figure 2.10- Existing external access tcaffic vohunes and distribution.

Figure 2.11- Existing pubhc transport routes and terminals.

Figure 2.12- Proposed central terminal access routes vidi existing netvork.

Figure 2.13- 1990 High and tov traffic forecast 139

EXISTTNQ ON-SITE STRUCTURES (See Figure 5.5)

This sectton hmHy describes the existing stractures and buildings located on die site Relocation may be necessary for some die structures.

Strocture/building Notes

Tovn Boani Office 5 Storey building. Built in 1969. Consists of present municipal govemmet offices and a 2 storey council chamber. Plan to relocate some departments due to the lack of space.

Subsidiary Tovn B oard Office Single storey building. Poor use of vertical space. Occupying prime land.

Paridng garage Primarily used by municipal govemment en^itoyees. Fully occupied during office hours.

Archvay Commonly seen tiiroughoutdi e city. Temporary structure. "Gatevay" to KK Old Tovn.

Shell statton Sir^le level service station. Relocation of tiiis service statton is recommended.

Bus ticketing office Temporary vooden shack. The bus terminal vill be rekKated as soon as the nev bus terminali s completed.

War Memorial Commemorate soldiers of the 2nd World War. Ceremonial space.

Street hghts Located on die center island atong Jalan Tugu.

Concrete planters Located in die open area adjacent to die War Memorial and die bus termirtaLUtilize d by bus passengers for seating vhile vaiting. 140

5 5 EXISTING BUILDINGS

c 17

^ >-

.

LEGEND

1 Tovn Boani Office 13 Children's playground 2 Subsidiary Tovn Boani Office \4 Bus ticketingoffic e 3 Sabah State Library 15 War Memorial 4 Court House 16 Bus parking 5 Parking garage 17 Openspace 6 Surface parking 18 Kampung Ayer commercial area. 7 HeaWi clinic 19 Sinsuran shophouses 8 City Park 20 BankNegara 9 Malaysian Monument 21 General Post Office 10 SheU statton 22 Skyvay bridge 11 Archvay 23 Segama shophouses 12 Taxi paridng 24 Cadiay cinema 25 KK Old Tovn 141

EXISTING BUILDING HEIGHTS

The CBD is tocatedaton g major fhght routes and diere is an existing height restriction on buildings. The common fhght pattern for air traffic is atong die nordi-soudi direction. The International Airport Terminal is tocated soudi of die city (see Figure 2.4 Kota Kinabali:^. Buildings in die dovntovn usually do not exceed 150 ft in height

5.6 CBD BUILDING HEIGHTS 142

SITE IMAGERY

The "visual images" of die site and its surrounding environment are presented in a series of skeches Figure 5 7 indicates die angles at vhich the vievs are taken from.

1 Panoramic viev tooking north on to die site. 2 Panoramr vie v as seen from die General Post Office. 3 Malaysian Monument (to commemorate its independence in 1963). 4 Court House. 5 Sabah State Library. 6 Tovn Board office. 7 War Memorial (to commemorate soldiers killed in WorM War 2) 8 Skyvay bridge to Cenual Market

Z

'— - mZ.' :> c

\^ ^TF^^TRC^

Figure 5.7 143

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^^nk A^g^4,j

Mi/-^/^^^/j/ fl/fh CoQri

Skt+ch 1 ^ '^"I'lfi ^-6 Of>in ^/^

^i»h Hbufu ^•iyfa^ic r.. • ' • J-. •...

^^vi hi>ii4£ i^/^/TJ/ hill

t^iUuhn f^iftuMtni (d^r Pk/rftriAl ^k. z jaf i/reio /^^ ^^ offct 144

Wt^i

^%

^Kthh 5 H fll^UpUrt ^o/fummi

'^ HI61H Co^fir I o^^tct. "^f^tich -i- 145

^Kthh S j^ ^hh Lk^Anj .

^/r£h/f b -^ tMtifip To ton ^fi^'^ offfct 146

^Kifch 7 V—

4^ :^/^^dy ^^/^^^ 147

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT PATTERN

Pedestrians are unhke motorists in their movement pattern. Pedestrians are more maneuverable but less mobile than motorists in their vehicles. Walking is the most common mode of transportation in dovntovn, especially for short distance travel Due to die increasing number of automobiles and the lack of traffic planning, pedestrians in dovntovn are constantiy facing problems such as discomfort, poor or no accessibihty and accident dangers.

Figure 5.8 indicates die common pedestrian movement partem on site. Peak hours for pedestrian flov are during lla.m to 1 p.m and 4 p.m to 6 p.m. Widitiie fumre relocation of die bus terminal, the number of pedestrians ara expected to decrease. The present location of die proposed site in the center of dovntovn makes it ideal as a transitional zone for pedestrian movement betveen vartous points. The site primarily serves as die 'Tink" for K.K. Old Tovn to Kampung Ayer (nordi- soudi), and betveen die General Post Office / Bank Negara to Court House / State Library (east-ves^. Considerations to improve pedestrian facilitsBs and its conifort by designating die site as a pedestrian precinct are recommended. Figure 5.9 indicates the pedestrian-vehicular land use in the CBD. Majority of die land is dominated by traffic u^. Pedestrian areas are largely neglected and lack proper hnkages. 148

5 8 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT PATTERN

To /c./c. M TSufi

^i^Su/^ri

^i/ifu/^ri

^/^omon FMh/n ^z fiJesM^^ /flo^mfii 149

5.9 PEDESTRIAN-VEHICULAR LAND USE

Key

^ 150

SITE ANALYSIS: REFERENCES

1 Lynch, Kevm and Gary Hack. Site Planning. 3rd ed Cambridge: MIT Press. 1984.

2 Manh. Wlham M Environmental Analysis: For Land Use and Site Planning. Nev YoriL: McGravHill, 1978.

3 Simonds, John 0. Landscape Architecture. 2nd ed. Nev York: McGrav Hill, 1983. 151

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 152 153

SYSTEM PERF0RMAN€:E CRITERIA

The system performance criteria is to provide thephysical andperformance charactcnaticsthatoffcraayatematicsolutionformeetingthcneedsof human activities. The aitenaisintendedforgui

GENERAL BUILDING SYSTEMS

Thebuildiflg systems identified in this category are: A. Structural D. Plumbing B. Mechanicai E. Service C. Electrical F. Mechanical transpoitaiion

STRUCTURAL: ThestnicturalsystemsutilizedarefequiredtomeetthestandardsQfthe local buildiflg code of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The systems should be carefully seiectedforthefollowinglisted physical characteristics: BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM. 1. Allowforversatilityofspaceini^ipropriateareas,suchasmeetiflghalls. 2. Provide fori^iproximately 40 ft dear span in open areas. 3. Allowtofadlitatetheflexibilityandconvertibilityofthebuiidingtofuture arrangements and expansions. 4. Doesnothampertheflexibilityoradaptabilityofplumbing,HVAC, orelectrical systems. 5. Allow for the use of operable partitions to enlarge or divide spaces. 6. Allow for the free movement of live loads such as people and furniture. 7. Bestnicturallysoundandcosteffective. 8. Fire proofing rates apply where required. EXTERIORENCLOSURE. 1. Doesnotinterferewithoperableormoveableinteriorpartitiofls. 2. Utilizematcrialsthatarcdurflblcattdcattwithstandttecessarydcaiiiflg. 3. Haveeffectiveuseofnatufailighringdevicesthatcanreducetheamountof artifidallightiflgrcquired. 4. Preferablybeofmaintenanceffeemateriais. 5. Since the locatioflia in a hot-humid region, the utilizatiott of breezes, sunand shade devices be takeninto accountfor anoverail cost effective design. nsn^ERIORHLEMENTS. 1. Achieveopenessofpublicspacesinrespondtothesite,weather,locationand user group. 2. Attaindexibilityofiflteriorspacesbyuseofmoveflblepflititiofls. 3. Be able to withstand abuses and provide a long term life service. 154

4 I Ise of reflective sivf tees such as white ceilings to enhance the effectiveness of nicunl hghting and incretse timuil energy savings. 5 AcoustjctJfflitenals be employedto control sound absorpcioflwhennecessafy.

MECHANICAI.: The system is primarily utilized for cooling purposes. It is divided into (i) Active coolii^. and (ii) Passive coohng. The desired physical perfonnince characteristics ire ashsied:

ACTIVE COOLING - AIR CONDITIONING.

1. Provideanenergyeffideotsystemwithappropriiteairchangesordrculationin designated spices. 2. Reduce noise levelsinductsnearpublic and office spaces. 3. Noise levels and equipmeflt vibniions be keptto the mimmum and should not disruptictivitiesijiadjacent areas. 4. Does flotinterferewit h othersystems like structural and plumbing. 5. AttainacofflfoctabletempentureandhumidityrBnge. PASSIVE COOLING.

1. Employtheuseofsuitableciimaticfeaturesandshadingdevicesforeffective cooling. 2. Providesuffidentfreahiirmovementforthermaicomfoctandvefltilaiion purposes.

ELECTRICAL: The electrical system should meet the requirements of the Sabah Bectrictl Board(SEB)andtheNationalRlectricalCode(NEC). The site is supplied with city's dectrical power. The dectrical right-of-way is to be adjusted and ta|>ped accordingly.

POWER.

1. Electrical wires oriinesbepfopeHycoox:ealed and have low maintenance upkeep. 2. Safe and proper power outlets shall be supplied where necessary. UGHTING. 1. BeeconofflicalandhavetowmaintenAnce. 2. Provide good visual illumination levels for activities and spaces. 3. Lightswitchesbeeasilyaccessible. 4. Goieral lighting layout should comply with the structural system. 5. A supplimenttfy system is to be installed in case of an emetgency. Thissystem can bebatteryorgenerator operated. 155

SAFETY.

1. Pireprotectionsystemsshallberequireddependentonspacetypeandprotection

2. EasyacxesstofirealarmboxesfltaUtimesforemployeesandotheruserimup^ 3. FireentsmustbeeasilyidentiftabletoaUusergroupsbyuseofHghtedexit

4. Highvoltagedevicesbelimitedtotheaccessofauthorizedpersoflndonly.

PLUMBING: The plumbing system's desired physical characteristics are as Usted bdow.

SUPPLY AND DISPOSAL.

1. All plumbing lines should be accessible for maintenance and be sized accordingly. 2. Aiisupplycutoffsshouldbelocfltedinapproprifltelocflrions. 3. Water supply should be safe for consumption purposes. 4. All dean-outsmustbeeasilyaccessible. 5. An effident supply and disposal systems are to be utilized. 6. Aneffectivesprmklersystembeinstalledtomiflimizethedaflgersoffire.

SERVICE: The shipping and recdving service system should be planned to maximize effldency. Thedesired handling capabilities of thesystem are:

1. Supplies and merchandise entering orleavingthe complex should be handled as effidentiyaspossible. 2. An effective distributionnetworkbe established withinthe complexto handle theoperationprocedures. 3. Servicefacilitybecentrallylocfltedinthecomplex.

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION: The use of mechanical transportation systems withinthe complex should meet the performance standards setby respective regulatory agendes. Thegeneralaccomplishmentlevelsof thesesystemsareaslisted:

1. Everyconsiderationshallbemadetoconformtotheaccessibilityneedsforthe handicapped. 2. Elevatorsand/orescalatorsutilizedmustpossessdurablequalitiesandbeeasyto maifltidiiandrepmr. 3. Aminimumtravdspeedof350FPMbeprovidedfortbedevator(s). 4. Safe. 156

PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

The office environment plays a large role in die human behavior of die office staff. The physical factors of building systems such as hghting and acoustics, noise ehminatton or reducuon, die effective use of cotor, and floor coverings in die office make up an important partof die office vorld. Each of tiiese factors has psychological inqihcattons in diat it affects behavior, attitudes, and morale of die vorker, and hence his performance. The office environment vin be examined fiom a combined psycho-phystotogical vievpoint as iUustnated in Figure 6.1.

HEARING ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT ENYIROHMEHT

6.1 INTERACTTON OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTDRS. 157

A. THE OFFICE SURFACE ENVIRONMENT.

In a ^ical office die surface environment comprises die vails, ceihngs, and floors as veil as otiier building features hke vindovs and pillars. Otiier objects vhose suifaces affect die environment are furniture and equipment items. The use of cotor infhiences tiia foltoving conditions in die office:

PRESTIGE. The prestige of an organizatton is indicated by die impresston outsiders receive fiom die appearance of its office. Attractive, cheerful, and efficient appearing offices tend to inspire a feehr^ of confidence and trus^ an uninviting or poorly painted office can induce negative feehngs.

HEALTH. The cotor of vaHs, equipment, and forms determined by insufficient hght and improper reflective factor often causes eyestrairt Eyestrain can then causes headaches, feehngs of tiredness, and otiier unheaWiy effects tiiat reduce vork vohime and increase vork errors.

MORALE. Cotor has a psychotogical effect on emptoyee morale and attitudes of vorkers tovard their colleagues and die organizatton. Cotor influences tiie emotions, moods, and dispositions, and tiierefore tiie tiioughtprocesse s of vorker5.(ij For example, "varm" cotors can create tiie effect of varmtii and cheer, and "cool" cotors can effect and create an atinosphere of quiet, calmness, and restfuhiess.

EFFICENCY. Cotor affect bodi die healdi and morale of vorkers, but also has a strong impact on their personal efficiency, as numerous studies have disclosed. As reported in a sttidy, proper use of cotors has resulted in an increase in productivity and a reduction in absenteeism

As a matter of general principle, office surfaces should be hght enough to reflect bright radier dian to absorb it, but not bright enough to produce annoying glare. Table 6A indicates die reflection factors for a vide range of cotors.

TABLE 6A: REFLECTION FACTORS OF COLORS

RELECTTON REFLECTION COLOR FACTOR im COLOR FACTOR im

White 82 Golden Yeltov 51 Gray-vhite 76 Medium Gray 46 Light Cream 74 Dark Orange 37 Very Light Green 70 Copper Yeltov 27 Lemon YeDov 67 Medium Red 21 Medium Pink 60 Cadet Blue 15 Very Light Blue 60 Dark Red 12 Light Gray 56 Dark Green 10 158

B THE SEEING ENVIRONMENT

Office vorkers must see to vork. The use of natural hght (from dayhght) and artificial hghni^ sources must be considered in terms of sufficient quantity and quahty. Inadequate and improper hghting cuntUbutes to eyestrain and odKr physical disorders like muscular tensnn, eye fatigue arvl increased blinking rate. Lighung control may be divided into nauiral hghung and artificial hghting.

NATURAL LIGHTING. Natural hght can be put to use in rnany vays in die office but it must be controlled Direct simhght vould produce glare, discomfort, and eyestrain; anlonctoudydays, no sunhghtvould be available. Proper use of casements diat diffuse die hght, deflect glare, and protect die viev is reconunended.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING. Artificial hghting system may be classified as die foltoving:

(1) INDIRECT LIGHTING. Indirect hghting produces a quahty of hghting highly desirable for visual tasks in drafting rooms, general offices, and private offices. Wrdidiis system 90 to 100 percentof die hght ffom die luminaires is first directed to the ceihng and tq^per side vaDs, from vhich it is diffusely reflected to all parts of die room In effect tiie entire ceihng becomes the hght source. Care must be teJsen to keep die brightness tov enough to prevent its being a source of glare.

(2) SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTTNG. Semi-indirect hghting is defined to any system to vhich 60 to 90 percent of the lumiiiaiie otttput is emitted upvard tovard the ceihng and upper side vahs, vhile die rest is directed dovnvard. Considerattons for ceding finish and good maintenance characteristics are givcri In general, semi-indirect lighting units give a httie more hght for die same vattage tiian indirect units.

(3) GENERAL DIFFUSE UGHTTNG. This classification refers to systems-^rticre die predominant iUnminatton on horizontal vorking surfaces (40 to 60 percent comes directiy from hghting units, but vhcre there is also a considerable contrrbution from tqivard hght reflected back from the ceihng and upper vall areas. This hghting system give more ilhmmialton for a specified vattage tiian do indirect or semi-indirect systems, shadovs are more noticeable and some difficulty may be experienced vitii bodi direct and reflected glare.

(4) SEMI-DIRECT UGHTTNG. In tins classification 60 to 90 percent of die ouQiut of die hnninaire is directed dovnvard to die vorking surface. Some contribution to die iflumination at die vorking surface from hght is directed Tq)vard and refiactedb y the ceihng and rqjper vall areas.

(5) DIRECT LIGHTING. Units in tiiis Classificatton can be defined as diose dot direct pratically an (90 to 100 percent of tiK hght of die hmnnaires in angle betov die horizontel, le., directiy tovard die vorking areas. Such systems provide ffluminationo n die vortoig surfaces most efficientiy but may have certain disadvamages. For instance, disunbing shadovs may restdt The direct and reflected glare may be distressing unless die relative brightness are kept vraun recommended hmits. 160

C. THE HEARING ENVIRONMENT

In die modem city vtere most offices are located, noise may veil be die most comnKJu negauve feattire of tiie environment. Noise in an office is often unpleasant as it diminishes die vorker's efficierH:y. It interferes vidi communication and makes concenuation exceedingly difficuh. A basic fact invohred in noise control is dial hani surfaces reflect sounds vhile soft surfaces absorb sound vaves. The foltoving is a summary of effective noise control:

LAYOUT AND LOCATION. Noises exterior to the office can be ehminated or reduce in intensity by relocatingdi e office. Noisy departinents, such as diose having machines can be segregated into a remote, comer location, thus isolating die noise from tiie departottnts requiring a more quiet vorking environment

FLOOR COVERINGS. Uncovered concrete floors in die office are tob e avoided. The use of resihent coverings vidi considerable absorption quahties hke rabber,asphah , and cork tile are preferred. Carpeting also did in reducing office noise from footsteps, die movement of chairs and desks, and the dropping of objects.

WALL COVERINGS. To reduce noise level in an office, the use of absorptive materials in vafls, furniture, ceihngs, and floor are important factors. Fabrics in upholstered office furniture, as veh as in draperies, have noise reducing quahties and are used for vindov and vall treatments, and inner office partitions. To obtain tiiebes t sound absorptton, the use of draperies are to be spaced about 3 to 4 inches avay from the vindovs.

CEILING COVERINGS. Wall and ceiling surfaces in most offices are often finished in hard gypsum plaster apphed on concrete or holtov tile. The material commonly used as ceiling covering to reduce noise is acoustical tile.(2)

MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT. Grouping of tiie noisy machines in certain designated noise zone is recommended. The purchase of machines and equipment based on its noise producing level must be considered by tiie management

PERSONNEL. To reduce die noise created by emptoyees, efficient layout is recommended to decrease die amount of required valking. Placement of office vorkers required to do vork togetiier can reduce fr^uent moving about and telephone calls. Emptoyees are to converse in tov tones and to minimize informal personal interaction during vork period.

A recommended maximum levels of noise for efficient office vork are hsted betov. To permit noise levels beyond die maximum recommended levels vill resuh in physical and psychotogical problem in vorkers.

TABLE 6C : RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM NOISE LEVELS

1 Pri^/ate office 40-50 decibles 2 Generaloffice 60decibels 3 Accounting office 65decibel5 4 Data centers 80dedbels 161

D THE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT

A ma)onty of offices in Kota Kinabahi are air-condittoned. Several factors diat affect tfie atnwsphcre and spint of die office are as foDovs:

AIR CONDITIONING. Air, vhen condittoned, is scientifically Ueated so diat its temperanire, humidity, cleanhness, and circulatton are aD accurately and constantiy conuolled. It also has an impact on die mental activity and die cfficiercy of emptoyees. Bad, dry, and dust-ctouded air reduces human efficiency and hampers production. Such condittoro can resuh m tovered vittdity, headaches and "four o'ctock fatigue. •

TEMPERATURE. Most people feel comfortable vidiin a rctatively narrov range of temperanire Although diere is no temperature level that pleases everyone, the most comfortable and heahhful temperattne for vork is betov 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This is true, only vhen the humidity is properly maintained. People vill feel discomfort in temperatures betov 60 degrees and above 85 degrees.

AIR CIRCULATION. U air vere not circulated, each person vould tend to be encased in air tiiatvoul d approach skin temperature and die saturation point Air movement has a coohng effect as it accelerates die evaporatton of tite body moisture. The air motion in an office should be gende and not drafty. Air movement of 25 feet per minute is preferable. An air change of 10 cubic feet per person, per minute, makes an ideal vorking temperamre.

HUMIDITY Air-conditiorung equipment adds or removes moisttire from die air. If die relative humidity is high, it makes one feel colder on a cold day and hotter on a hot day. One is more comfortable in a room vidi a temperatureo f 65 to 70 degrees Fahrerdieit and a relative humidity berveen die range of 20% and 50%. (3)

ATMOSPHERIC CLEANLINESS. Not only must die air m die office be maintained at proper temperature,b e properly circulated, and contain a comfortable relative humidity, but also be kept clean, tiiatis , fr?e of dht, dust, odor, and odier unpleasant, uncomfortable, or harmful condittons. All of die environmental factors should be mainteined in a clean, neat manner in keeping vitii die desired office image and perference of emptoyees. A periodic program for cleaning die office environment must be maintained.

6.2 BIOCUMATTC CHART (4)

no

100

90

•0

70

GO

90

40

30 20 50 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% RELATIVE HUMlOtTY 162

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRTreRUi: ENDNOTES

1 John J. Neuner, et aL, Administrative Office Management. 6di edition, (Dallas: Soudi-WestemPubhddng, 1972), p. 146.

2 Robert T. Packard, ed., Architectural Graphic Standards. 7di edition, (Nev York: John Wi]ey& Sons, 1981), p.73.

3 V^lham J. McGuiness, et aL, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 6di edrtion, (Nev Yotk: John Wtey & Sons, 1980), p. 95.

4 Alfred M. Kemper, Architecunal Handbook. (Nev Yoris: John Wiley & Sons, 1979), p.6.

163

COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS 164 165

COST ESTIHATE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

The primary office spaces and secondary spaces vhich make up die total rtetsq. ft of the building are grouped into 20 major spaces in order to simphfy die procedure of toading m die necessary input data into die computer. Amore detail hsting of diese 20 major spaces is found in chapter 4, (Sec SPACE SUMMARY - Mcdiod 2: Sjwc ahocatton Breakdovn.) vhich diese calculations are based ort

Due to die inavaOabiht^ of cost datei from Kota Kinabahi, Malaysia, die assunqition tiiat a facihty of a shnilar scope dMt is to be buQt in dK U. S. has to be made. VahKS estimated and indicated here are in U.S. currency.

The estimated required project cost for die building and site voik is 13.5 milhon, excluding land acquisitioiL

COST ESTIMATE PRINTOUT

Source: Cost estimating computer program "BUDGET. B AS" by Pena, 1985.

SPACE SIZE AREA VOLUME

SPACE NO. 1 57.67 X 57.67 X 12 •z-'z'zo. ykiy 39909.95

SPACE HO. 2 68.74 X 68.74 X 12 4725.138 56702.25

SPACE NO. 52.1 X 52.1 X 12 2714.41 325 72.92

SPACE NO. 4 .44.44 X 44.44 X l: 1974.914 23693.96

SPACE NO. 5 54.59 X 54.59 X 12 2930.063 35760.32

SPACE NO. 6 42.37 X 42.37 X 12 1795.217 21542.6

SPACE NO. 7 o ?'o-_'. ol / 33S27.4

SPACE NO. 42.67 X 42.67 X 1: 1320.729 ^ i 0*T<.-' • • .-'

SPACE NO. 9 6343.052 xL O • O O A .•!. •—* • •— — A 4. *- 570.2543

SPACE NO. 10 38.61 X 33.61 X 12 1490.732 1 V:-::-;-: '

SPACE NO. 11 3460.. 969 41531. ':• ' ' * " 45.72 X 45.72 X 12 2090.318 25083.32

•->Mi.E NU. I:- 42.14 X 42.14 X 12 1775.78 21309.36 fK>':t NO. 14 43.28 X 48.23 X 12 2330.958 27971.5

!PACt NO. 15 ^^^ ^ 46.1 X 46.1 X 12 2125.21 25502.52

:£KACE NO. 16 25 X 25 X 12 625 7500

SP^i-E NO. 17 59.75 X 59.75 X 13 3570.063 64261.13

•iiPALE NO. 18 38.73 X 38.73 X 12 1500.013 18000.15

SPACE NO. 19 68.3 X 68.3 X 12 4664-891 55978.69

SPACE NO. 20 40.62 X 40.62 X 12 1649.984 19799. cil

NET ASSIGNMENTS 52176-14 647534 NO. OF SPACES 20

UNASSIGNED SPAC E

• CIRCULAT I ON*MECHAN I CAL»STRUCTURE»TO I LETS* JAN I TOR-«-UNASS I GNED STORAGE

EFFICENCY RATIO

1 SUPERB 50/50 2 GRAND 55/45 3 EXCELLENT 60/40 ® MODERATE 65/.35 5 AUSTERE 70/30 NE I ASS IGNED SF 52176.14

GROSS SF 80271

BUDGET

SEE A.I.A. STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTS SERVICES D0C.B551 FOR DETAIL CATAGORY LISTING

BUILDING TYPE

GROUP 1 MONUMENTAL AND PRECISE DETAILING GROUP 2 EXCEPTIONAL CHARACTER AND COMPLEXITY GROUP Q MODERATE COMPLEXITY GROUP 4 CONVENTIONAL CHARACTER GROUP 5 UTILITARIAN 167 BUILDING COST

DOLLARS QUALITY */SF GROUP

SUPERB 3027099 100 GRAND 6323035 EXCELENT 5217615 MODERATE 4414905 55 AUSTERE 4 3210840 40

FIXED EQUIPTMENT

ALL EQUIPTMENT INSTALLED BEFORE COMPLETION OF THE BUILDINn :~:l ICH f^- SERV.ICE EQUIP TMENT,FI XED SEATING,MEDICAL EQUIP7 MENT,SECURITY OR SOUND SYSTEMS

LOig -57. MtDIUM lO-H^ HIGH •20"^ SPECIALLY HIGH" •30°/.

SITE DEVELOPMENT

TOTAL SITE DEVELOPMENT 1050752

SITE ACQUISION

ZONING GROUPS MAX. LOT COVERAGE

1 riD-2, MF-1, MF-2, MH , P, 0, NS, GR 2 IF-1,IF-2, IF-3,2F.MD-1 3 LC,HC 4 1-1,1-2 75-/. 5 CB 1007.

REQUIRED LAND AREA FOR ANTICIPATED NO. OF STORIES 32103.4 MIN. FRONT SETBACK 15 MIN. SIDE SETBACK c._r» 1^1 N. LAND AREA BASED ON F.A.R. 2006 7.75 I^EQUIRED PARKING SPACES 160.542 166

SI IE ACOUSI riON _ '"* MOVEABLE EQUIPTMENT f-UPNITURE AND OTHER EQUIPTMENT NOT ATTACHED TO THE BUILDING

LOW 5% MED IUM 10y.-tl5'/.| HIGH 20'/.

PROFESSIONAL FEES

BUILDING TYPE GROUP

GROUP 1 [9^127. L'ROUP 2 7*.:-io:''. GROUP 3 67.-3'/. GROUP 4 5'/.-7"/. GROUP 5 37.-6.'/.

COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS

A.BUILDING COST 30271 3027099 B.FIXED EOUIPTMENT •/.OF A 1204065 C.SITE DEVELOPMENT LUMP SUM 1050752 D.TOTAL r uNS TRUCTION (A+B+C) 1 . •.>2:fl''2E+u 7

E.SITE ACUUSITION LUMP SUM 0 F.MOVEABLE EQUIPTMENT •/.OFA 1204065 G.PPOFEzSIONAL FEES '/.OFD 925372.5 H.CONTINGENCIES '/.OFD 1028192 J.ADMINIETRATIVE COST '/.OFD 102819.2 K. TOTAL BUDGET REQUIRED (D?/.E THRU J) 1. J;5415 7E+<.>7 DOCUMENTATION THESIS RUMMER. '^ • 171

DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

Kina^u^'^^nn^^r'^'' "^^ ^"^ "^^'^8" P^P^^^^l for the Municipal Hall of Kota

1. Appropriate responce to the urban environment 2. Relationships of buildings to open spaces 3. Visual axes, approach, and ceremonial way 4. Site imagery and landuse 5. Traffic circulation and parking 6. Pedestrian access, circulation, and linkages 7. Building forms, organization, scale, and imagery 8. Interaction between govemment and public 9. Private office space versus public space 10. Removal or relocation of existing structures and buildings

CHANGE IN SFFE BOUNDARY

The proposed site is located in the heart of downtown. The newly proposed site area will now include the entire area bounded by Jalan Razak on the east, Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman on the west, Jalan Lapan on the south, and Jalan Tujuh to the north (See Figure 5.3 for previous site boundary).

DESIGN PROCESS

The earliest design idea was an attempt to relate the site to the market place at the waterfront and the Signal Hill by means of a visual axis. In order to accomplish this "link", it would be necessary to redesign the existing market place. However, the redesigning of the market place was avoided entirely due to insufficient information available at hand. The idea was one of significant value in setting the initial awareness of the need to integrate the natural and man-built environment in order to create a positive sense of urban place. The use of a mass model in the preliminary design stage was helpful in understanding the relationships of the existing urban fabric. The configuration of the existing buildings on site had a sign&icant influence in determining the location of the proposed Municipal Hall. The character of the place was carefully evaluated and studied. Li brief, the focus of the overall design scheme was done as a gradual progression fi-om an urban scale planning to one of an architectural design. 172

RVALOnSIGN PROPOSAL Tlic overall design scheme is illustrated in Figure 8.1. Please refer to chapter 5, Figure 5.5 for comparison of existing site conditions to the proposed design scheme. The final design proposes that the site be designated as a pedestrian precinct Included in this design program is a set of color slides tliat illustrates the final design solution.

The architectural design of the municipal Hall is an effort to integrate a new public building into an existing fabric. Throughout the design process, a tremendous emphasis was placed on the use of imagery. Tlicrc was a conscious effort to create a building with botii monumental and pedestrian scales. Tlic play of different building forms by composing tlicm in a linear arrangement was an attempt to reveal their contrasting characteristics. These particular forms used in the final design take on a similar resemblance to those forms present in the adjacent buildings on the same site.

Addressing the visual axis set by Jalan Lapan Belas (street), a monumental facade - part building wall and part sunscreen - that faced west towards the market place and waterfront was designed. The west elevation was symmetrically designed with a formal entrance-like opening that ceremoniously receive the visual axis. Enframed within the opening was a smaller scaled pitch-roof structure on stilts that connected the two building halves at the center. This form had its reference from tlie traditional house common in Malaysia. This was clearly an attempt to "Malaysianize" and to give the building a sense of local identity. To further reinforcethi s local image and to emphasize the axis leading to this particular structure, rows of palm trees, native to the country, were planted in the open plaza.

Throughout tlie ground level of the Municipal Hall was several continuous covered arcades for protection from the rain and hot equatorial sun. These protected walkways encourage pedestrian activities all around the building.

At the northern end of the building, a smooth curvilinear form tliat suggests rhythmic motion gradually lead the pedestrians to an intimate-scaled inner courtyard surrounded by adjacent buildings. This public courtyard is intended for informal gatherings of lesser number as compared to the more formal plaza space west of the building.

At the cast elevation facing the inner courtyard, it is purposefully projected a cylindricnl form of monumental scale as an expression of importance to echoe the vital functions of the council chamber. 173 8.1 PROPOSED DESIGN SCHEME

LLCEND 1 Proposed Municipal Hall 2 Existing Town Board Office 3 Existing Courthouse 4 Existing Slate Library 5 Pro|X)scd Multi-level Parking Structure 6 On-grade Parking 7 Inner Court-yard

DESIGN SKETrHF..S

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