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Réflexions Sur La Circulation Des Monnaies Romaines Républicaines En Grèce Et Dans Les Balkans

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Réflexions Sur La Circulation Des Monnaies Romaines Républicaines En Grèce Et Dans Les Balkans RÉFLEXIONS SUR LA CIRCULATION DES MONNAIES ROMAINES RÉPUBLICAINES EN GRÈCE ET DANS LES BALKANS REFLECTIONS ON THE CIRCULATION OF ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE IN GREECE AND THE BALKANS ÉDITÉ PAR / EDITED BY Patrick Marchetti, Charikleia Papageorgiadou DIGITAL PUBLICATIONS 03 ― ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ | ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH | NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION COVER IMAGE © NUMISMATIC MUSEUM, GREECE RÉFLEXIONS SUR LA CIRCULATION DES MONNAIES ROMAINES RÉPUBLICAINES EN GRÈCE ET DANS LES BALKANS REFLECTIONS ON THE CIRCULATION OF ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE IN GREECE AND THE BALKANS Réflexions sur la circulation des monnaies romaines républicaines en Grèce et dans les Balkans Reflections on the Circulation of Roman Republican Coinage in Greece and the Balkans Édité par / Edited by Patrick Marchetti, Charikleia Papageorgiadou Artistic Design and Layout Christos Simatos, Marianna Poga www.psdesign.gr ISBN: 978-960-7905-68-0 © 2020 Institute of Historical Research Section of Greek and Roman Antiquity National Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece Tel. +302107273673, Fax +302107234145, [email protected] Institute of Historical Research Bookstore https://history-bookstore.eie.gr/en/ The project entitled "ANAVATHMIS. Historical research and digital applications" (MIS 5002357) is implemented under the “Action for the Strategic Development on the Research and Technological Sector”, funded by the Operational Programme "Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) RÉFLEXIONS SUR LA CIRCULATION DES MONNAIES ROMAINES RÉPUBLICAINES EN GRÈCE ET DANS LES BALKANS REFLECTIONS ON THE CIRCULATION OF ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE IN GREECE AND THE BALKANS ÉDITÉ PAR / EDITED BY Patrick Marchetti, Charikleia Papageorgiadou DIGITAL PUBLICATIONS 03 ― ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ | ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH | NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION ATHENS 2020 TABLE DES MATIÈRES | TABLE OF CONTENTS PRÉFACE 11 PREFACE 13 ATHANASIOS D. RIZAKIS LE DOMINIUM DE ROME ET LA RÉORGANISATION POLITIQUE, SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE ET CULTURELLE DU MONDE GREC : LA PÉRIODE DE TRANSITION (146-31 AV. J.-C.) 15 Introduction : L’implication de Rome dans les affaires de l’Orient hellénistique 15 1. L’impact de la domination romaine (146-31 av. J.-C.) : présence militaire, taxation et exploitation des ressources 18 2a. Mesures négatives pour l’économie des cités après 146 av. J.-C. 21 2b. Mesures économiques positives pour redresser l’économie des cités après 146 av. J.-C. 23 2c. Économies à plusieurs vitesses dans un environnement difficile 25 3. La crise sociale et la création des nouvelles hiérarchies sociales 28 Conclusion 29 Bibliographie 31 PANAGIOTIS TSELEKAS THE DENARIUS IN MACEDONIA PROPER UNDER THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 39 Introduction 39 1. Coin Hoards 41 2. Single Excavation and Stray Finds 46 3. Overstrikes 52 4. Coin Iconography 54 Concluding Remarks 64 List of Figures 66 Bibliography 79 FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAŸ A NEW LOOK AT THE COINAGE IN THE NAME OF AESILLAS: COIN CIRCULATION, ANCIENT HISTORIOGRAPHY, OVERSTRIKES AND TECHNICAL PECULIARITIES (SIZE OF THE DIES, RECUT DIES, GRAFFITI, PIERCED COINS, AND MODERN COUNTERFEITS) 85 1. New evidence for the coin circulation 86 2. Ancient historiography of the topic: from Goltz to Friedländer 90 3. Overstrikes 96 4. Technical features 98 General comments 104 Annex 105 Bibliography 107 CHRISTOPHE FLAMENT LA THÉSAURISATION MONÉTAIRE DE L’ARGENT DANS E ER LE PÉLOPONNÈSE AUX II ET I SIÈCLES AV. N. ÈRE (HORS ACHAÏE) 111 e 1. La thésaurisation monétaire dans le éloponnèse au III siècle 112 2. Trésors renfermant des monnaies d’argent issus de fouilles contrôlées 114 3. Trouvailles fortuites 117 4. Éléments de conclusion 123 Annexe : contenu des trésors mentionnés dans l’étude (dans l’ordre d’apparition dans le texte) 127 Bibliographie 129 CHARIKLEIA PAPAGEORGIADOU AND ELPIDA KOSMIDOU DENARII HOARDS AND COIN CIRCULATION IN GREECE ND ST DURING THE 2 AND 1 CENTURIES BC 133 Introduction 133 1. The RRCHDGr database and denarii data 133 2. Dispersed and excavation hoards 136 nd 3. 2 century BC hoards and single coins 139 st 4. 1 century BC hoards and single coins 145 5. Towards a denarius system 156 Appendix 162 Bibliography 200 ALBANA META INTRODUCTION ET CIRCULATION DU DENIER ROMAIN RÉPUBLICAIN EN ILLYRIE MÉRIDIONALE 211 1. Les drachmes de Dyrrachion et d’Apollonia 212 2. Le denier romain 216 Conclusion 219 Sources Litteraires 222 Bibliographie 222 CHARIKLEIA PAPAGEORGIADOU THRACE ET DACIE : LE MODÈLE ÉCONOMIQUE DE LA PÉNÉTRATION DU DENIER ROMAIN À LA PÉRIPHÉRIE DU MONDE GREC 225 1. État de la question 225 2. La pénétration du denier en Thrace 226 3. La pénétration du denier en Dacie 227 4. Une circulation monétaire propre aux régions étudiées 229 5. La politique romaine d'intégration et le développement économique régional 231 Conclusions 234 Bibliographie 236 PATRICK MARCHETTI À PROPOS DE LA CIRCULATION DU DENIER : ESSAI D’ÉLARGISSEMENT DU CADRE 241 1. Pour la Grèce : un constat net 242 2. Un détour utile et nécessaire par l’Italie 245 3. En Grèce : le denier remplacé par des émissions locales 251 4. Pourquoi la non-circulation relative du denier ? 256 5. Modalités des frappes libres 259 6. Les émissions d’argent autres que le « stéphanéphore » 262 7. La situation des Grecs « amis » identique à celle des socii nominis Latini 266 8. La « province » de Macédoine et son administration 270 9. Les « Aesillas » 273 10. En guise de conclusion : les « Aesillas » et la refrappe monétaire 278 Bibliographie 280 Τίς γὰρ οὕτως ὑπάρχει φαῦλος ἢ ῥᾴθυμος ἀνθρώπων ὃς οὐκ ἂν βούλοιτο γνῶναι πῶς καὶ τίνι γένει πολιτείας ἐπικρατηθέντα σχεδὸν ἅπαντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην ‹ἐν› οὐχ ὅλοις πεντήκοντα καὶ τρισὶν ἔτεσιν ὑπὸ μίαν ἀρχὴν ἔπεσε τὴν Ῥωμαίων, ὃ πρότερον οὐχ εὑρίσκεται γεγονός, τίς δὲ πάλιν οὕτως ἐκπαθὴς πρός τι τῶν ἄλλων θεαμάτων ἢ μαθημάτων ὃς προὐργιαίτερον ἄν τι ποιήσαιτο τῆσδε τῆς ἐμπειρίας; Polybius, Ἱστορίαι 1.1.5-6 L’expansion dynamique de Rome et sa supériorité militaire ont laissé des traces indélébiles dans la pensée des sociétés des derniers siècles avant notre ère, qui à leur tour ont été trans- férées à la conscience moderne. Tout a commencé quand Rome a radicalement changé l’équi- libre des pouvoirs en Méditerranée, en intervenant en Orient à une époque où les royaumes hellénistiques étaient sur leur déclin. La dimension économique de cette expansion est un aspect non négligeable de la mé- tamorphose entraînée par la conquête romaine. À partir du IIIe avant J. C. siècle, une zone économique étendue s’est créée en Méditerranée orientale où Rome a dominé des échanges bidirectionnels de marchandises et de richesses, qui ont favorisé l’installation de marchands romains et italiens. Dans ce contexte, le besoin d’une unité monétaire qui procurerait de la flexibilité aux transactions était désormais apparent. La création du denier à l’emblème des Dioscures, vers 215, est une étape majeure, mais il a fallu du temps pour qu’il s’impose à tous. Le denier romain, appelé à devenir la monnaie d’un empire, n’a pas pour autant gagné, dès leur incorporation, toutes les régions soumises à Rome. De l’une à l’autre les conditions de sa pénétration n’ont pas été identiques : il s’introduit plus rapidement là où il n’a pas d’ersatz potentiel, en Occident, en Italie certes, mais aussi et surtout en Espagne. Par contre, il ne pénètre guère à l’Est, en Grèce non plus qu’en Asie Mineure, avant le milieu du Ier s. avant notre ère, ce que l’on a souvent souligné. La circulation du denier romain en Grèce sous la République a longtemps intrigué, à juste titre, les historiens et les numismates, pour la simple raison que l’on attendrait un apport important parallèlement aux engagements militaires bien connus des textes. On a mis du temps à comprendre que cette absence était en réalité compensée par la frappe massive de monnayages sous contrôle et dont l’abondance même ne s’explique pas par une implication des cités émettrices dans la vie économique quotidienne. En outre, une importation massive de deniers aurait dû suivre les negotiatores dont l’activité était a priori de nature à générer PRÉFACE des flots monétaires importants depuis Rome, mais la réalité des trouvailles révèle que l’éco- nomie d’échange qu’ils ont pratiquée a trouvé aisément à s’alimenter en numéraire local. Les trésors de deniers nous enseignent que l’on pouvait transporter des deniers depuis l’Italie, mais qu’ils ne s’intégraient pas, au IIe siècle, à la circulation monétaire locale et ne se mêlaient pas aux espèces grecques. L’Italie et la Grèce sont en réalité, au IIe siècle et jusque vers 60 avant J.-C., deux zones monétaires qui s’excluent l’une l’autre. Désireux d’explorer la dynamique monétaire de l’expansionnisme romain dans les Balkans, l’Institut de Recherches Historique de la Fondation Nationale Hellénique de Re- cherche, en collaboration avec l’École Française d’Athènes, a organisé en 2016 une Journée d’étude sur La circulation du denier romain en Grèce à l’époque hellénistique. Certains des travaux présentés lors de cette conférence sont publiés dans ce volume ; d’autres y ont été ajoutés plus tard, afin de couvrir adéquatement l’afflux de la monnaie romaine et sa diffusion croissante dans les marchés locaux, parallèlement aux émissions des cités grecques. PATRICK MARCHETTI CHARIKLEIA PAPAGEORGIADOU 12 Τίς γὰρ οὕτως ὑπάρχει φαῦλος ἢ ῥᾴθυμος ἀνθρώπων ὃς οὐκ ἂν βούλοιτο γνῶναι πῶς καὶ τίνι γένει πολιτείας ἐπικρατηθέντα σχεδὸν ἅπαντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην ‹ἐν› οὐχ ὅλοις πεντήκοντα καὶ τρισὶν ἔτεσιν ὑπὸ μίαν ἀρχὴν ἔπεσε τὴν Ῥωμαίων, ὃ πρότερον οὐχ εὑρίσκεται γεγονός, τίς δὲ πάλιν οὕτως ἐκπαθὴς πρός τι τῶν ἄλλων θεαμάτων ἢ μαθημάτων ὃς προὐργιαίτερον ἄν τι ποιήσαιτο τῆσδε τῆς ἐμπειρίας; Polybius, Ἱστορίαι 1.1.5-6 The dynamic expansion of Rome and her military superiority left indelible traces in the thinking of the societies of the last pre-Christian centuries, which in turn were transferred to modern consciousness.
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