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Conceptualising Party Political Ideology Conceptualising Party Political Ideology: An Exploration of Party Modernisation in Britain Katharine Dommett Department of Politics Faculty of Social Sciences University of Sheffield A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2012 ‘No statesman can stand the strain of modern political life without the inner serenity that comes from fidelity to a number of guiding convictions. Without their steadying influence he is blown about by every passing breeze. Nor is cleverness and political agility a substitute for them. It has always been for me a painful spectacle when some Labour spokesman tries to justify a piece of Socialist legislation on exclusively “practical” grounds. There are at least two considerations to be kept in mind when making policy. Its applicability to the immediate situation certainly; but also its faithfulness to the general body of principles which make up your philosophy. Without the latter, politics is merely a job like any other’ (Aneuran Bevan, 1952). Acknowledgements In presenting this thesis I would like to thank a number of people to whom I owe an intellectual debt. Numerous individuals within the department and beyond have offered the inspiration, support and perspective which allowed me to produce this work. I would specifically like to thank my supervisor, Colin Hay, who offered invaluable advice and encouragement. In addition to his guidance, Matthew Flinders, Maria Grasso, Mike Kenny and Andrew Vincent have also provided a wealth of insights. I would also like to thank the ESRC for the scholarship funding which allowed me to complete this work. I owe a specific debt to the intellectual community at Sheffield and beyond which afforded me the opportunity to develop ideas and expand my understanding. In particular I would like to thank David Moon, Alice Palmer, Josh Forstenzer, Holly Snaith, Louise Reardon, Chris Kitchen, Louisa Shilton, Alan Finlayson, Judi Atkins and Jim Martin. I would also like to thank my family and partner for their interminable support and inspiration. Abstract Ideology in political parties has been studied in a variety of different ways. From accounts which emphasise the decline of ideology to scholars attesting the centrality of ideas, the interaction between parties and ideology is often far from clear. In this thesis I set out to explore this relationship in greater detail, arguing that ideological analysis is relevant to understanding parties, but that existing modes of investigation should be tailored to reflect the specific circumstances of political parties. In advancing this contention I introduce the concept of party political ideology as a means for schematising my own study of this area; offering a model in which parties are seen to both possess and project an ideology. In operationalising this approach I concentrate on ideology as projected, arguing that to understand parties’ contemporary relationship with ideology it is informative to consider how the public view this interaction. This leads me to examine ideology through rhetoric, exploring parties’ communicative utterances to discern the way in which ideology is conveyed, the form of ideological change and the apparent relevance of ideology vis-à-vis other party motivations. In applying this approach attention is directed to the Labour Party between 1982 and 1997 and the Conservatives between 1996 and 2010, exploring these periods to examine ideology, ideological change and the indicators of modernisation. Whilst characterising ideology in both of these cases, and developing my own narrative of ideological change and modernisation, I also use this analysis to exhibit the capacities of my theoretical and methodological approach. This leads me to examine how parties’ ideological messages are likely to be decoded and how notions of ideological irrelevance arise; insights which help to explain perceptions of ideology in relation to contemporary party politics. In this regard this thesis engages in a theoretical, methodological and applied analysis of the relationship between political parties and ideology. This multi-stranded inquiry is used to assert the relevance of ideology in the field of party politics and the need to advance, under the banner of party political ideology, a form of analysis capable of appreciating the nuanced interaction between these concerns. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction p.1 Method p.9 Application p.10 Research Approach p.12 Thesis Structure p.13 Chapter 2: Existing Conceptions: Ideology and Political Parties p.17 Political Theorists and Ideology: Michael Freeden p.19 Mapping Party Behaviour: Spatial Modelling p.23 Anthony Downs p.24 Ian Budge p.26 Summary p.27 Theorising Party Political Ideology p.28 Situating the Party Political Ideology Approach p.35 Conclusion p.38 Chapter 3: Party Political Ideology in Practice p.41 The Focus of Analysis p.42 Ideology and Language p.44 Justifying Textual Analysis p.47 Adapting Freeden’s Morphological Approach p.50 Looking Beyond Concepts p.50 Ideology within Morphology p.53 Valence References p.56 Coding Issues p.58 What Insights do these Techniques Provide? p.59 Data Analysis p.59 Tool 1: Detecting Ideological Morphology p.60 Identifying References p.60 Determining Reference Morphology p.61 Discerning References p.61 Determining Emphasis p.63 Tool 2: Discerning Ideological Relevance p.67 Context and Alternative Motivations p.67 Consistency p.69 Summary p.70 Applying Party Political Ideology p.70 What is Party Modernisation? p.72 Conclusion p.75 Chapter 4: Modernisation, Ideology and the Labour Party p.79 Introduction p.79 Ideology and the Labour Party p.81 New Labour and Modernisation p.84 Mapping Ideological Change p.87 1. New Labour has Changed its Ideology p.94 2. New Labour displays Ideological Continuity p.95 3. New Labour is Ideologically Innovative p.97 4. New Labour is Not Ideological p.98 Summarising the Existing Literature p.99 Conclusion p.99 Chapter 5: Modernisation, Ideology and the Labour Party: Applied Analysis p.103 Morphological Analysis 1982 – 1997 p.105 Summarising the Initial Trends p.114 Detecting Ideological Relevance p.117 Context and Alternative Motivations p.118 Judging Consistency: Policy and Policy Justifications p.121 Returning to the Existing Literature p.126 Continuity or Change? p.126 Social Democracy? p.130 Thatcherism? p.135 Innovation? p.139 Non-Ideological? p.140 Summary p.140 Conclusion p.141 Chapter 6: Modernisation, Ideology and the Conservative Party p.145 Introduction p.145 Ideology and the Conservatives p.148 Cameron’s Ideological Message p.149 Modernisation and the Conservative Party p.154 Mapping Ideological Change p.159 1. Cameron’s Conservatives have Changed their Ideology p.162 2. Cameron’s Conservatives display Ideological Continuity p.163 3. Cameron’s Conservatives are Ideologically Innovative p.164 4. Cameron’s Conservatives are not Ideological p.165 Summarising the Existing Literature p.166 Conclusion p.166 Chapter 7: Modernisation, Ideology and the Conservative Party: Applied Analysis p.169 Morphological Analysis 1996 - 2010 p.171 Measuring Continuity and Change p.173 Summary p.181 Detecting Ideological Relevance p.182 Context and Alternative Motivations p.182 Judging Consistency: Policy and Policy Justifications p.184 Returning to the Existing Literature p.189 New Labour? p.190 One Nation or Thatcherite? p.194 One Nation? p.194 Thatcherite? p.197 Innovation? p.200 Non-Ideological? p.201 Summary p.202 Conclusion p.202 Chapter 8: Conclusion p.207 Ideology and Modernisation p.207 Ideology p.208 Monitoring Ideological Change p.210 Characterising Ideological Position p.212 Communicating Ideological Relevance p.213 Ideological Quietism p.214 Modernisation p.216 Identifying Modernisation p.218 Theory and Method p.218 Future Applications p.220 Extending Inquiry p.221 Adapting Focus p.222 Exploring Parties p.222 Contribution p.223 Appendixes p.225 Appendix 1: Labour Morphologies 1982-1997 p.225 Appendix 2: Conservative Morphologies 1996-2010 p.233 Appendix 3: Morphological Construction: An example taken from David Cameron’s 2010 Leader’s Conference Speech p.243 Bibliography p.255 Figures Figure 1: Freeden’s Conception of Ideology and Motivation in Parties p.29 Figure 2: Ideology and Outputs in Budge p.30 Figure 3: Downs’ Conception of Ideology and Motivation in Parties p.30 Figure 4: Ideology in Parties: A Party Political Ideology Conceptualisation p.32 Figure 5: The Ideological Ladder p.36 Figure 6: Ideology p.36 Figure 7: Ideology, Political Ideology and Party Political Ideology p.38 Figure 8: Discerning References within Texts p.52 Figure 9: Morphological Connections between References p.62 Figure 10: Discerning Reference Linkages p.63 Figure 11: Morphology of David Cameron’s 2008 Leadership Speech p.66 Figure 12: Longitudinal Analysis of Reference Type p.116 Figure 13: Longitudinal Analysis of Ideological References p.116 Figure 14: Longitudinal Analysis of Opinion Poll Data p.120 Figure 15: Longitudinal Analysis of Reference Type p.171 Figure 16: Longitudinal Analysis of Ideological References p.172 Figure 17: New References Introduced by Cameron p.178 Tables Table 1: Tabulating the Existing Literature on Ideological Change in the Labour Party pp.91-93 Table 2: 1982 Morphological References p.106 Table 3: 1983 Morphological References p.107 Table 4: 1986 Morphological References p.108 Table 5: 1991 Morphological References p.109 Table 6: 1994 Morphological References p.110 Table 7: 1995 Morphological References p.112 Table 8: 1996
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