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THE SCHIZOPHRENIAS: OURS TO CONQUER by Carl C. Pfeiffer, Ph.D., M.D., Richard Mailloux, B.S. and Linda Forsythe, B.A. Princeton Brain Bio Center Skillman, N.J. THE SCHIZOPHRENIAS: OURS TO CONQUER Bio-Communications Press / January 1988 All rights reserved. Copyright © 1970 by The Schizophrenia Foundation of New Jersey, Box 1000, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by copiers or any other means, without permission. For information address: BIO-COMMUNICATIONS PRESS 3100 North Hillside Avenue Wichita, Kansas 67219 USA ISBN 0-942333-02-0 (previously published by Pyramid Books, ISBN 0-515-02178-4) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-72306 Revised Edition Published in The United States of America BCP and Bio-Communications Press are service marks of The Olive W. Garvey Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning, Inc. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Sarah Rodgers, Phyllis Loften and Marie Arcaro for excellent typing and secretar ial assistance in the preparation of this book. They never exclaimed, "What—another revision?" The authors also wish to thank Keith Jordan for The Easy Alpha Test. This book is dedicated to the many patients who had sufficient faith in a new approach to the schizophrenias to tolerate the several ups and downs in their mental health as we slowly determined biochemical causes. We also appreciate the devotion of our underpaid professional staff who are motivated to continue because the patients' health and even their personal health is improved by the nutri tional approach. Special thanks must be given to Professor Roger Williams and Donald R. Davis, Ph.D., who allowed Lianne Audette and Norma Rahn to make the colored charts of their cartwheel graphs depicting nutrients in food and diets (see back cover). iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface by A. Hoffer ix Introduction/Characteristics of the Schizophrenias 1. Introduction: Testing the Spoor of Schizophrenics 3 2. Scope of the Schizophrenias 15 3. Psychometric Tests for the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia 19 4. Models of Madness, Models of Medicine 29 5. The Bewares of Schizophrenics 43 6. Danger Signs of the Schizophrenias 47 7. Is the Schizophrenic Dangerous? 49 8. The Very Real Risk of Suicide 53 9. The Types of Schizophrenias 57 10. The Borderline Patient 65 11. Paranoia: The Delusion of Persecution with Grandiosity and Naivete 69 12. Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 87 13. Evidence for the Theory of Overstimulation in Schizophrenias 99 14. Everyday Drugs and the Schizophrenic 103 Hope in the Schizophrenias 1. Schizophrenics Have Made and Can Make Notable Achievements 107 2. Requisite Faiths for Recovery 113 Major Biochemical Types of the Schizophrenias 1. Behavioral vs. Biological Diagnosis of the Schizophrenias 119 V TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. Importance of Various Biochemical Imbalances 125 3. Heavy Metal Poisoning—Histapenia— Hypercupremic Patients 131 4. Pyroluria—Zinc and B-6 Deficiencies 139 5. Porphyria Occasionally Masquerades as Schizophrenia 147 6. Do Some Schizophrenics Have a Characteristic Odor? 153 7. Histadelia—High Blood Histamine 155 8. Cerebral Allergy 161 9. Wheat Gluten Intolerance 169 10. Nutritional Hypoglycemia Can Give Schizophrenic Symptoms 175 11. Postpartum or Puerperal Psychosis 185 12. Schizophrenia or Psychomotor Epilepsy 189 13. Prolactin Hormone and the Schizophrenias .. 193 14. Homocysteinuria Masquerades as Schizophrenia 197 Other Biochemical Theories 1. The Prostaglandin Theory Correlates with Histamine Theory 201 2. Drug Induced Psychosis 205 3. B-12/Folic Acid Psychosis 211 4. Schizophrenia and Water Imbalance: Polydipsia, Polyuria and Psychosis 215 5. Natural Opiates, Depression and Compulsive Running 225 6. Other Peptides and the Schizophrenias 235 7. Monoamine Oxidase and Paranoia 237 8. Many Schizophrenics Deserve a Therapeutic Trial of Thyroid 241 9. Serine Abnormalities and the Hypermethy- lation and Hyperdopaminergic Theories 247 10. Calcium, Magnesium and Mental Illness .... 251 Immunogenetics of the Schizophrenias 1. Unfortunately Schizophrenias are Inherited .. 259 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. The Inherited Schizophrenias 263 3. Some of the Schizophrenias are Infectious ... 267 4. Immunogenetic Research in Schizophrenia .. 273 5. Immune Globulins and the Schizophrenias .. 277 6. Could Some Schizophrenias be Autoimmune Diseases? 279 Non-Biochemical Theories 1. Body Type and the Schizophrenias 285 2. Sex and the Schizophrenic 287 3. Many Schizophrenias Affect the Limbic System 289 4. Structural and Functional Differences in the Brains of Some Schizophrenics 291 5. Psychological and Emotional Stress Triggers Some Schizophrenias 293 6. Environmental Stress Can Trigger Schizophrenia 295 7. The Known Biochemistry of Stress 297 8. Summary: Non-Biochemical Theories 299 Treatment 1. Self-Evaluation: Psychoanalysts Look into their Complacent Mirrors 303 2. Types of Psychotherapy 305 3. Talking Therapy in Schizophrenia 307 4. When to Hospitalize 311 5. The Economics of Schizophrenia 319 5a. The History of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Its Place Among Other Physical Therapies in the Treatment of the Schizophrenias 323 6. Specific Drugs Are Available for Some of the Schizophrenias 329 7. Antianxiety Drugs in Schizophrenia 339 8. The Usefulness of Low Dose Lithium 341 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Conclusion/Philosophy 1. The Hypnagogic State: A Natural Phenomenon 347 2. How about Me and Thee, and Our Schizophrenias? 349 References and Books for Further Reading 357 viii PREFACE by A. Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D. Schizophrenia is a syndrome, not a single disease. It is a collection of diseases characterized by two main sets of symptoms and signs: perceptual and thinking disor ders. Carl Pfeiffer and his colleagues properly emphasize the plurality by use of The Schizophrenias. This conclu sion is accepted by orthomolecular psychiatrists who base treatment using this concept, and by most research psy chiatrists even when they insist on treating them all with similar tranquilizers. For a new approach to the schizo phrenias we must credit the senior author of this book. The term schizophrenia was first used by Eugene Bleuler about eighty years ago. He classified the group of schizophrenias behaviorally into clinical or psychological types like paranoid, catatonia, etc. This classification has little interest today for it does not matter whether they are called paranoid or simple—the drug treatment is always the same. A second classification has been one by default. If the schizophrenia was cured by specific treatment it was reclassified as a neurological disease. In 1900, the four main schizophrenias were general paresis of the insane (GPI), scurvy, pellagra and dementia praecox. Penicillin cured GPI and paretics were rediagnosed as a neurological syndrome. Diet and vitamin B-3 cured pellagra and these schizophrenics were rediagnosed then as pellagrins. Scorbutic psychoses vanished as did scurvy and dementia praecox was replaced by schizophrenia. The only schizo phrenics that psychiatrists continued to treat were the ones with no cause and no specific treatment. Psychiatrists should have realized that if so many schizophrenics were caused by biochemical abnormali ties, more would be found. But attempts to discover other ix PREFACE causes of schizophrenia failed because so much effort was wasted trying to relate simple biochemical findings to the Bleulerian sub-types. Additional effective specific treat ments were needed. This was given a great impetus when Dr. Humphrey Osmond and I showed that acute schizo phrenic patients were much better off when treated with optimum doses of Vitamin B-3. This demonstrated for the first time that we had another group—those responsive to Vitamin B-3. Orthodox psychiatrists continued in vain to search for a single causative factor (and still do) which might show a connection to the real schizophrenia. Orthomo¬ lecular psychiatrists began to use biochemical abnormali ties to identify schizophrenic biotypes. Instead of using factor A to characterize all schizophrenics, we began to ask how do all patients with factor A differ from patients without factor A. This would then point to a specific biochemical treatment. Our leading pioneer in this scientific way of diag nosing and treating the schizophrenias is Carl C. Pfeiffer, assisted by his excellent team of Brain Bio Center associ ates and his colleagues. Carl Pfeiffer and associates divided the schizophrenias into a number of subtypes based upon biochemical findings and accurate clinical observations. These diagnostic groups have a reality never before attainable. They are described in this book. Not only are they diagnostically homogeneous, but they can be treated rationally, i.e. treatment is determined by the biochemical diagnosis. The word schizophrenia is bad. It frightens patients and their families. It gives others the wrong impression about the disease, and it is misused by writers and politi cians who believe it means being changeable or even two- faced and they use the word schizophrenia to insult each other. A rational biochemical diagnostic system will help us get rid of the schizophrenias. It will be replaced by x PREFACE rational terms such as pyroluria, histadelia, histapenia, cerebral allergy, and so on. All these syndromes which cause bizarre mental quirks are described in this book. This impressive volume contains the observations and theories about the schizophrenias gathered by Carl Pfeiffer and colleagues over more than twenty years. I have heard Dr. Pfeiffer lecture dozens