DOCSLIB.ORG

Covert Action: a Useful Tool for United States Foreign Policy?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Covert Action: a Useful Tool for United States Foreign Policy? Covert Action: A Useful Tool for United States Foreign Policy? Derek Andrew Uram M.Ed., University of Toronto, 2002 B.Ed.,University of Toronto, 2000 B.U.R.Pl., Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, 1989 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in the School of Public Administration 0 Derek Andrew Uram, 2005 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or by other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly ABSTRACT Covert action is a policy tool used by the United States government. It is secretive and highly controversial in that it attempts to actively change the course of events in other nations. Much covert action undertaken by the US government has taken place within the developing world - governments have been overthrown, elections influenced, media distorted, and the lives of millions of individuals affected by covert activities secretly organized and executed by US officials in Washington, DC and Langley, Virginia - headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency. The question must be asked: Is covert action a useful tool for US foreign policy? Evidence from two important case studies - Iran and Chile - reveals that covert action has very limited genuine value as a policy tool. It does not always produce desired results. Even "successful" covert undertakings can create additional problems, the type of which may not appear until many years after the fact. Supervisor: Dr. E. Brunet-Jailly (School of Public Administration) Table of Contents Title Page .. Abstract 11 . Table of Contents 111 List of Tables iv List of Figures v Acknowledgements vi vii Dedication .. Quotations Vlll Introduction 1 Chapter I What is Covert Action? Chapter I1 Cases of Covert Action and its Use in the Developing World Chapter I11 The Usellness of Covert Action Chapter IV Case Study No. 1: Iran Chapter V Case Study No. 2: Chile Chapter VI Comparative Analysis of Covert Action Chapter VII Conclusions and Recommendations Glossary 222 Bibliography 228 List of Tables Title Paee Table 4-1 Evaluation Matrix - Iran Table 4-2 Four Measures of Inequality of Consumption Expenditure in Urban Areas in Iran, selected years 1959-1974 127 Table 4-3 Decile Distribution of Household Expenditure, Urban Areas in Iran (percent) 127 Table 5-1 Evaluation Matrix - Chile Table 6-1 Comparative Analysis of Case Studies, Iran and Chile List of Figures Title Page Figure 3-1 Evaluation Matrix - Model Figure 4-1 US Economic Assistance to Iran (Loans and Grants), 1946-1 979 Figure 4-2 US Military Assistance to Iran (Loans and Grants), 1946- 1979 Acknowledgements I wish to thank a number of different parties for the support they provided me in researching and writing this thesis. They are as follows. Firstly my thesis supervisor, Dr. Ernmanuel Brunet-Jailly, is the one scholar who provided me with advice on a regular basis. Without his encouragement, patience, and interest in foreign affairs, this project may have never materialized as a study with an international focus, and I may have been relegated towards having to undertake a more conventional, less controversial, and definitely less interesting (in my opinion) management report, the type of which is usually required of most MPA candidates. This thesis has also allowed me to contribute towards scholarly knowledge, a goal that I feel is worth pursuing and yet is still sadly lacking within public administration, especially with regards to this particular subject matter. I certainly wish to thank the other members of my committee fiom the University of Victoria. They include Dr. Reg Whitaker from the Department of Political Science, and Dr. Gordon Smith and Dr. Peter Heap from the Centre for Global Studies. Their interest and expertise in this topic, as well as the input and advice which they provided, has aided me in producing the best quality of work of which I am capable. Also, I owe a great deal of thanks to my External Examiner, Dr. Stuart Farson from Simon Fraser University, for going out of his way to analyze and critique my work. His expertise in this particular subject matter is quite rare, and very much appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. Gregory Rowe from the Department of Greek and Roman Studies here at the University of Victoria, who took the time to act as Chair during my thesis defense. In addition, I wish to thank those respondents - all of whom were originally from either the United States, Chile, or Iran - that took the time to participate in this study. They shall remain anonymous in order to preserve confidentiality and to conform to the strict standards of ethical conduct in academic research here at the University of Victoria. Thank you everyone. Others need to be thanked for non-academic reasons. Those colleagues of mine who spent countless hours with me in the third floor computer lab certainly deserve some recognition (you know who you are). We all kept each other sane, awake, and productive when we needed it the most. Lastly, but certainly not least, I wish to thank my fiiends and colleagues at the Victoria Judo Club. It was here that I was thrown (literally), choked (literally), and taught how to do likewise. It was also here that I was constantly reminded that there is more to life than sitting in front of a computer, and that I am a human being rather than a bureaucrat, as we all are. vii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the people of Chile and Iran. It has been the one song of those who thirst a@er absolute power that the interest of the state requires that its aflairs should be conducted in secret.. ..But the more such arguments disguise themselves under the mask ofpublic welfare, the more oppressive is the slavery to which they will lead.. ..Better that right counsels be known to enemies than that the evil secrets of tyrants should be concealed from the citizens. They who can treat secretly of the afairs of a nation have it absolutely under their authority; and as they plot against the enemy in time of war, so do they against the citizens in time ofpeace. - Spinoza, Tractatus Politicus, 1677 And many writers have imaginedfor themselves republics and principalities that have never been seen nor known to exist in reality; for there is such a gap between how one lives and how one ought to live that anyone who abandons what is done for what ought to be done learns his ruin rather than his preservation: for a man who wishes to profess his goodness at all times will come to ruin among so many who are not good. Hence it is necessary for a prince who wishes to maintain his position to learn how not to be good, and to use this knowledge or not to use it according to necessity. - Machiavelli, The Prince, 1 532 Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence. -Tom C. Clark, US Supreme Court Justice, Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 The illegal we do immediately. The unconstitutional takes a little longer. - Henry Kissinger, New York Times, October 28, 1973 Introduction The topic of covert action is one that has had a rather notorious history. In the immediate post-World War 11 era, covert action was an element of the foreign policy of numerous nations, including the United States. As a form of policy it was implemented in a highly secretive manner, and its very existence was denied by those that used it. By the 1WOs, the covert activities of US intelligence agencies had become a major recurring news story in the American (and international) media, and proved also to be a major stain on the reputation of the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States government overall. In the 1980s and 1990s its practice continued, albeit under different circumstances. Today, covert action is being promoted by many policymakers within the United States government as a means to achieve definite goals in foreign policy. The current "war on terror" and the conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, as well as 2 the presence of certain "rogue states" such as North Korea, all provide incentive for policymakers to turn towards covert action as an answer to these perceived problems. Covert action is essentially a policy tool or instrument used by various governments to pursue their own public policy goals. The main principle behind the use of covert action is the systematic interference in the internal affairs of one or more sovereign states by the government of another state, without the recipient government(s) knowing of its origin. The purpose is to actively change the course of events in the target state@).' The government of the United States has used this policy tool in a number of ways in nations all over the world, with varying results. Arguments both for and against the use of covert action have been made - and are still being made - with respect to today's situation. One must ask the question, though, "does covert action actually work?" Is covert action a "useful" policy tool or instrument for achieving current US foreign policy goals? This study attempts to address this question. Insufficient analysis of covert action and its usefulness in achieving policy goals has been undertaken as of late. Much of the existing literature on covert action has dealt only with specific aspects of its use, such as its questionable legality or its colourful and highly controversial history.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “State of Civil Society Report: 2015
    the year in review State of Civil Society report 2015: THE YEAR IN REVIEW ...these stories tell us that only civil introduction society, in its broadest sense, is taking a It has been another year of hard work and high achievement for civil society. The story of the year since the stance against the 2014 State of Civil Society Report was published has partly been one of a continuing series of attacks on civil concentration of society in the many countries where, when civil society asks difficult questions about power, the powerful seek to silence it. But is has also been a story of impressive and sustained civil society response, in a world that has power in the hands of become more turbulent and contested. a tiny, global, super- rich elite, and against As we show below, civil society faces challenges - of lack of space, under-resourcing and limited access to the attempts of many decision-makers. Civil society also needs continually to prove its connection with and relevance to citizens, political leaders and and it needs to demonstrate its ability to stay ahead of trends and innovate. When civil society groups do not corporate interests do these, they fail. But so often, we see civil society leading the response to crisis, taking on difficult issues, contributing to change, and winning arguments for social justice. to undermine human rights and This year in review section of the 2015 CIVICUS State of Civil Society Report is complemented by our report’s the value of people’s special thematic section on the resourcing for civil society, and the 27 guest contributions, from civil society participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Keeping the US Hand Well Hidden: the Role of the Church Committee in Rethinking US Covert Intervention in the 1970S
    Keeping the US Hand Well Hidden: The Role of the Church Committee in Rethinking US Covert Intervention in the 1970s Julia Kropa A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH HONORS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN April 2, 2018 Advised by Professor Victoria Langland TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………..ii Timeline……………………………………………………………………………………iii Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1: US Covert Involvement and the Death of General Schneider…………………14 The Election of 1970 and Escalation of US Involvement…………………………16 Creating an Atmosphere of Overthrow……………………………………………26 The Aftermath of General Schneider’s Death……………………………………..37 Chapter 2: The Formation of the Church Committee……………………………………..42 The Origins of the Church Committee…………………………………………….45 White House Opposition to the Church Committee……………………………….59 The Committee’s Purpose for Investigating Assassination Plots………………….66 Chapter 3: The Church Committee Investigates Assassination Plots……………………..70 The Church Committee’s Investigation…………………………………………...73 The Investigation Reaches the White House………………………………………81 The Committee’s Interim Report and its Findings………………………………...91 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………96 Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………….102 Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………….107 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………...109 i Acknowledgments First and foremost, thank you to my advisor, Professor Victoria Langland, for her guidance and encouragement at every stage of this project from my initial thoughts to the end product. I would like to thank the LSA Honors Program and the History Department for generously providing funding for my research and writing. I am also thankful to my writing group, Maggie and Noah, for reading my many drafts and offering feedback at every step in the process. Many thanks to Emily for listening to me for a year and a half talking and brainstorming out loud, and for forcing me to always keep on working.
    [Show full text]
  • The Central Intelligence Agency
    THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY— DEPUTY DIRECTORATE FOR PLANS 1961 SECRET MEMORANDUM ON INDONESIA: A STUDY IN THE POLITICS OF POLICY FORMULATION IN THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION* Frederick P. Bunnell The Significance and Origins of the DDF Memorandum The once-secret CIA document published for the first time below has multiple significance for scholars of American-Indonesian relations in the cold war period.* 1 First and foremost, this long memorandum offers a rare opportunity to gauge the substance and quality of policy analysis in the CIA*s Deputy Directorate for Plans (henceforth DDP), whose Far East Division under Desmond Fitzgerald2 prepared it at the order of DDP Director Richard Bissell in mid-March 1961.3 * Normally DDP does not produce papers which can be characterized as a mixture of intelligence estimate and policy implications, as Bissell describes the contents of the report in his cover memo. The DDP’s formal responsi­ bility within the CIA is exclusively for Clandestine services11 of three main types: intelligence collection, counterintelligence and covert actions, involving a whole range of operations (or Mdirty *This article is a modified version of a segment of a larger study about the politics of policy formulation on Indonesia in the Kennedy and early Johnson adminis­ trations. I am indebted to the American Philosophical Society and the Vassar College Faculty Research Committee for grants which facilitated this research. 1See my note on the source of this document on p. 156. 2In the shakeup of DDP personnel following the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Fitzgerald was made Deputy Chief of the DDP*s Western Hemisphere Division.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled a Socio-Historical Analysis of U.S. State Terrorism
    A Thesis Entitled A Socio-Historical Analysis of U.S. State Terrorism from 1948 to 2008 By Chad A. Malone Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in Sociology ___________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Elias Nigem ___________________________________ Committee Member: Dr. Dwight Haase ___________________________________ Committee Member: Dr. Marietta Morrissey ___________________________________ College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo August 2008 An Abstract of A Socio-Historical Analysis of U.S. State Terrorism from 1948 to 2008 Chad A. Malone Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in Sociology The University of Toledo August 2008 This thesis is a critical examination of U.S. foreign intervention from 1948 to 2008. Using a comparative/historical analysis of seven cases—Iran, Guatemala, Indonesia, Chile, Nicaragua, Panama, and Iraq—this study finds patterns of U.S. state/state-sponsored terror and intervention. Using world-system theory and G. William Domhoff’s class-domination theory of power, this study explains how and why the U.S. government, the U.S. military, the CIA, and U.S. corporations participate in economically motivated terrorist acts to support the capitalist mode of production, U.S. investments, and access to markets and natural resources. Finally, this study reveals patterns (in addition to the use of terror) that the U.S. government follows while intervening in the affairs of foreign nations. ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents. While they may not always agree with what I say or write, they have always been supportive of my education and my goals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Challenge to Democratic Peace Theory: U.S. Intervention in Chile, 1973
    A Challenge to Democratic Peace Theory: U.S. Intervention in Chile, 1973 by Carissa Faye Margraf Washington and Lee University Class of 2021 margrafc21@mail.wlu.edu In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts in Politics with Honors Thesis Advisor: Dr. Zoila Ponce de Leon Second Reader: Dr. Brian Alexander Lexington, Virginia Spring 2021 Margraf 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank those who have supported me throughout my academic journey. Without you, I would not be where I am today. To my family, I will forever be grateful for the hours that you allowed me to ramble about Chile and covert action as I refined my argument, and for the attentive nods and encouragement throughout this process. To my friends, thank you for the much-needed thesis breaks of badminton, movies, and check-ins after long nights. I would also like to thank my wonderful Thesis Advisor, Dr. Zoila Ponce de Leon, for her endless support and dedication, and my Second Reader, Dr. Brian Alexander, for his thorough feedback and enthusiasm. Finally, I would like to thank my mom, who we lost at the start of my sophomore year. While she is not here to experience these final moments of my time at Washington and Lee University, I am confident that she would be glowing with pride. Margraf 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I: EVERY THEORETICAL CHALLENGE REQUIRES A CATALYST o Abstract o Introduction o Thesis II: METHODOLOGY III: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND o Democratic Peace Theory ▪ Origin ▪ Contents of the Theory ▪ Normative vs Structural Logic ▪ Debates of
    [Show full text]
  • Sejarah Indonesiaindonesia • •
    EDISI REVISI 2018 Buku Guru SejarahSejarah IndonesiaIndonesia • • SMA/MA/ SMK/MAK KELASXII Hak Cipta © 2018 pada Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Dilindungi Undang-Undang Disklaimer: Buku ini merupakan buku guru yang dipersiapkan Pemerintah dalam rangka implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Buku guru ini disusun dan ditelaah oleh berbagai pihak di bawah koordinasi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, dan dipergunakan dalam tahap awal penerapan Kurikulum 2013. Buku ini merupakan “dokumen hidup” yang senantiasa diperbaiki, diperbaharui, dan dimutakhirkan sesuai dengan dinamika kebutuhan dan perubahan zaman. Masukan dari berbagai kalangan yang dialamatkan kepada penulis dan laman http://buku.kemdikbud.go.id atau melalui email buku@kemdikbud.go.id diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas buku ini. Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Indonesia. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Sejarah Indonesia/ Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.-- . Edisi Revisi Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2018. viii, 248 hlm. : ilus. ; 25 cm. Untuk SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas XII ISBN 978-602-427-126-8 (jilid lengkap) ISBN 978-602-427-129-9 (jilid 3) 1.Indonesia -- Sejarah -- Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul II. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 600 Penulis : Abdurakhman, Arif Pradono, Linda Sunarti dan Susanto Zuhdi. Penelaah : Baha’ Uddin, Hariyono, dan Mohammad Iskandar. Pe-review : Djulimi Tandjung. Penyelia Penerbitan : Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud. Cetakan Ke-1, 2014 (ISBN 978-602-282-025-3) Cetakan Ke-2, 2018 (Edisi Revisi) Disusun dengan huruf Times New Roman, 12 pt. Kata Pengantar Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran, sehingga kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Privacy, wiretapping and the citizen Congress’ battle to set legal boundaries on government wiretapping in the 1970s Olsen, E.A. Publication date 2020 Document Version Other version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Olsen, E. A. (2020). Privacy, wiretapping and the citizen: Congress’ battle to set legal boundaries on government wiretapping in the 1970s. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:25 Sep 2021 1 Introduction As I see it, only God can be all-powerful without danger, because his wisdom and justice are always equal to his power. Thus, there is no authority on earth so inherently worthy of respect, or invested with a right so sacred, that I would want to let it act without oversight or rule without impediment.
    [Show full text]
  • Naskah Lengkap Buku Illuminati Asia 6 Juni 2017
    Ahmad Y Samantho ILLUMINATI ASIA SEJARAH JARINGAN KONSPIRASI KEJAHATAN INTERNASIONAL FREEMASONRY DI ASIA Bayt al Hikmah Institute Press 1 Sejarah peradaban umat manusia di dunia ini tak akan lepas dari perang dan pertempuran antar kuasa kebaikan dan Kuasa kejahatan. Yang Haq dan Bathil sudah dan akan terus dalam posisi saling berhadapan, baik terang-terangan maupun rahasia-tersembunyi. Sering kali kita sebagai orang awam kebanyakan tertipu tak mengerti mana yang kebenaran yang haq dan mana Kejahatan yang bathil, saking halusnya dan rahasianya batas antara keduanya bagi masyarakat umum. Buku ini berusaha mengungkap batas antara kebenaran-kebaikan dan kejahatan-tersembunyi itu- dalam realitas kedidupan internasional, sebatas kemampuan akal-nurani penulisnya 2 ILLUMINATI ASIA: SEJARAH JARINGAN KONSPIRASI KEJAHATAN INTERNASIONAL FREEMASONRY DI ASIA DAFTAR ISI 3 4 ILLUMINATI ASIA : SEJARAH JARINGAN KONSPIRASi KEJAHATAN INTERNASIONAL FREEMASONRY DI ASIA Karya : Ahmad Yanuana Samantho Copyright@2014, Ahmad Yanuana Samantho Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undanhg All Right Reserved Penulis : Ahmad Yanuana Samantho Editor : Ki Ageng Selo Penyelaras Akhir : Abi Maulana Ahmad Hussein K Design Cover : Abi Muhammad Iqbal Pewajah Isia : Abi Muhammad Taufioqurahman ISBN : Cetakan Edisi Terbaru (E.Book / Pdf): Mei 2017 Diterbitkan atas kerjasama : Bayt al Hikmah Institute Bogor dan Studi Kata Press Ciputat Tangerang 5 Bab 1 Sejarah Illuminati Illuminati (jamak dari bahasa Latin Illuminati, yang makna harfiahnya: "tercerahkan") adalah nama yang diberikan kepada beberapa kelompok, baik yang nyata maupun fiktif. Secara historis, nama ini mengacu pada Illuminati Bavaria, sebuah masyarakat rahasia di era Pencerahan (Enlightenment) yang didirikan pada tanggal 1 Mei 1776. Tujuan masyarakat rahasia ini pada awalnya adalah menentang takhayul, obskurantisme (ketidakjelasan), akibat pengaruh agama (Kristen Katholik) atas kehidupan publik dan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan Negara oleh Raja dan Gereja.
    [Show full text]
  • Music for a Shadow Play)
    Gamelan (Music for a Shadow Play) By Lawrence R. Tirino ©2013 To the good people who have been led astray by madmen, and especially to those who have suffered as a result. 1.Death in the Afternoon Chucha de tu madre! Que bestia!¨ Louis grumbled under his breath as he listened to the men on red scooters visiting all the small shopkeepers. ¨Chulqueros! ¨ He spat into the gutter. ¨Todo el pueblo anda chiro; ¨ - meaning of course that everyone‟s pockets held lint, or dust, or assorted garbage, but none of them held any money. They can‟t get credit cards, and banks won‟t lend them the small amounts that they needed to keep their business running, so they look for one of the countless street shysters that sit drinking coffee at beachfront restaurants in the afternoons when the sun has mellowed. These merchant bankers are the survivors who fled the brutality of their own countries; and although they now wear fine leather shoes and silk shits, the scent of decadence still clings to their pores. Last year they were charging twenty per cent of the principle on the first of the month. Nervous shopkeepers were easily confused into believing that they were paying the same rates as banks. Now it was even easier; a few dollars every day. But all the borrower ever pays is interest. One day the victim wakes up and realizes their mistake; and then they fold and disappear into the nighttime air. Or perhaps the back page of the morning paper. Sunday, the saddest day.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria: Syrian Telecommunications Establishment, Syrian Computer Society
    2 ENEMIES OF THE INTERNET / 12 MARCH 2014 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA .................................................................................. 8 Belarus: Operations and Analysis Centre ....................................................... 8 Russia: Federal Security Service ............................................................................ 10 Turkmenistan: TurkmenTelecom ............................................................................. 12 United Kingdom: Government Communications Headquarters ....................... 13 Uzbekistan: Expert Commission on Information and Mass Communication ................................................................................. 16 AMERICAS .................................................................................................................... 18 Cuba: Ministry of Informatics and Communications ............................................ 18 USA: National Security Agency ............................................................................... 20 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ............................................................................... 23 Bahrain: Ministry of Interior, National Security Apparatus ............................................................................ 23 Iran: Supreme Council for Cyberspace, Working Group
    [Show full text]
  • US Foreign Policy During the Nixon and Ford Administrations
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 3-2012 US Foreign Policy During the Nixon and Ford Administrations Rachael S. Murdock DePaul University, murdockrs@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Murdock, Rachael S., "US Foreign Policy During the Nixon and Ford Administrations" (2012). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 115. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/115 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact digitalservices@depaul.edu. US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD CHILE DURING THE NIXON AND FORD ADMINISTRATIONS A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts March 2012 BY Rachael Murdock Department of International Studies College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences DePaul University Chicago, IL i DEDICATION To my family, whose encouragement and support were essential to the completion of this project. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A very hearty thanks to my thesis advisor, Dr. Rose Spalding, Professor of Political Science at DePaul University. Her patience, guidance, encouragement, insight as she mentored me through the thesis process were indispensible. Great thanks also to Dr. Patrick Callahan, Professor of Political Science at DePaul. He provided vital insight and guidance in developing Chapter Two of this thesis and offered excellent input on later drafts of both Chapters One and Two.
    [Show full text]
  • Bab I Perjuangan Menghadapi Ancaman Disintegrasi Bangsa
    Hak Cipta © 2015 pada Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Dilindungi Undang-Undang MILIK NEGARA TIDAK DIPERDAGANGKAN Disklaimer: Buku ini merupakan buku siswa yang dipersiapkan Pemerintah dalam rangka implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Buku siswa ini disusun dan ditelaah oleh berbagai pihak di bawah koordinasi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, dan dipergunakan dalam tahap awal penerapan Kurikulum 2013. Buku ini merupakan “dokumen hidup” yang senantiasa diperbaiki, diperbaharui, dan dimutakhirkan sesuai dengan dinamika kebutuhan dan perubahan zaman. Masukan dari berbagai kalangan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas buku ini. Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Indonesia. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Sejarah Indonesia/ Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.-- . Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2015. viii, 232 hlm. : ilus. ; 25 cm. Untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII ISBN 978-602-282-107-6 (jilid lengkap) 1. Indonesia -- Sejarah--Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul II. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 959.8 Kontributor Naskah : Abdurakhman, Arif Pradono, Linda Sunarti dan Susanto Zuhdi Penelaah : Baha Uddin, Hariyono, dan Joko Sayono Penyelia Penerbitan : Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemdikbud. Cetakan Ke-1, 2015 Disusun dengan huruf Times New Roman, 12 pt. Kata Pengantar Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran, sehingga kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran Sejarah Indonesia untuk Kelas XII jenjang Pendidikan Menengah yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Sejarah Indonesia bukan berisi materi pembelajaran yang dirancang hanya untuk mengasah kompetensi pengetahuan siswa.
    [Show full text]