Syria: Syrian Telecommunications Establishment, Syrian Computer Society

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Syria: Syrian Telecommunications Establishment, Syrian Computer Society 2 ENEMIES OF THE INTERNET / 12 MARCH 2014 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA .................................................................................. 8 Belarus: Operations and Analysis Centre ....................................................... 8 Russia: Federal Security Service ............................................................................ 10 Turkmenistan: TurkmenTelecom ............................................................................. 12 United Kingdom: Government Communications Headquarters ....................... 13 Uzbekistan: Expert Commission on Information and Mass Communication ................................................................................. 16 AMERICAS .................................................................................................................... 18 Cuba: Ministry of Informatics and Communications ............................................ 18 USA: National Security Agency ............................................................................... 20 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ............................................................................... 23 Bahrain: Ministry of Interior, National Security Apparatus ............................................................................ 23 Iran: Supreme Council for Cyberspace, Working Group for Identifying Criminal Content, Revolutionary Guards ..... 25 Saudi Arabia: Communications and Information Technology Commission, Internet Services Unit .............................................. 27 Syria: Syrian Telecommunications Establishment, Syrian Computer Society ..................................................................................... 29 United Arab Emirates: Telecommunications Regulatory Authority and cyber-crime units ........................................................................................... 32 ASIA AND PACIFIC ........................................................................................................ 34 China: State Internet Information Offi ce ........................................................... 34 India: Centre for Development of Telematics ................................................. 37 North Korea: Central Scientifi c and Technological Information Agency, Group 109, Bureau 27 ................................................................................... 40 Pakistan: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ............................................. 43 Vietnam: Ministry of Information and Communications ................................ 45 AFRICA .......................................................................................................................... 49 Ethiopia: Information Network Security Agency .............................................. 49 Sudan: Cyber-Jihadist Unit, National Intelligence and Security Service, National Telecommunication Corporation .................................................. 51 INTERNATIONAL ........................................................................................................... 53 Arms Trade Fairs: Technology Against Crime, Milipol, ISS World ............. 53 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 55 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ENEMIES OF THE INTERNET / 12 MARCH 2014 3 4 ENEMIES OF THE INTERNET / 12 MARCH 2014 / INTRODUCTION ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// The mass surveillance methods employed in these three ENTITIES AT THE countries, many of them exposed by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden, are all the more intolerable because they will be used and indeed are already being used by HEART OF authoritarians countries such as Iran, China, Turkmenis- tan, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain to justify their own violations of freedom of information. How will so-called democratic CENSORSHIP AND countries will able to press for the protection of journalists if they adopt the very practices they are criticizing authori- SURVEILLANCE tarian regimes for? Private sector and inter-governmental cooperation Natalia Radzina of Charter97, a Belarusian news website The 2014 list of Enemies of the Internet includes »surveil- whose criticism of the government is often censored, was lance dealerships« – the three arms trade fairs known as attending an OSCE-organized conference in Vienna on ISS World, Technology Against Crime and Milipol. The- the Internet and media freedom in February 2013 when se forums bring companies specializing in communica- she ran into someone she would rather not have seen: a tions interception or online content blocking together with member of the Operations and Analysis Centre, a Bela- government offi cials from countries such as Iran, China rusian government unit that coordinates Internet surveil- and Bahrain. Here again, the contradictory behaviour of lance and censorship. It is entities like this, little known but western democracies should be noted. France hosted two often at the heart of surveillance and censorship systems of these forums in 2013 – TAC and Milipol. At the same in many countries, that Reporters Without Borders is spot- time, it issued a notice in December 2013 requiring French lighting in this year’s Enemies of the Internet report, which companies that export surveillance products outside the it is releasing, as usual, on World Day Against Cyber-Cen- Europe Union to obtain permission from the General Di- sorship (12 March). rectorate for Competition, Industry and Services (DGCIS). Identifying government units or agencies rather than en- The censorship and surveillance carried out by the tire governments as Enemies of the Internet allows us to Enemies of the Internet would not be possible without the draw attention to the schizophrenic attitude towards online tools developed by the private sector companies to be freedoms that prevails in in some countries. Three of the found at these trade fairs. Ethiopia’s Information Network government bodies designated by Reporters Without Bor- Security Agency has tracked down journalists in the Uni- ders as Enemies of the Internet are located in democra- ted States thanks to spyware provided by Hacking Team, cies that have traditionally claimed to respect fundamen- an Italian company that Reporters Without Borders desig- tal freedoms: the Centre for Development of Telematics nated as an Enemy of the Internet in 2013. Even the NSA in India, the Government Communications Headquarters has used the services of Vupen, a French company that (GCHQ) in the United Kingdom, and the National Security specializes in identifying and exploiting security fl aws. Agency (NSA) in the United States. Private-sector companies are not the only suppliers of sur- The NSA and GCHQ have spied on the communications veillance technology to governments that are Enemies of of millions of citizens including many journalists. They have the Internet. Russia has exported its SORM surveillance knowingly introduced security fl aws into devices and soft- system to its close neighbours. In Belarus, Decree No. 60 ware used to transmit requests on the Internet. And they on »measures for improving use of the national Internet have hacked into the very heart of the Internet using pro- network« forces Internet Service Providers to install SORM. grammes such as the NSA’s Quantam Insert and GCHQ’s Tempora. The Internet was a collective resource that the China has begun assisting Iran’s uphill efforts to create a NSA and GCHQ turned into a weapon in the service of Halal Internet – a national Internet that would be disconnec- special interests, in the process fl outing freedom of infor- ted from the World Wide Web and under the government’s mation, freedom of expression and the right to privacy. complete control. An expert in information control ever ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ENEMIES OF THE INTERNET / 12 MARCH 2014 / INTRODUCTION 5 since building its Electronic Great Wall, China is advising In Tunisia, the government gazette announced the crea- Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, the Supreme Council for Cy- tion of a Technical Agency for Telecommunications (ATT) berspace and the Working Group for Identifying Criminal on 12 November 2013 for the purpose of monitoring com- Content. Deputy information minister Nasrolah Jahangiri munications in order to assist judicial investigations into announced this during a recent visit by a delegation from »information and communication crimes«. Its sudden China’s State Council Information Offi ce. creation by decree without any consultation with civil soci- ety triggered immediate concern, as it revived memories China’s pedagogic zeal has not stopped there. The Zam- of the Tunisian Internet Agency (ATI), the symbol of online bian Watchdog website reported in February 2013 that the censorship under ousted President Zine el-Abine Ben Ali. Zambian government is working with China to install an In- The lack of any safeguards and mechanism for controlling ternet surveillance network. The blocking of the Zambian its activities is particularly alarming. Watchdog and Zambia Reports websites in June and July 2013 showed that Zambia wants to be able control online Dangerous monopoly of infrastructure information.
Recommended publications
  • THE BUSINESS of CENSORSHIP: CONTENT MANAGEMENT and the CHINESE ECONOMY By
    THE BUSINESS OF CENSORSHIP: CONTENT MANAGEMENT AND THE CHINESE ECONOMY by JOSHUA CLARK B.A. (Hons.), Queen's University at Kingston, 2009 MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Political Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2010 ©Joshua Clark, 2010 Abstract Content control and censorship on the Internet are increasingly important topics for scholars of democratization, media and communications. Most studies have examined the relationship between the Internet, content management and various elements important to democratization such as the formation of civil society organizations. This thesis attempts to expand this discussion by examining the effects of online content management on economic systems, using the People's Republic of China as an example. China features a globally integrated economy that is increasing dependent on manufacturing and services while simultaneously maintaining one of the most extensive online content management systems in the world. This paper attempts to show how the Communist Party of China is able to reconcile the need for connectivity in order to drive their economy while maintaining political control. It also discusses the long-term implications of this strategy. The first section consists of a series of quantitative and qualitative tests to determine how various classes of websites are managed. These tests reveal that in order to maintain the flow of information necessary for a globally integrated economy, the Chinese Communist Party utilizes strategies that manage but not block the information flows related to business. This survey is followed by a case study examining the relationship between Google and China, and the implications of Chinese regulation and control for the broader economy.
    [Show full text]
  • “State of Civil Society Report: 2015
    the year in review State of Civil Society report 2015: THE YEAR IN REVIEW ...these stories tell us that only civil introduction society, in its broadest sense, is taking a It has been another year of hard work and high achievement for civil society. The story of the year since the stance against the 2014 State of Civil Society Report was published has partly been one of a continuing series of attacks on civil concentration of society in the many countries where, when civil society asks difficult questions about power, the powerful seek to silence it. But is has also been a story of impressive and sustained civil society response, in a world that has power in the hands of become more turbulent and contested. a tiny, global, super- rich elite, and against As we show below, civil society faces challenges - of lack of space, under-resourcing and limited access to the attempts of many decision-makers. Civil society also needs continually to prove its connection with and relevance to citizens, political leaders and and it needs to demonstrate its ability to stay ahead of trends and innovate. When civil society groups do not corporate interests do these, they fail. But so often, we see civil society leading the response to crisis, taking on difficult issues, contributing to change, and winning arguments for social justice. to undermine human rights and This year in review section of the 2015 CIVICUS State of Civil Society Report is complemented by our report’s the value of people’s special thematic section on the resourcing for civil society, and the 27 guest contributions, from civil society participation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Filtering Matrix
    The Filtering Matrix Filtering and Surveillance Practices Worldwide Nart Villeneuve Director of Technical Research The Citizen Lab / OpenNet Initiative University of Toronto Internet Challenges Bloggers and independent media challenge traditional corporate and state-owned media VoIP is seen as a threat by traditional tele-communications companies Offshore gambling and banking sites challenge existing laws and regulations File sharing services have significantly impacted the area of copyright and intellectual property Spam, child pornography, identity theft, computer break-ins and terrorism present significant security concerns Borders in Cyberspace In an effort to counter the once borderless Internet, states are seeking to create informational boundaries in cyberspace. Informational Borders Although decentralized there are significant ªchoke pointsº at which controls can be placed on the Internet Technical & non-technical mechanisms used to censor and control access to the Internet Filtering is the technical mechanism through which such controls are operationalized Internet Filtering Internet content filtering is a term that refers to the techniques by which control is imposed on access to information on the Internet The motivations for state-directed Internet filtering include those with: a specific emphasis on e-commerce: tax, copyright, VoIP a specific emphasis on children: child pornography, violence a specific emphasis on content cultural: pornography and gambling political: dissidents and independent media security: (cyber)terrorism and hacking Filtering Techniques DNS filtering: modification to DNS servers to prevent a domain name from resolving to the correct IP address. IP filtering: entries are made in routing equipment that stop all outgoing requests for a specific IP address URL filtering: filtering technology that (a) reassembles the packets for traffic flowing through its network, (b) reads each http request, and (c) if the URL in the request matches one of the URLs (or keywords) specified in a blocklist, block the http request.
    [Show full text]
  • Re Joinder Submitted by the Republic of Uganda
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v. UGANDA REJOINDER SUBMITTED BY THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA VOLUME 1 6 DECEMBER 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 : THE PERSISTENT ANOMALIES IN THE REPLY CONCERNING MATTERS OF PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE ............................................... 10 A. The Continuing Confusion Relating To Liability (Merits) And Quantum (Compensation) ...................... 10 B. Uganda Reaffirms Her Position That The Court Lacks Coinpetence To Deal With The Events In Kisangani In June 2000 ................................................ 1 1 C. The Courl:'~Finding On The Third Counter-Claim ..... 13 D. The Alleged Admissions By Uganda ........................... 15 E. The Appropriate Standard Of Proof ............................. 15 CHAPTER II: REAFFIRMATION OF UGANDA'S NECESSITY TO ACT IN SELF- DEFENCE ................................................. 2 1 A. The DRC's Admissions Regarding The Threat To Uganda's Security Posed By The ADF ........................ 27 B. The DRC's Admissions Regarding The Threat To Uganda's Security Posed By Sudan ............................. 35 C. The DRC's Admissions Regarding Her Consent To The Presetnce Of Ugandan Troops In Congolese Territory To Address The Threats To Uganda's Security.. ......................................................................4 1 D. The DRC's Failure To Establish That Uganda Intervened
    [Show full text]
  • Inside Russia's Intelligence Agencies
    EUROPEAN COUNCIL ON FOREIGN BRIEF POLICY RELATIONS ecfr.eu PUTIN’S HYDRA: INSIDE RUSSIA’S INTELLIGENCE SERVICES Mark Galeotti For his birthday in 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin was treated to an exhibition of faux Greek friezes showing SUMMARY him in the guise of Hercules. In one, he was slaying the • Russia’s intelligence agencies are engaged in an “hydra of sanctions”.1 active and aggressive campaign in support of the Kremlin’s wider geopolitical agenda. The image of the hydra – a voracious and vicious multi- headed beast, guided by a single mind, and which grows • As well as espionage, Moscow’s “special services” new heads as soon as one is lopped off – crops up frequently conduct active measures aimed at subverting in discussions of Russia’s intelligence and security services. and destabilising European governments, Murdered dissident Alexander Litvinenko and his co-author operations in support of Russian economic Yuri Felshtinsky wrote of the way “the old KGB, like some interests, and attacks on political enemies. multi-headed hydra, split into four new structures” after 1991.2 More recently, a British counterintelligence officer • Moscow has developed an array of overlapping described Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) as and competitive security and spy services. The a hydra because of the way that, for every plot foiled or aim is to encourage risk-taking and multiple operative expelled, more quickly appear. sources, but it also leads to turf wars and a tendency to play to Kremlin prejudices. The West finds itself in a new “hot peace” in which many consider Russia not just as an irritant or challenge, but • While much useful intelligence is collected, as an outright threat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of North Korean Cyber Threats
    The Evolution of North Korean Cyber Threats 2019-03 Chong Woo Kim, Senior Fellow The Asan Institute for Policy Studies Carolina Polito1 University of Bologna 2019.02.19 Introduction In North Korea, only a few people are allowed access to Kwangmyong, the national intranet service, as global internet access is restricted to a group of selected people, and the country has one of the weakest internet infrastructures in the world.2 Nonetheless, North Korea is a formidable cyber power, standing alongside major players like the United States, China, Russia, the United Kingdom, Israel and Iran.3 North Korea has been increasing resources to enhance and expand its cyber capabilities, as testified by the intensification of the regime-sponsored attacks that the world has witnessed in the last 10 years. Amongst the most blatant offensive cyber-attacks allegedly linked to hacker groups close to North Korea are the Sony Pictures attack, the WannaCry attack, and the DarkSeoul attack, despite the North’s constant denial of any involvement with these attacks or the damage suffered by them. North Korea’s cyber army consists of approximately 7,000 hackers,4 performing a wide range of activities including theft, denial of service (DDoS), espionage and sabotage. 5 These types of operations have proved to be very useful as part of North Korea’s asymmetric strategy towards the ROK-U.S. Combined Forces Command. Cyber operations are low-cost and low-risk, allowing North Korea to counter countries which have highly computer-dependent infrastructure, with little fear of retaliation. Due to their low-intensity, these attacks often lie beneath the threshold of an armed attack, reducing the risk of escalating the conflict to an unaffordable level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Siloviki in Russian Politics
    The Siloviki in Russian Politics Andrei Soldatov and Michael Rochlitz Who holds power and makes political decisions in contemporary Russia? A brief survey of available literature in any well-stocked bookshop in the US or Europe will quickly lead one to the answer: Putin and the “siloviki” (see e.g. LeVine 2009; Soldatov and Borogan 2010; Harding 2011; Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky 2012; Lucas 2012, 2014 or Dawisha 2014). Sila in Russian means force, and the siloviki are the members of Russia’s so called “force ministries”—those state agencies that are authorized to use violence to respond to threats to national security. These armed agents are often portrayed—by journalists and scholars alike—as Russia’s true rulers. A conventional wisdom has emerged about their rise to dominance, which goes roughly as follows. After taking office in 2000, Putin reconsolidated the security services and then gradually placed his former associates from the KGB and FSB in key positions across the country (Petrov 2002; Kryshtanovskaya and White 2003, 2009). Over the years, this group managed to disable almost all competing sources of power and control. United by a common identity, a shared worldview, and a deep personal loyalty to Putin, the siloviki constitute a cohesive corporation, which has entrenched itself at the heart of Russian politics. Accountable to no one but the president himself, they are the driving force behind increasingly authoritarian policies at home (Illarionov 2009; Roxburgh 2013; Kasparov 2015), an aggressive foreign policy (Lucas 2014), and high levels of state predation and corruption (Dawisha 2014). While this interpretation contains elements of truth, we argue that it provides only a partial and sometimes misleading and exaggerated picture of the siloviki’s actual role.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of North Korean Threats and Vulnerabilities in Cyberspace
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2017 An Assessment of North Korean Threats and Vulnerabilities in Cyberspace Jeremiah van Rossum Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons Recommended Citation van Rossum, Jeremiah, "An Assessment of North Korean Threats and Vulnerabilities in Cyberspace" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3212. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3212 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ASSESSMENT OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES IN CYBERSPACE A Master’s Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Jeremiah Adam van Rossum December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Jeremiah Adam van Rossum ii AN ASSESSMENT OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES IN CYBERSPACE Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2017 Master of Science Jeremiah Adam van Rossum ABSTRACT This thesis answers the fundamental questions of what North Korean capabilities and intent in cyberspace are and what North Korean threats and vulnerabilities are associated with these.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Counterterrorism and Law Enforcement Cooperation Between the United States and the Arab Gulf States
    Improving Counterterrorism and Law Enforcement Cooperation between the United States and the Arab Gulf States Thomas Warrick and Joze Pelayo Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative The Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative honors the legacy of Brent Scowcroft and his tireless efforts to build a new security architecture for the region. Our work in this area addresses the full range of security threats and challenges including the danger of interstate warfare, the role of terrorist groups and other nonstate actors, and the underlying security threats facing countries in the region. Through all of the Council’s Middle East programming, we work with allies and partners in Europe and the wider Middle East to protect US interests, build peace and security, and unlock the human potential of the region. You can read more about our programs at www.atlanticcouncil.org/ programs/middle-east-programs/. Task Force on Mideast Counterterrorism – Law Enforcement Cooperation ■ Javed Ali, Towsley Policymaker in Residence, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan ■ Kirsten Fontenrose, Director, Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative, Atlantic Council ■ Daniel L. Glaser, Principal, Financial Integrity Network ■ Bernard Hudson, Nonresident Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs ■ Michael McGarrity, Vice President Global Risk Services, Global Guardian ■ Pamela G. Quanrud, Former Director, C-ISIL Coalition, US Department of State ■ Todd Rosenblum, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Scowcroft Center
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Law Enforcement and Internal Security Agencies
    September 14, 2020 Russian Law Enforcement and Internal Security Agencies Russia has an extensive internal security system, with Competition frequently leads to arrests and prosecutions, multiple, overlapping, and competitive security agencies often for real or imagined corruption allegations to undercut vying for bureaucratic, political, and economic influence. targeted organizations and senior leadership both Since Vladimir Putin assumed Russia’s leadership, these institutionally and politically. agencies have grown in both size and power, and they have become integral to the security and stability of the Russian Law Enforcement and Internal government. If Putin extends his rule beyond 2024, as is Security Agencies and Heads now legally permissible, these agencies could play a role in (as of September 2020) the leadership succession process and affect the ability of a transitional regime to quell domestic dissent. For Members Ministry of Interior (MVD): Vladimir Kolokoltsev of Congress, understanding the numerous internal security National Guard (Rosgvardiya, FSVNG): Viktor Zolotov agencies in Russia could be helpful in assessing the x Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON) prospects of regime stability and dynamics of a transition x Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR) after Putin leaves office. In addition, Russian security agencies and their personnel have been targeted by U.S. x Interior Troops (VV) sanctions for cyberattacks and human rights abuses. x Kadyrovtsy Overview and Context Federal Security Service (FSB): Alexander Bortnikov
    [Show full text]
  • Amnesty International Report 2014/15 the State of the World's Human Rights
    AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL OF THE WORLD’S HUMAN RIGHTS THE STATE REPORT 2014/15 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORT 2014/15 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S HUMAN RIGHTS The Amnesty International Report 2014/15 documents the state of human rights in 160 countries and territories during 2014. Some key events from 2013 are also reported. While 2014 saw violent conflict and the failure of many governments to safeguard the rights and safety of civilians, significant progress was also witnessed in the safeguarding and securing of certain human rights. Key anniversaries, including the commemoration of the Bhopal gas leak in 1984 and the Rwanda genocide in 1994, as well as reflections on 30 years since the adoption of the UN Convention against Torture, reminded us that while leaps forward have been made, there is still work to be done to ensure justice for victims and survivors of grave abuses. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL This report also celebrates those who stand up REPORT 2014/15 for human rights across the world, often in difficult and dangerous circumstances. It represents Amnesty International’s key concerns throughout 2014/15 the world, and is essential reading for policy- THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S makers, activists and anyone with an interest in human rights. HUMAN RIGHTS Work with us at amnesty.org AIR_2014/15_cover_final.indd All Pages 23/01/2015 15:04 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Blas, Zach. 2016. Contra-Internet. E-Flux Journal, 74, ISSN 2164-1625
    Blas, Zach. 2016. Contra-Internet. e-flux journal, 74, ISSN 2164-1625 [Article] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/18595/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] Zach Blas 1 of 5 e-flux journal #74 (2016) CONTRA-INTERNET 1. Killing the Internet On January 28th, 2011, only a few days after protests had broken out in Egypt demanding the overthrow of then President Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian government terminated national access to the internet. This state-sponsored shutdown became known as flipping the internet’s“kill switch.” Intentions motivating the killing of the internet in Egypt were to block protestors from coordinating with one another and the dissemination of any media about the uprising, especially to those outside of the country. Peculiarly, it is a death that only lasted five days, as internet access was soon reinstated. More precisely, the internet kill switch unfolded as a series of political demands and technical operations. Egyptian Internet Service Providers, such as Telecom Egypt, Raya, and Link Egypt, were ordered to cancel their routing services, which had the effect of stymying internet connectivity through these major companies.
    [Show full text]