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Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

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Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS studies in humans on individual differences and on the impact of nutritional and non-nutritional factors 0000 0330 1849 Promotor :dr .J.G.A.J .Hautvast , hoogleraari nd elee rva nd evoedin g end evoedselbereidin g Co-promotor:dr .P.R.M .Deurenberg , universitairhoofddocen t pMö[?-Ol , /^bO RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESI S studiesi n humans on individual differences and on the impact of nutritional and non-nutritional factors J.A. Weststrate Proefschrift terverkrijgin gva nd egraa dva n doctor ind e landbouwwetenschappen, opgeza gva nd erecto rmagnificus , dr.H.C .va nde rPlas , inhe topenbaa r teverdedige n opdinsdag 2 me i198 9 desnamiddag st evie ruu ri nd eaul a vand eLandbouwuniversitei t teWageninge n BIBLIOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT WAGEMNGE1V 'S* V-I Uo Aanmij nmoede r Financial supportb yUnileve r ResearchLaborator y for thepublicatio n of this thesis isgratefull y acknowledged. Stellingen 1.He t ontbreken van gegevens over de reproduceerbaarheid vanmetinge n van het thermogeen effect van voeding betekent niet, dat de reproduceerbaarheid van deze metingen goed is. (dit proefschrift) 2. De hoogte van de ruststofwisselingword t bij obese vrouwen mede bepaald door de lichaamsvetverdeling. (dit proefschrift) 3.D e hoogte van het thermogeen effect van voeding isbi jvrouwe n niet gerelateerd aan het lichaamsvetgehalte end e lichaamsvetverdeling. (dit proefschrift) 4.D e hoogte van het thermogeen effect van voeding hangt mede afva n factoren buiten de voeding. (dit proefschrift) 5.D e bevinding dat bij proefdieren onder normale omstandigheden het grootste deel van koolhydraten na vertering wordt omgezet invet , mag niet naar de mens worden geëxtrapoleerd. (o.a.di t proefschrift) - Björntorp P, Sjöström L.Carbohydrat e storage inman : speculations and some quantitative considerations.Metabolis m 1978;27:1853-65. - Acheson KJ, Flatt JP, Jéquier E.Glycoge n synthesis versus lipogenesis after a 500g carbohydrate meal inman .Metabolis m 1982;31:1234-40. 6. Uit het familiaal voorkomen van bepaalde kenmerken, zoals een verhoogd vetgehalte inhe t lichaam, mag niet geconcludeerd worden dat vooral genetische factoren hiervoor verantwoordelijk zijn. - Garn SM et al.Livin g together as a factor in family-line resemblances. Hum Biol 1979;51:565-87. 7.Observationee l onderzoek naar demat ewaari n variatie in een kenmerk geassocieerd isme t erfelijke - of omgevingsfactoren mag op logische gronden niet causaal geïnterpreteerd worden. - Kempthorne O.Logical ,epistemologica l and statistical aspects of nature-nurture data interpretation. Biometrics 1978;34:1-23. 8.He t dogma ind e voedingswetenschap dat eenvoedingsmidde l nooit als 'gezond'o f 'ongezond' aangemerkt kanworden , staat eenwerkelij k effectieve voedingsvoorlichting ind e weg. 9. Sommige 'light'producte n bevatten nog steeds veel energie.Minde r energierijke varianten van gangbare producten zouden daarom alleen de kwalificatie 'light'moge n krijgen, wanneer zij tenminste 25procen t minder energie bevatten danhu n 'normale'tegenhanger , én inabsolut e zin een energiedichtheid hebben inhe t watervrije product, die niet hoger isda n de energiedichtheid van een gedroogd voedselpakket, zoals samengesteld volgens hetAdvie s Richtlijnen GoedeVoedin g vand e Nederlandse Voedingsraad. 10. Eenverminderin g van hetaandee lva nve t ind e energievoorziening van de gemiddeldeNederlands evoedin g tengunst eva nda tva n koolhydraten zal,naas t eendalin g op populatieniveau van het serumcholesterolgehalte, ook leiden tot eenafnam eva n het gemiddelde lichaamsgewicht. 11. De gewoonte inhe t academische curriculum de eerste jarenva nd e studie vooral te gebruikenvoo r het lerenva n inhe tverlede n geproduceerde kennis en de laatste jarenvoo r deproducti e vannieuw e kennis,leid t totee n laag totaal studierendement. 12. Erval td eeerstkomend e jarenee ngroter ebijdrag e teverwachte n aan de preventie van overgewicht vanhe t opd emark t brengen van een smakelijke, verzadiging-gevende, laag-energetische snackda nva ncongresse n over overgewicht. 13. Bijd e toekenning van onderzoeksgelden aanuniversitair e vakgroepen door derdendien t de originaliteit vand evraagstellin g sterker tewege nda n de afwezigheid van eenonderzoeklijn . 14.D emogelijkhede n omee nbete rvoedingspatroo n inNederlan d ingang tedoe n vinden,worde n belemmerd door hetverbo d 'gezondheidsclaims' toe te kennen aan producten,di e zijnsamengestel dvolgen she tAdvie s RichtlijnenGoed e Voeding van de Voedingsraad. 15. Hoemee r aandacht ind emedi avoo r gezondheidsproblemen, des te zieker men zichvoelt . zie ook:Barsk yAJ . Theparado x of health.N Engl JMe d 1988;318:414-8. 16.Berichtgevin g ind emedi a overd e aanwezigheid van kankerverwekkende stoffen invoedingsmiddele n dient gepaard tegaa nme t eenevaluati e van het gezondheidsrisico in relatie tothe t gezondheidsrisico vanmee r alledaagse activiteiten, zoalsautorijden ,mati galkoholgebrui k ofd e consumptie van pindakaas. zie ook:Wilso n R, Crouch EAC.Ris k assessment and comparisons:a n introduction.Scienc e1987;236:267-70 . 17. Deveelgehoord e opmerking vanoudere nda t vroeger 'alles'bete rwas ,moe t vooral van toepassingworde n geacht ophe t functionerenva n hun geheugen. 18.D e verstrekking van eenOV-jaarkaar t aan studenten zald e bereikbaarheid van het hoger onderwijsnie tvergroten . Proefschrift J.A. Weststrate Restingmetaboli c ratean ddiet-induce d thermogenesis: studies inhuman so n individualdifference s and on the impact ofnutritiona l andnon-nutritiona l factors Wageningen, 2me i 1989. Contents page Voorwoord 7 Abstract 10 Chapter 1.Genera l Introduction 11 Chapter 2.Energ y exchange and energy balance inhumans :a review 19 Chapter 3.Th e assessment of restingmetaboli c rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and inviv o fuelutilizatio n using a ventilated hood system:methodologica l considerations 59 Chapter 4.Diurna l variation inpostabsorptiv e resting metabolic ratean d diet-induced thermogenesis 105 Am JCli nNut r 1989;i npres s Chapter 5.Lac k of a systematic sustained effect of prolonged exercise bouts on restingmetaboli c rate in fasting subjects 120 (submitted) Chapter 6. Surprisingly large impacto fpsychologica l stress on diet-induced thermogenesis butno t on resting metabolic rate 131 (submitted) -5- Chapter 7.Natur e andmagnitud e of inter-individual differences in restingmetaboli c ratean ddiet-induce d thermogenesis inlea nan dobes e individuals 140 (submitted) Chapter 8.Restin g energyexpenditur e inwomen :impac to f obesity andbod y fatdistributio n 160 Metabolism 1989;i npres s Chapter 9.Alcoho l and itsacut e effectso n restingmetaboli c rate anddiet-induce d thermogenesis 179 (submitted) Chapter 10.Doe spalatabilit y affect thepostprandia l responseo f energyexpenditure ? 197 (submitted) Chapter 11.Unexpecte d interactionbetwee n theeffect so f short-term carbohydrate overfeeding andprio r exercise on restingmetaboli c ratean d diet-induced thermogenesis 214 (submitted) Chapter 12.Genera l discussion 234 Summary 249 Samenvatting 252 Curriculumvita e 255 Voorwoord Vooru ligtee nproefschrif t metee naanta l studiesove rd e energiewisseling bijd emens . Eendee lva nd e onderzoekingenbetref td eenergiewisselin g van mensenme tovergewicht .Dergelij k onderzoek spreektvele naan .Ee ngroo tdee l vand ebevolkin gvoer tee nmoeizaa m gevecht tegenee novervloe d aancalorieën . 'Dikmakers'diene n zicho pvee l plaatsenverleidelij k aan ter lenigingva nd e 'lekkere'trek .Menigee n isnie topgewasse n tegena ldi e calorische verlokkingen.Al s gevolg hiervanworde nnoga lwa tmense n tedik .Vaak ,echter , menenovergewichtig emense nda t zijdoo ree n 'efficiëntere' energiewisseling dik zijn geworden.Dez emense n zouden,bi jwijz eva n spreken,di kworde n alleena lbi jhe t zienva nee nbor deten .Verrassen d genoeg ise r in wetenschappelijke zinno gweini gbeken dove rverschille n tussenmense n ind e efficiëntie vand eenergiewisseling . Eenantwoor d opd evraag ,o fe r personen zijn,di e eenverhoogd e kanshebbe no povergewich t alsgevol gva n een 'efficiëntere'energiewisselin g isva nbelang ;nie tallee n termogelijk e geruststellingva ndiegenen ,di ehe tgevech t tegenovergewich t alsee n verloren zaak beschouwen,maa rvoora lbi jd ebehandelin g enpreventi e van overgewicht.Allee nwetenschappelij k onderzoek kanove rdez e zaak uitsluitsel geven.He t isd ehoo pva nd e onderzoeker datd e onderzoekingen vandi t proefschrift hieraanee nbijdrag e zullenleveren . Eenproefschrif t dienthe tbewij s te leverenda td epromovendu s zelfstandig origineel onderzoek kanverrichte n enhierove rka n rapporteren.Me tnam e rapportage indaarto e geëigende vaktijdschriften isbelangrijk .Di tbetekent , datproefschrifte nveela lbetaa nui tee nbundelin gva nartikele nme t een inleiding enee nalgemen ediscussi e died ebevindinge n inee npassen d kader plaatsen.Di tproefschrif tvorm thiero pgee nuitzondering .He t beschrijft verschillende onderzoekingenme tuiteenlopend e vraagstellingen. Hetonderzoe k indi tproefschrif t isto t stand gekomendankzi jd e hulpva n velen.Traditiegetrou wwi l ikdi tvoorwoor d gebruikeno md emense n tedanken , diemi jbi jhe tonderzoe k hebbengeholpen . Allereerstwi l ikmij npromoto r Professor Dr.J.G.A.J .Hautvas t hartelijk -7- dankenvoo rzij nnooi taflatend evertrouwe ni nmij nwerk ,voo rzij n enthousiasmevoo rmij nonderzoe ke nvoo rzij nvermoge nd erod edraa di nhe t onderzoeksteed snaa rvore nt elate nkomen . Ookwi li kmij nco-promoto rDr .P .Deurenber gbedanke nvoo rd euitstekend e collegialeverhoudin
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