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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19000-8 - Friendship and Empire: Roman Diplomacy and Imperialism in the Middle Republic (353–146 BC) Paul J. Burton Index More information

Index

Abydus (Greek city), 104, 242 Adranodorus (Syracusan politician), 336, Acarnania (region in western Greece), 92, 93 337 Achaean League Aemilius Lepidus, M. (pr. 218 bc), 192, 193 amicitia with Rome, 2, 102–05, 174, 181–86, Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. I 187 bc), 210, 231, 206–07, 209–16 242 beneﬁcia to Rome, 174, 181–83 Aemilius Regillus, L. (pr. 190 bc), 196 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with Aenus and Maronea (Greek cities) Rome, 345–51 taken by Antiochus III, 193 bc, 342 expansionism of, 209–13, 226, 232 liberated from Pergamene control, 168 bc, and embassies from L. Flamininus, 296–99 Pergamum, Rhodes, and Athens, 198 bc, Aetolian League 102 alleged perﬁdiousness of, 269–78 attempts to broker peace between Rome and amicitia with Rome, 90–94 Boeotians, 196 bc, 202 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with joins Rome’s war on Nabis of Sparta, 195 bc, Rome, 269–78 206, 209 involvement in murder of Bracchyles of embassy to Rome, 193 bc, 209–10 Boeotia, 206, 233, 239 absorbs Sparta, 192 bc, 209–10 performance at the battle of Cynoscephelae, absorbs Messene, 191 bc, 210 271 absorbs Elis, 190 bc, 210 refuses to join Rome’s war on Nabis of Sparta, treaty of alliance with Rome, 190sor180s bc, 206 81, 181–86, 206 treaty of alliance with Rome, 211 bc, 80, 81, and embassy from Q. Caecilius Metellus, 84, 90–94, 185, 269–78 185 bc, 211, 226 treaty of peace with Philip V, 206 bc, 91, 202, and embassy from Ap. Claudius Pulcher, 269–78 184 bc, 211–12, 216, 226, 233, 251, 300 embassy to Rome, 202 bc (?), 270–71, 276, chastises the Romans, 172 bc, 182–83 277 policy debate, 170/169 bc, 183–85, 206, 213–15 and the Panaetolian assembly, 199 bc, 251, and embassy from Ptolemy V, 169/168 bc, 216 268, 270, 276, 300 and embassy of the Spartan exiles, 150 bc, 347, at Tempe conference, 197 bc, 90, 194–95, 232, 350 269–70, 271–72 crushes Spartan revolt, 149 bc, 347–48 attempts to broker peace between Rome and and embassy from L. Aurelius Orestes, 147 bc, the Boeotians, 196 bc, 202 348 awarded Phthiotic Thebes, Phocis, and and embassy from Sex. Julius Caesar, 147/ Locris, 196 bc, 227, 272, 278 146 bc, 348 and embassy from Athens and Flamininus, and embassies from Q. Caecilius Metellus 193 bc, 273–74 Macedonicus, 146 bc, 348–49 embassies to Philip V, Nabis, and Antiochus Acilius Glabrio, M.’ (cos. 191 bc), 188, 234 III, 193 bc, 273 and the abortive Aetolian deditio of 191 bc, invites Antiochus to free the Greeks, 192 bc, 116–19, 289 207–08, 225, 226, 274

381

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19000-8 - Friendship and Empire: Roman Diplomacy and Imperialism in the Middle Republic (353–146 BC) Paul J. Burton Index More information

382 Index

Aetolian League (cont.) with the Parthini, 136–41 advice to Chalcis, 192 bc, 207–08, 209 with Pergamum, 84–87, 178, 197–99, abortive deditio to Rome, 191 bc, 116–19, 249, 217–19 289 with Pharos, 81, 136–39 treaty of peace with Rome, 189 bc, 81, 274–75 with Pleuratus of Illyria, 266 anti-Roman politicians deported to Rome, with Ptolemaic Egypt, 107, 188, 203, 207, 180 bc, 215, 233 208–09, 231 Aetolian War, 116–19, 209–10, 232, 274, 277, 289 with Rhodes, 83, 175–76, 195–97, 199–200: Ager, Sheila (modern scholar), 201, 202, 203, renewed, 169 bc, 280 204, 247, 284, 288 with Saguntum, 79, 80, 192, 193, 233, Agron (king of the Illyrian Ardiaei), 136, 139, 238–42 262 with the Samnites, 107, 122, 125 Alexander Balas (Seleucid pretender), 221, 222, with Scerdilaidas of Illyria, 206, 232, 234, 232, 234 266 Allucius (leader of the Spanish Celtiberians), with the Seleucid empire, 105–07, 219–23, 73–75, 157, 260 339 amicitia with Sicilian towns, 133–36, 148, 229 domestic/interpersonal, 1, 14, 28–38, 75 with the Spanish Ilergetes, 257 international, 1, 2–6, 14, 25, 26–27,and with Spanish tribes, 179–80, 229, 278 Chs. 2–5, passim with Syphax of Numidia, 94–102 breakdown and dissolution, 95–96, 169–70, with Syracuse, 80, 142–53, 164–72, 173, 187, 201, 204, 276,andCh.5, passim 190, 192–93, 229 response-flexibility of, 162, 163, 185, 265–66 with the Thessalians, 178–79 “true friends” of Rome, 191, 198, 214, 231, with Thisbae, 2 242 Amynander (king of Athamania) with the Achaean League, 2, 102–05, 174, beneficia to Rome, 194–95 181–86, 206–07, 209–16 at Tempe conference, 197 bc, 194–95, 232 with the Aetolian League, 90–94 joins Antiochus and the Aetolians, 192 bc, 225 with Antigonid Macedon, 174, 175, 188, anarchy, 9, 15, 19–20, 30, 86, 114 190–91 Greece, 210s–190s bc, 105 with Apollonia, 136–41, 229, 235–36 Hellenistic, 23 with Athamania, 194–95 North Africa, 210s bc, 101 with the Atintani, 136–41 of the Mediterranean system, 76, 120, 121, 126, with the Boeotians, 206–07 131, 163, 204, 228, 264, 265, 289, 295, 354, with Camerinum, 80, 88–90, 91, 191–92 356 with Cappadocia, 191, 219–20, 231, 242 Anares (Celtic tribe) with Capua, 122–27, 229, 235 amicitia with Rome, 191–92 with Carthage, 107, 188–89, 308 anthropomorphism of international relations, with the Celtic Anares, 191–92 22, 25 with Chalcis, 207–08 Antigonus III Doson (king of Macedon), 265, with Corcyra, 136–41, 229, 262 266 with the Cretans, 207, 208, 233 possible treaty of alliance with Demetrius of with Delos, 2 Pharos, late 220s bc, 139, 263, 265 with Edeco, chieftain of the Spanish Antiochene War, 116, 195–97, 209–10, 232, Edetani, 155 276 with Epidamnus, 136–41, 190, 229 escalation phase, 178, 224, 243, 342 with Heraclea Pontica, 204 Antiochus III (Seleucid king) with Issa, 136–41, 229 ambitions and power, 106, 190, 343 with Italian cities, 79–84 and the Greek cities of Asia Minor, 249 with Lampsacus, 2 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with with the Lucanians, 80, 82, 229 Rome, 339–45 with Mamertines of Messana, 128–33, 229, pact with Philip V, 203/202 bc, 189, 222 236–38 conflict with Ptolemy V mediated by Rome, with Masinissa of Numidia, 1–2, 99, 200 bc, 105–07, 230, 339 108–13, 180–81, 188, 229 attacks Pergamum, 198 bc, 105, 339 with Massilia, 2, 193–94 and Roman embassy, 196 bc, 340

Index 383

embassy to Flamininus, 196 bc, 340, 344 asks Ptolemy V for protection vs. Philip V, embassy to Flamininus, 195 bc, 341 200 bc, 209 embassy to Rome, 194 bc, 341–42 embassy to Achaea, 198 bc, 102 and Roman embassy, 193 bc, 342, 345 embassy to Aetolia, 193 bc, 273–74 takes Aenus and Maronea, 193 bc, 342 intervenes between Rome and the Aetolian crosses to Greece, 192 bc, 207–08 League, 190 bc, 202, 204 Antiochus IV (Seleucid king), 215, 219, 281, placed in charge of Delos by Rome, 167 bc, 297 289–92 Antiochus V (Seleucid king), 219, 300 Atintani (Illyrian people) anxiety, see reconnaissance dance (modern amicitia with Rome, 136–41 sociological concept) and friendship, conquered by Demetrius of Pharos, 220s bc, unequal/asymmetrical 139, 229 Aous conference, 198 bc, 202, 203 deditio to Rome, 229 bc, 136–41 Apollonia (Illyrian city), 277 attacked by Philip V, 213 or 212 bc, 236, 300 amicitia with Rome, 136–41, 229, 235–36 Attalus I (king of Pergamum) deditio to Rome, 229 bc, 136–41, 235–36 strategos of Aetolian League, 210/209 bc, 84 attacked by Philip V, 214 bc, 229, 235–36 defeated by Philip V, 209 bc, 84 Appian (Greek historian) winters at Aegina, 209/208 bc, 84, 85 account of mediation attempt of 207 bc, 203 joint campaign with the Romans, 208 bc, 85, on the Third Punic War, 317–18 178 arc of political possibility, 186, 214, 216–17, 222, withdraws from First Macedonian War, 208 223, 224, 230, 243, 250, 266, 285, 299 bc, 85, 87 Archon (Achaean politician) adscriptus in Peace of Phoenice, 205 bc, 85 policy vis-a-vis` Rome, 183, 213–15 helps secure Great Mother goddess for Rome, elected strategos of Achaean League, 170/169 205 bc, 85, 87, 178 bc, 183 death of, 197 bc, 86 in debate over Ptolemaic embassy, 169/168 bc, Attalus II (king of Pergamum), 217 215 favored by Rome, 296–99 Ardiaei (Illyrian people) restores Ariarathes V to Cappadocian throne, piracy and raiding, 140 157 or 156 bc, 220, 222, 232 Ariarathes IV (king of Cappadocia), 217, 218 letter to Attis, priest of Cybele at Pessinus, ca. Ariarathes V (king of Cappadocia) 156 bc, 217, 222–23, 297, 298 offers armed escorts to the Romans, 164 or 163 places Alexander Balas on Seleucid throne, 150 bc, 191, 232 bc, 221, 222, 232, 234 deposed by Demetrius I (Seleucid king), ca. Aulus Gellius (ancient author), 61 158 bc, 219, 234, 242 on Cato’s pro Rhodiensibus, 285–89 restored to Cappadocian throne by Attalus II Ausetani (Spanish people) of Pergamum, 157 or 156 bc, 220, 222, join Ilergete revolt against Rome, 205 bc, 258, 232 261 Aristaenus of Dyme (Achaean politician) contribution to Flamininus’ “Freedom of the Badian, Ernst (modern scholar), 3–6, 7, 13–15, Greeks” policy, 194, 232 22, 42, 63, 83, 87, 111, 112, 115, 116, 127, policy vis-a-vis` Rome, 177, 213–15 132, 133, 136, 138, 150, 247, 265, 274, 275, persuades Achaean League to side with Rome, 293, 295, 309, 311, 316, 318, 343, 355 198 bc, 102–05 Baecula, battle of, 108, 110 Aristotle, 28, 67, 163 balancing behavior, 228–29, 247, 295, 343 on virtue friendship, 48, 163 bandwagoning, 228–29 Astin, A.E. (modern scholar), 286, 288, 289, 295, Banno Tigillas (Carthaginian envoy) 314, 316, 325 speech to the Romans at Utica, 149 bc, 318, Astymedes (Rhodian politician), 290, 291 320 Athamania (region in western Greece) beneﬁcium and beneﬁcia (services, kindnesses, amicitia with Rome, 194–95 favors, gifts), 1, 36, 57, 69, 72, 73–75, 83, given to Philip V by Rome, 189 bc, 232 86, 97, 124, 134, 138, 156,andCh.3, Athens passim and embassies from Rome, Pergamum, and Berthold, Richard (modern scholar), 279, 280, Rhodes, 200 bc, 242 281, 284, 286, 287, 288, 290

384 Index

Boeotia (central Greece) and Boeotians, 86, 202 requests 2,000 talents from Ptolemy II amicitia with Rome, 206–07 Philadelphus, 207 join Antiochus and the Aetolians, 192 bc, 225 treaty of alliance with Rome, 509 bc, 2, 107 Bourdieu, Pierre (sociologist, anthropologist, treaty of alliance with Rome, 348 bc, 2, 107 philosopher), 16, 28–29, 31, 38, 52, 55, 58, alleged assistance to Tarentum vs. Rome, 272 64–67, 89, 118 bc, 146 treaty of peace with Rome, 241 bc (the Peace Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. (cos. 148 of Lutatius), 81, 165, 171, 230, 301, 307 bc), 347–49 returns 500 Italian traders to Rome, 240 bc, Caecilius Metellus, Q. (cos. 206 bc) 301, 305 and the Spartan exiles, 212 deprived of Sardinia and Corsica by Rome, embassy to Achaea, 185 bc, 211, 226, 231, 234 238/237 bc, 301–07 Caere (city in Etruria) war with Syphax, 210s bc, 94 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with treaty of peace with Rome, 201 bc, 81, 230 Rome, 351 embassy to Rome, 191 bc, 188–89 Callicrates of Leontium (Achaean politician), embassy to Rome, 150s bc, 308 347 factionalism in, 150s bc, 317–19 accuses Polybius of being anti-Roman, 216 and Roman embassy to Carthage, ca. 152 bc, policy vis-a-vis` Rome, 183, 213–15, 233 308, 316 embassy to Rome, 180 bc, 214–15 discharges war indemnity of 201, 151 bc, 310, in debate over Ptolemaic embassy, 169/168 bc, 315, 322 215 war with Numidia, 151/150 bc, 309 Camerinum (city in Umbria) embassy to Rome, 151/150 bc, 309 amicitia with Rome, 80, 88–90, 91, 191–92 deditio to Rome, 149 bc, 117–19, 309, 321 beneficia to Rome, 88–90, 191–92 Carthalo (Carthaginian politician), 318, 319 treaty of alliance with Rome, 310 bc, 88–89 Cassian treaty, see treaties, of alliance between, renewed, 3rd c. ad, 88–89 Rome and the Latins, 493 bc Cannae, battle of, 168, 252, 254 Cato, M. Porcius (the Elder), 48, 61 Cappadocia (kingdom in Asia Minor) historical writing, 303 amicitia with Rome, 191, 219–20, 231, 242 relations with Salonius, 43–45 attacked by Pharnaces I of Pontus, 181 bc, 217 and the Spanish tribes, 195–194 bc, 154–55 Capua (city in Italy) speech pro Rhodiensibus, 167 bc, 285–89 amicitia with Rome, 122–27, 229, 235 anti-Carthage policy, 150s bc, 307–23 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with speech against Sulpicius Galba (cos. 144 bc), Rome, 250–56, 267–69 149 bc, 324–25 captured by the Romans, 211 bc, 92, 123, Celts (Gauls) of the Po Valley 211 war with Rome, 220s–210s bc, 165, 191, 240, deditio to Rome, 341 bc, 251 264, 265, 269, 302 deditio to Rome, 343 bc, 122–27, 235, 251, Cephalus (Epirote politician) 256 policy vis-a-vis` Rome, 213–15 defection to Hannibal, 216/215 bc, 169, Chalcis (Greek city) and Chalcidians, 182, 209 252–53 amicitia with Rome, 207–08 disloyalty to Rome, 318 bc, 252 beneficia to Rome, 331 punished by the Romans, 211 bc, 211, 253–54 defects to Antiochus and the Aetolians, 192 revolt from Rome, 341 bc, 251 bc, 225 Carey, William (modern scholar), 303–04, 305, garrisoned by Eumenes II, 192 bc, 178 306 Cicero, Marcus Tullius Caria (region in southwest Asia Minor) De Officiis, 14, 40, 42, 47, 50, 51, 55, 61, 68, 69, liberated from Rhodian control, 167 bc, 73, 118, 162 289–92 Laelius de Amicitia, 32, 36–38, 42, 46–50, 51, Carthage 56–57, 58–63, 67–69, 115, 199 alleged perfidiousness of, 132, 133, 301–23 on beginning friendship, 37 amicitia with Rome, 107, 188–89, 308 on candor in friendship, 42 loss of territory to Masinissa, 307–23 on conflicting interests of friends and the Mercenary War, 165, 171, 172, 175 state, 59–61

Index 385

on deditio (Off. 1.35), 118 Cornelius Lentulus, P. (pr. 203 bc) on friendship as a voluntary and achieved speech to the Aetolians, 196 bc, 273, 274 relationship, 36 Cornelius Scipio, Cn. (cos. 222 bc) on friendship breakdown and dissolution, requests troops from Spanish amici, 218 bc, 56–63 179 on friendship of virtue, 47–53 negotiations with Syphax, 213 bc, 94, 100 on similarity in friendship, 46–47 killed in Spain, 211 bc, 100, 269 on status and elite attitudes towards favors Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, P., 37, (Off. 2.69), 14, 69, 73, 162 47, 48, 49, 51, 60, 62, 67, 68, 70–73 on testing friends, 37 death of, 32 on unequal friendship, 67–69 Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P. ciuitates sine foedere liberae ac immunes, 134 opinion of Syphax, 98 Claudius Caudex, Ap. (cos. 264 bc), 128, 130, 142 personal relationship with Masinissa, 1–2, attempts to negotiate with Hiero II, 264 bc, 108–13 149 relations with Edeco (chieftain of the Spanish attempts to negotiate with the Carthaginians, Edetani), 155–57 264 bc, 145, 236–38 relations with the Ilergetes (Spanish people), Claudius Marcellus, M., 34, 202, 204, 335–39, 351 256–61, 267–69 Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 212 bc), 169, 335–39 saluted as king by Spanish tribes, 260 Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 185 bc) treatment of Syphax, 98–99 and the Spartan exiles, 212 conscripts Spanish auxiliaries, 210/209 bc, embassy to Achaea, 184 bc, 211–12, 216, 226, 180, 232 231, 233, 251, 300 and the Spanish captives at New Carthage, clientela, 89 209 bc, 73–75, 153, 172 between individuals, 14, 34, 38, 41, 42–45, negotiations with Syphax, 206 bc, 95–96, 97, 71–72, 175 100, 231 definition, 30–31 conscripts Spanish auxiliaries, 206 bc, 179 foreign, 2–6 bestows gifts on Masinissa, 203 bc, 180 critique, 101, 111–13, 115–16, 117, 125, 127, legate to his brother, Lucius, 190 bc, 190 138, 150–51, 162, 168, 174, 185, 192, 196, treatment of Athenian ambassadors, 190 bc, 198–99, 208, 213, 215, 216, 226, 246, 204 265–66, 274–75, 287, 308, 354, 355 Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, L. (cos. 190 bc), 190, loci of difference compared to friendship, 34, 196 66, 179 Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, P. (cos. I of a Roman commander over a conquered 162 bc,cos.II155 bc), 307–23 community, 5, 78, 118 Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, P. (cos. 138 bc), collective security, 19, 30, 105, 114, 121, 125, 126, 48, 60 137, 153, 157, 205, 225, 355 Cornelius Scipio, P. (cos. 218 bc) compellence diplomacy, 14, 201, 238, 264, 334, negotiations with Syphax, 213 bc, 94, 100 335, 336, 345 killed in Spain, 211 bc, 100, 269 Constructivism, 18–25, 29–30, 76–78, 86, 89, 97, Cotys (king of Thrace) 101–02, 104, 118, 125, 126, 129, 135, 137, embassy to Rome, 167 bc, 162, 190 170, 200, 205, 225, 265, 288, 295, 344, Crete and Cretans 355–56 amicitia with Rome, 207, 208, 233 Corcyra (Adriatic island state) Critolaus of Athens (Achaean politician), 348–49 amicitia with Rome, 136–41, 229, 262 Cynoscephelae, battle of, 271, 276, 344 deditio to Rome, 229 bc, 136–41, 262 Corinth (Greek city) Decimus Gallus, C. (pr. 169 bc), 290, 291 Romans promise to restore to Achaean Decius (Capuan auxiliary officer), 328–30 League, 198 bc, 103, 174 deditio (unconditional surrender), 4, 79, 82, Roman siege of, 198 bc, 174 114–58, 180, 226 awarded to Achaea, 196 bc, 227 no difference between deditio in fidem/in destroyed by Rome, 146 bc, 346 potestatem/in dicionem, 116 Cornelius Lentulus, L. (cos. 199 bc), 258, of Aetolian League (abortive), 191 bc, 116–19, 340 249, 289

386 Index

deditio (cont.) captures Dimallum, late 220s bc, 139 of Apollonia, 229 bc, 136–41, 235–36 conquers Atintani, 220s bc, 139, 229 of Atintani, 229 bc, 136–41 urges Philip V to invade Italy, 217 bc, 140 of Capua, 343 bc, 122–27, 235, 251, 256 Derow, Peter (modern scholar), 136–39, 247, 262 of Capua, 341 bc, 251 Derrida, Jacques (philosopher), 28, 39, 115 of Carthage, 149 bc, 117–19, 309, 321 Diaeus of Athens (Achaean politician), 347, 350 of Corcyra, 229 bc, 136–41, 262 Dimallum (Illyrian city) of Edeco, chieftain of the Spanish Edetani, captured by Demetrius of Pharos, late 220s 209 bc, 155 bc, 139 of Emporion (city in Spain), 195 bc, 154 attacked by Philip V, 213 or 212 bc, 236, 300 of Epidamnus, 229 bc, 136–41 Diophanes (Achaean politician), 210 of Hiero II of Syracuse, 263 bc, 142–53 of the Ilergetes to Rome, 209 bc, 256 Ebro River (Spain), 180, 194 of the Ilergetes to Rome, 205 bc, 258 Ebro treaty, see treaties, of alliance between, of Issa, 229 bc, 136–41 Rome and Carthage, ca. 226 bc of Mamertines of Messana, 264 bc, 128–33, Eckstein, Arthur (modern scholar), 6, 11, 21, 23, 145, 236–38 81, 87, 95, 102, 121, 136–39, 146, 148, 177, of Messene, 191 bc, 210 189, 201, 204, 214, 232, 235, 264, 294, of Parthini, 229 bc, 136–41 295, 302, 305, 317, 334, 343 of Rhegium, 280 bc, 328 Edeco (chieftain of the Spanish Edetani), 155–57 of Saguntum, 238 amicitia with Rome, 155 of the Seanoc[enses?] (Spanish people), 104 deditio to Rome, 209 bc, 155 bc, 119–20 salutes Scipio Africanus as king, 260 of Sicilian towns, 263 bc, 133–36, 148 Edetani, see Edeco (chieftain of the Spanish of the Spanish Lusitani, 150 bc, 323–24 Edetani) of Spanish tribes, 179 Elis (western Peloponnese) and Eleans of Statellate Ligurians, 173 bc, 326–28 absorbed into Achaean League, 190 bc, 210 of Utica, 149 bc, 309 embassy to Rome, 186 bc, 210–11 Deinon and Polyaratus (Rhodian politicians), empire by invitation, 129 280, 283 Ennius, Q. (Roman poet), 124 Delos (Greek island state) on the good companion/friend, 44–45 amicitia with Rome, 2 Epidamnus (Illyrian city) declared a free port by Rome, 167 bc, 289–92 amicitia with Rome, 136–41, 190, 229 Demetrias (Greek city) beneﬁcia to Rome, 190 defects to Antiochus and the Aetolians, 192 deditio to Rome, 229 bc, 136–41 bc, 224, 274 equalization strategies, see friendship, giventoPhilipVbyRome,189 bc, 232 unequal/asymmetrical Demetrius I (Seleucid king) Eumenes II (king of Pergamum) escapes Rome and usurps Seleucid throne, 162 anti-Rhodian sentiment, 176 bc, 219–23 punished by Rome, 292–99 embassy to Rome, 160 bc, 220–21, 233 reputation among the Greeks, 298 replaces Ariarathes V of Cappadocia with garrisons Chalcis, 192 bc, 178 Orophernes, 158 bc, 219, 234, 242 strategizes with Flamininus, 192 bc, 178 Demetrius of Pharos (Illyrian dynast), 81, advises Romans to continue war on 136–41, 240 Antiochus III, 190 bc, 196 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with alleged mediation deal with Perseus of Rome, 262–69 Macedon, 169 bc, 292–99 character, 140–41 subdues Galatians, 160s bc, 297 fails to seize Messene, 140 gains territory in Illyria, 231, 262 Fabius Ambustus, M. (mag. eq. 322 bc), 80, 88, overthrows Teuta, 139 191 possible treaty of alliance with Antigonus III Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, Q. (cos. 145 bc), of Macedon, late 220s bc, 139, 263, 265 69, 71 breaches Lissus line, late 220s bc, 139, 262, Fabius Maximus Gurges, Q. (cos. I 292 bc,cos. 265, 266 II 276 bc), 108, 231

Index 387

Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (the Gaddis, John Lewis (International Relations Delayer), Q. scholar), 15, 17, 30 opposes alliance with Syphax, 206 bc, 96, 99, Galatia and Galatians (Celts of Asia Minor) 299 attacked by Pharnaces I of Pontus, 181 bc, Fabius Pictor, Q. (Roman historian), 303, 329 217 Fabricius Luscinus, C. (cos. I 282 bc,cos.II278 attacks on Pergamum, 160s bc, 294 bc), 48, 329 encouraged to attack Pergamum by the fides, 1, 3 senate, 160s bc, 296–99 in international relations, 22–23, 83, 97, 99, proclaimed free and autonomous by Rome, 100, 104, 110, 132–33, 145, 163–72, 175, 166 bc, 297 180, 183, 185, 189, 224, 225, 227, 229, 233, gifts and gift exchange, 64–67,andCh.3, passim 241, 243, 247, 300, 335, see also dedito misrecognition (méconnaissance), 65, 66, 69, (unconditional surrender) 73, 161 violations of, see Ch. 5, passim prestation, 115, 126, 127, 156, 191 in interpersonal relationships, 40–45, 57, 59, Grainger, John (modern scholar), 87, 341, 343, 115 344, 345 Fides (Roman goddess), 40 Great Mother goddess of Pessinus temples in Rome, 132 brought to Rome, 205 bc, 85, 87, 178 First Illyrian War, 136–41, 230, 235, 262 Gruen, Erich (modern scholar), 6, 27, 174, 201, First Macedonian War, 84, 182, 185, 198, 203, 220, 234, 275, 279, 281, 284, 288, 293, 276 295, 297, 344 attempts at mediation, 202 Grunebaum, James (philosopher), 33, 52, 53 First Punic War, 165, 166, 170, 171, 302, 304 blame for outbreak, 144 habitus (normative sanctions), 38, 56, 66, 73, 125, escalation phase, 128–33, 236–38 133, 355, 356 foedus, 1, 79–84, 173 of fides in international relations, 164 clause mandating having the same friends and of good friendship (anticipating wishes), 175, enemies, 207 176, 191, 208, 214 escape clauses, 184, 206 of mercy in deditio, 118–22 foedera iniqua (“unequal treaties”) vs. foedera Hagepolis (Rhodian politician), 281, 282 aequa (“equal treaties”), 82, 88–90 Hagesilochus (Rhodian politician), 175–76, 279, maiestas clause, 274–75 280 formula togatorum (list of Italian allies), 82, 135, Hamilcar the Samnite (Carthaginian politician), 173 318 freedom of action handshake, 1, 41, 97, 98 of Rome, 234–44, 355 Hannibal, 169, 260 of Rome’s amici, 205–27, 259–60, 265–66 and embassy from the Roman senate, 220 bc, the “Freedom of the Greeks” (great-power 240, 241, 300, 304 policy), 194–95, 223–27, 232, 272 attacks Saguntum, summer 219 bc, 240 friendship crosses the Ebro, 218 bc, 194 definition, 28 treaty of alliance with Philip V, 215 bc, 84, 90, modern, 33–35, 38–40, 46, 53–56 169, 235, 266 unequal/asymmetrical, 31, 63–75, 90, 93–94, and Syracusan embassy, 215 bc, 336 100–01, 113, 148–51, 161–62, 164, 171–72, at court of Antiochus III, 195–189/188 bc, 188 191, 212, 226, 269–78, 284–85, 296, Hannibal the Starling (Carthaginian politician), 306–07, 321–23, 344, 350 318 equalization strategies, 64, 68, 75, 127, 168, Hannibalic War, see Second Punic War 171–72, 176–78, 180–81, 186, 188, 189, 191, Hanno (Carthaginian commander) 196 besieges Messana, 264 bc, 237 status-anxiety arising from, 69, 73, 74, 75, Harris, William (modern scholar), 6, 192, 310, 99, 169, 171–72, 191, 196, 259 314, 343 friendship, Greek (jil©a) Hasdrubal (brother of Hannibal), 193 domestic/interpersonal, 35–36, 46 Hasdrubal (brother-in-law of Hannibal), 239 international, 2 Hasdrubal the Boeotarch (Carthaginian Furius Philus, L. (cos. 136 bc), 48, 69 general), 313, 319

388 Index

Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo (Carthaginian imperium, 26, 275 commander) Indibilis (chieftain of the Spanish Ilergetes), opinion of Syphax, 98 256–61, 267–69 negotiations with Syphax, 206 bc, 95–96 Issa (Adriatic island state) hegemonic war, 120, 129, 136, 343, 344 amicitia with Rome, 136–41, 229 Heraclea Pontica (Greek city) deditio to Rome, 229 bc, 136–41 amicitia with Rome, 190 bc, 204 ius fetiale (“fetial law”), 121, 333, 334, 352 intervenes between Rome and Antiochus III, iustum bellum (“just war”), 77, 121, 264, 314, 190 bc, 202, 203 335 Hiero II (king of Syracuse) Iuventius Thalna, M. (cos. 163 bc) beneﬁcia to Rome, 147–48, 164–72, 173, 187, declaration of war on Rhodes, 167 bc, 285–89 190, 192–93, 232 indemnity to Rome, 130 Junius Silanus, M. (pr. 210 bc), 108, 180 mistrust of Carthaginians, 151–52 power-balancing policy, 165–66, 170, 171, 172, Kant, Immanuel (philosopher), 40, 65, 66, 115, 175 127 reputation for loyalty to Rome, 152, 164–72 attacks Mamertines, 260s bc, 128 Laelius, C. (the Elder) (cos. 190 bc), 95, 97, chastises Romans, 264 bc, 145, 148, 149, 300 109 war with Rome, 264–263 bc, 128–33, 236–38 Laelius Sapiens, C., 32, 47, 49, 51, 62, 67, 69 deditio to Rome, 263 bc, 142–53 Lampsacus (Greek city), 340, 344 forced to give up possessions in northeast amicitia with Rome, 2 Sicily, 263 bc, 143 embassy to Rome, 190s bc, 230 rewarded by Rome with “spoils of the Gauls language, degradation of, 9–13 and Illyrians”, 231 Larisa Cremaste, Echinus, and Pharsalus embassy to the senate, 217 bc, 166–68, 173, (Thessalian cities) 232 demanded by Aetolians, 197 bc, 91, 269–70, death of, 215 bc, 169, 335 271–72, 278 Hieronymus (king of Syracuse) Latin War, 251 embassy to Hannibal, 215 bc, 336 Lebow, Richard Ned (International Relations sides with Carthage vs. Rome, 215 bc, 169–70, scholar), 16–17, 19, 21, 22, 29, 30, 58, 315, 335–39 321, 353 assassinated, 214 bc, 336 Lendon, Jon (modern scholar), 22, 306, 354 Hippocrates and Epicydes (Syracusan Leontini (city in Sicily), 143, 336, 337, 338 politicians), 335–39 Licinius Lucullus, L. (cos. 151 bc) Holleaux, Maurice (modern scholar), 107, 189, massacres Spanish Vaccaei, 151 bc, 324 263 Lilybaeum (city in Sicily), 192, 193 homophulia (¾mojul©a) (kinship), 132, 133 Lissus River (southern limit of Ardiaean power Hortensius, L. (pr. 170 bc), 330, 331 after 228 bc), 139 hospitium (guest-friendship), 22, 96, 97, 98, 100 Livy (Roman historian) critical engagement with Polybius, 293, 297, Ilergetes (Spanish people) 304 amicitia with Rome, 257 downplays Roman fear of Philip V, 93 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with fabrication of hostile Rhodian embassy, 171 Rome, 256–61, 267–69 bc, 280, 283 deditio to Rome, 209 bc, 256 on deditio, 257 treaty of alliance with Rome, 209 bc, 155 on Roman punishment of Capua, 253, 254 deditio to Rome, 205 bc, 258 racist portrayal of Syphax, 98 Ilipa, battle of, 108, 179 tendentious account of Rhodian Iliturgi (Spanish people) deliberations, 172/171 bc, 176 slaughter by Romans, 206 bc, 121, 261 Low, Polly (modern scholar), 6, 22, 77, 133 Ilium (Greek city), 83, 105 Lucanians, 328 intervenes between Rome and Lycia, 188 bc, amicitia with Rome, 80, 82, 229 202, 203 Lucretius Gallus, C. (pr. 171 bc), 279–80, 283, imperial overstretch, 240, 334 330, 331

Index 389

Lusitani (Spanish people) invites Rhodes to mediate war with Perseus, deditio to Rome, 150 bc, 323–24 169 bc, 248, 278–92 massacred by Sulpicius Galba, 150 bc, 323–24 letter to the Achaean League, 169/168 bc, 215, Lycia (region in southwest Asia Minor), 83, 195 233 liberated from Rhodian control, 167 bc, Masgaba (son of Masinissa) 289–92 addresses senate, 168 bc, 112–13, 212, 265 Lycortas (Achaean politician) Masinissa (Numidian chieftain) policy vis-a-vis` Rome, 183, 184, 213–15 amicitia with Rome, 1–2, 99, 108–13, 180–81, insulting speech to Ap. Claudius Pulcher, 184 188, 229 bc, 211–12, 216, 226, 233, 251, 300 beneficia to Rome, 181, 187–88, 232 in debate over Ptolemaic embassy, 169/168 bc, gains territory at Carthaginian expense, 215 307–23 Lysimacheia conference, see Antiochus III reputation for loyalty to Rome, 110 (Seleucid king), embassy to Flamininus, rewarded by Rome with kingship of Numidia, 196 bc 198 marries and kills Sophoniba, 205 bc, 109–12 Ma, John (modern scholar), 115, 194, 249, 344, protection guaranteed in treaty of peace 345 between Rome and Carthage, 201 bc, Macedon 230 amicitia with Rome, 174, 175, 188, 190–91 embassy to Rome, 150s bc, 308 treaty of peace with the Aetolian League, war with Carthage, 151/150 bc, 309 206 bc, 91, 202, 269–78 Massilia (Greek city in Gaul), 230 treaty of peace with Rome, 205 bc (the Peace amicitia with Rome, 2, 193–94 of Phoenice), 81, 85, 198, 202, 266 beneficia to Rome, 193–94 and the Panaetolian assembly, 199 bc, 251, Massiva (nephew of Masinissa), 108, 110 268, 270 Mauss, Marcel (anthropologist), 64, 65, 66 treaty of peace with Rome, 196 bc, 81, 188, 194 McAdams, Dan (psychologist), 63, 126 embassy to Rome, 191 bc, 188 mediation of disputes and wars, 105–07, 200–05, embassy to Rome, 172/171 bc, 279 278–99 Macedonians Messana (city in Sicily), see also Mamertines warlike nature of, 121 treaty of alliance with Rome (unknown date), Madden, Thomas (modern scholar), 23, 194 128 Mago the Bruttian (Carthaginian politician), Messene (southwestern Peloponnese) and 319, 321 Messenians advises Carthaginians to fight on, 149 bc, massacred by Philip V, 104, 140 117–19 absorbed into Achaean League, 191 bc, 210 maiestas clause, see foedus deditio to Rome, 191 bc, 210 Mamertines (rulers of Messana in Sicily) Metaurus River, battle of, 193, 231 amicitia with Rome, 128–33, 229, 236–38 Micythio (Chalcidian politician), 330–31 alleged “accord” with Rome, ca. 270 bc, 144, misrecognition (méconnaissance), see gifts and 146 gift exchange attacked by Hiero II, 260s bc, 128 Mitchell, Lynette G. (modern scholar), 22, deditio to Rome, 264 bc, 128–33, 145, 236–38 53, 63 Mandonius (chieftain of the Spanish Ilergetes), Mommsen, Theodor (modern scholar), 80, 310 256–61, 267–69 morality and moralizing discourse, 77–78, Marcius Censorinus, L. (cos. 149 bc), 312, 315 86–87, 91, 92–93, 97–102, 104–05, Marcius Philippus, Q. (cos. II 169 bc) 109–11, 127, 131–33, 139, 151–52, 155–57, requests troops from Achaean League, 172 bc, 162, 163–64, 174–75, 180, 225, 228, 229, 182 236, 243, 249, 251, 252, 255–56, 259, and embassy from the Achaean League, 169 264–65, 275, 285–89, 294, 295, 296, bc, 183–84 304–06, 311–15, 316–17, 320, 325–26, 327, obtains troops from Achaean League, 169 bc, 329–30 182 Mucius Scaevola, Q. (the Augur) (cos. 117 bc), refuses Achaean League help, 169 bc, 183–84, 32, 48, 56 185, 232 Mummius, Sp., 48, 69

390 Index

Nabis (king of Sparta) protection guaranteed in treaty of peace war with Rome, 195 bc, 174, 206, 209 between Rome and the Seleucid empire, war with the Achaean League, 192 bc, 103, 188 bc, 230 209–10 embassy to Rome, 183/182 bc, 217, 230 assassinated, 192 bc, 210 embassies to Rome, 164 and 160/159 bc, 298 Neorealism, 8–9, 15, 18, 19 Pericles (Athenian statesman), 161–62, 164 critiques of, 23, 29–30 Perseus (king of Macedon), 175, 248, 278, 280, Netum (city in Sicily), 143 282 treaty with Rome, 134 alleged mediation deal with Eumenes II of New Carthage (city in Spain), 73, 153, 155, 157, Pergamum, 169 bc, 292–99 161, 180, 229, 241 Phaeneas (Aetolian politician), 271 Pharnaces I (king of Pontus), 223 Octavius, Cn. (cos. 165 bc) attacks Sinope, 183 bc, 217 embassy to the East, 163 bc, 221 attacks Cappadocia, 181 bc, 217 murdered, 162 bc, 220, 247 attacks Galatia, 181 bc, 217 opacity of states, 192, 321, see also uncertainty war with Pergamum, 180s bc, 217–19, 232 principle Pharos (Adriatic island state) Oreus (Greek city), 84, 206 amicitia with Rome (no treaty), 81, 136–39 Orophernes (Cappadocian pretender) destroyed by Rome, 266, 267 deposes Ariarathes V, 158 bc, 219, 234, 242 Philinus (Greek historian), 329, see also “Treaty Orwell, George, 10 of Philinus” Otacilius Crassus, M.’ (cos. 263 bc), 134, 142, Philip V (king of Macedon) 148 ambitions, 263, 264 Otacilius Crassus, T. (pr. 217 bc), 169 beneﬁcia to Rome, 174, 190–91 fearsomeness of, 93 Pacuvius Calavius (Capuan politician), 253, 255 reputation for cruelty, 93 Parthini (Illyrian people) unilateralism, 194 amicitia with Rome, 136–41 urged by Demetrius of Pharos to invade Italy, deditio to Rome, 229 bc, 136–41 140 attacked by Philip V, 213 or 212 bc, 236, 300 plunders and burns shrines at Thermum, 218 Patara (Carian town), 195 bc, 140 Peace of Apamea, see treaties, of peace between, treaty of alliance with Hannibal, 215 bc, 84, Rome and the Seleucid empire, 188 bc 90, 169, 235, 266 Peace of Lutatius, see treaties, of peace, between attacks Apollonia, 214 bc, 229, 235–36 Carthage and Rome, 241 bc attacks Atintani, 213 or 212 bc, 236, 300 Peace of Phoenice, see treaties, of peace between, attacks Dimallum, 213 or 212 bc, 236, 300 Rome and Macedon, 205 bc attacks Parthini, 213 or 212 bc, 236, 300 Pergamum (kingdom in northwest Asia Minor) pact with Antiochus III, 203/202 bc, 189, amicitia with Rome, 84–87, 178, 197–99, 222 217–19 enslaves population of Cius, 202 bc, 104 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with attacks Athens, 201–200 bc, 209, 229 Rome, 292–99 and Roman embassy at Abydus, 200 bc, 7, embassy to Rome, 201 bc, 242 242 embassy to Athens, 200 bc, 85, 242 besieges Abydus, 200 bc, 104, 242 embassy to Achaea, 198 bc, 102 criticized by Flamininus in Achaea, 198 bc, embassy to Rome, 198 bc, 105, 339 102–05 refuses to join Rome’s war on Nabis of Sparta, strengthens his kingdom after 196 bc, 174–75, 195 bc, 206 231 embassy to Rome, 180s bc, 217, 231, 232 joins Rome’s war on Nabis of Sparta, 195 bc, war with Pharnaces of Pontus, 180s bc, 206 217–19, 233 Philopoemen (Achaean politician), 207, 209, embassy to Rome, 189 bc, 86, 178, 197–99, 210, 211, 213 232 Pinnes (king of the Illyrian Ardiaei), 136, 139, 262 gains territory in Asia Minor, 188 bc, 7, 197, Plato, 35, 313 198, 200, 232 on virtue friendship, 48

Index 391

Plautus (Roman playwright) reports four Greek opinons on blame for friendship in, 32 Third Punic War, 307, 310, 316–17 on ﬁdes, 269 structure of his Histories, 129 Pleuratus (king of the Illyrian Ardiaei) use of prostagmata (prostgmata)(direct amicitia with Rome, 266 orders), 233 gains territory, 198 elected hipparch of Achaean League, 170/169 sides with Rome in the First and Second bc, 183 Macedonian Wars, 198, 266 policy as hipparch of Achaean League, support solicited by Rome, 200 bc, 206 170/169 bc, 215 awarded Lynchus and Partha, 196 bc, 227 refuses request of Claudius Centho for Polybius Achaean troops, 170/169 bc, 215 approval of policy of Philopoemen, 214 embassy to Q. Marcius Philippus, 169 bc, biography of Philopoemen, 213 183–84, 215 criticism of Roman seizure of Sardinia and deportation to Italy, 168 bc, 216, 248 Corsica, 304–05 Pompeius Rufus, Q. (cos. 88 bc), 56, 62 deﬁnition of deditio, 116 Popilius Laenas, M. (cos. 173 bc) eastern focus of the Histories, 163 massacre of Statellate Ligurians, 173 bc, 286, friendship with Scipio Aemilianus, 70–73 326–28 in debate over Ptolemaic embassy, 169/168 bc, power-transition crisis, 120 215 prestation, see gifts and gift exchange interviews Masinissa, 110 processual analysis, 28–31, 73–75, 79, 87, 89, on the breakdown and dissolution of amicitia 96–97, 99, 113, 162, 170, 275, 299, 332, between Rome and the Achaean League, 355, 356 345–51 Prusias I (king of Bithynia) on Callicrates of Leontium, 214–15, 248 attacks Pergamum, 208 bc, 85, 87 on the character of Demetrius of Pharos, Prusias II (king of Bithynia), 201, 218, 297 140–41 Ptolemy II Philadelphus on Roman ambitions in Sicily, 129 amicitia with Rome, 107, 188, 203, 207, 231 on Roman plans for war with Carthage, ca. refuses Carthaginian request for 2,000 talents, 220 bc, 240, 262–63 207 on Roman power after Pydna, 247–48 Ptolemy IV on the Romans’ fear of Philip, 93 sells grain to Rome, between 215 and 210 bc, on Rome’s attitude towards Italy, 82, 269 188, 203 on Rome’s Machiavellian treatment of attempts to broker peace between Rhodes, 204 Rome/Aetolia and Philip V, 207 bc, 203 on Rome’s plan for world conquest, 129 Ptolemy V on Rome’s preference for a weak Seleucid embassy to Rome, 200 bc, 208–09, 232 empire, 219, 221, 247, 300 marriage alliance with Antiochus III, 196 bc on Rome’s treatment of Demetrius I (Seleucid 340 king), 221, 247 embassy to Rome, 191 bc, 188, 189, 231 on Rome’s treatment of Eumenes II, 248, embassy to the Achaean League, 169/168 bc, 292–99 216 on Rome’s treatment of Rhodes, 247, Pydna, battle of, 201, 202, 216, 219, 222, 223, 234, 278–92 247, 248, 282, 284, 285, 287, 295, 296, 298 on Rome’s unjust favoritism towards Pyrrhus (king of Epirus) Masinissa of Numidia vs. Carthage, 248, defeated by Rome, 107 307–23 invasion of Italy, 82, 269, 328 on Scipio Africanus’ burning of the camps, Pythagoras (Greek philosopher), 46, 50 204/203 bc, 101 on the “Treaty of Philinus”, 146 Quinctius Flamininus, L. (cos. 192 bc) on “true friends” of Rome, 191, 198, 214–15 embassy to the Achaean League, 198 bc, 102, policy vis-a-vis` Rome, 183, 185, 213–15 104 praises Hiero for his foreign policy, 166 Quinctius Flamininus, T. (cos. 198 bc) praises Philip V’s policy and vigor after 196 involvement in murder of Bracchyles of bc, 174–75 Boeotia, 206, 233, 300

392 Index

Quinctius Flamininus T. (cont.) embassy to Rome, 189 bc, 199–200, 231, 232, policy of the “Freedom of the Greeks”, 234, 273 194–95, 223–27, 232 gains territory in Asia Minor, 188 bc, 7, 197, letter to Chyretiaeans, 190s bc, 77 200, 232, 291 persuades Achaean League to side with Rome, protection guaranteed in treaty of peace 198 bc, 102–05, 174 between Rome and the Seleucid empire, encourages Athens to mediate betweeen 188 bc, 230 Rome and the Aetolian League, 198 bc, embassy to Rome, 183/182 bc, 217 204 prepares forty ships, 172/171 bc, 175–76, at Tempe conference, 197 bc, 90, 269–70 279 at Cynoscephelae, 197 bc, 271 and embassy from Macedon, 172/171 bc, and embassy from Antiochus III, 196 bc, 340 279 and embassy from Antiochus III, 195 bc, 341 embassies to Rome, 160s bc, 289–92 unable to gain Greek support vs. Nabis, 195 embassy to Rome, 169 bc, 280–81 bc, 206 offers to mediate Rome’s war with Perseus, valedictory address to the Greeks, 194 bc, 168 bc, 201, 204 223–27, 233, 243, 252 embassy to Rome, 168 bc, 278–92 and Seleucid envoys, 194 bc, 341 punished by Rome, 167 bc, 289–92 embassy to Aetolia, 193 bc, 273–74 recovery after 167 bc, 291 advises Achaean League, 192 bc, 209–10 treaty of alliance with Rome, 164 or 163 bc, attempts to prevent Achaean attack on 81, 291 Messene, 191 bc, 210 and the Cretan pirates, 155/154 bc, 286 asks Boeotians to restore Zeuxippus and the Roman imperialism, 26, 163, 192, 356–57 exiles, 189/188 bc, 206–07, 233, 239 Roman senate and the Spartan exiles, 183/182 bc, 212 debates Mamertine offer of deditio, 264 bc, 128–32, 133, 145, 234, 236–37, 264, 295 Realism, 6–8, 15, 20, 30, 77, 97, 107, 121, 124, refuses invitation to occupy Sardinia, 240 bc, 125, 129, 152, 163, 165, 170, 184, 225, 247, 301, 302, 305 249, 265, 268, 284, 285, 294, 295, 315, 325, refuses offer of deditio by Utica, 240 bc, 301, 355, 356 305 critiques of, 15–24 restricts activity of Italian traders to supplying reconnaissance dance (modern sociological Carthage, 240 bc, 305 concept), 34, 37, 39, 42, 96, 97, 99, 126, returns Carthaginian prisoners of war, 240 bc, 127, 147, 152, 157, 165, 170 301 anxiety during, 39, 73, 115, 159 increases Carthaginian indemnity, 238/237 bc, response-ﬂexibility, see amicitia, international 302 and freedom of action bestows gifts on Syphax, 210 bc, 95, 231 Rhegium (city in southern Italy), 128, 131, 142, bestows gifts on Masinissa, 200 bc, 180, 231 144, 145, 237, 238 mediates dispute between Antiochus III and deditio to Rome, 280 bc, 328 Ptolemy V, 200 bc, 105–07, 230, 339 seized by Roman garrison, 280 bc, 328–30 refuses gifts from Ptolemy V and Philip V, 191 Rhodes (Greek island state) bc, 188 amicitia with Rome, 83, 175–76, 195–97, delegates task of restoring Boeotian exiles to 199–200 Achaean and Aetolian Leagues, 189/188 renewed, 169 bc, 280 bc, 207 beneﬁcia to Rome, 195–97, 232, 279–80 commission to Asia Minor, 183/182 bc, 217 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with encourages Galatians to attack Pergamum, Rome, 201, 204, 278–92 160s bc, 296–99 embassy to Rome, 201 bc, 242 anger at Rhodian offer to mediate Rome’s war embassy to Athens, 200 bc, 242 with Perseus, 168 bc, 201, 204 embassy to the Achaean League, 198 bc, 102 debates declaration of war on Rhodes, 167 bc, refuses to join Rome’s war on Nabis of Sparta, 285–89, 295 195 bc, 206 punishes Eumenes II of Pergamum, 167 bc, intervenes between Rome and the Aetolian 292–99 League, 190 bc, 202 punishes Rhodes, 167 bc, 289–92

Index 393

proclaims Galatians free and autonomous, freedom of action, 234–44 166 bc, 297 “hard but fair” punishment of ﬁdes-violators, and embassies from 254–56, 261, 267, 277, 289–92, 296–99 the Aetolian League, 202 bc (?), 270–71, relations with Italian allies and friends, 82–84 276, 277 seizes Sardinia and Corsica, 238/237 bc, Antiochus III, 194 bc, 341–42 301–07 Callicrates of Leontium, 180 bc, 214–15 self-restraint of, 121, 125, 131, 132, 133, 190, 191 Carthage, 151/150 bc, 309 Rupilius, P. (cos. 132 bc), 48, 69 Cotys of Thrace, 167 bc, 162, 190 Rutilius Rufus, P. (cos. 105 bc), 48, 60 Crete, 170 bc, 208 Demetrius I (Seleucid king), 160 bc, Saguntum (city in Spain), 145 220–21, 233 amicitia with Rome, 79, 80, 192, 193, 233, Egypt, 200 bc, 208–09, 232 238–42 Egypt, 191 bc, 188, 189, 231 calls on Rome for help vs. Hannibal, 220s bc, Elis, 186 bc, 210–11 240–41 the Greeks, 198/197 bc, 194 requests Roman intervention in civil dispute, Lampsacus, 190s bc, 230 226 bc? 239 Macedon, 191 bc, 188 deditio to Rome, 226 bc? 238 Numidia, 168 bc, 112–13, 212, 265 falls, December 219/January 218 bc, 240, 262, Numidia and Carthage, 150s bc, 308 263 Pergamum, 198 bc, 105, 339 restored by Rome, after 218 bc, 241, 249 Pergamum, 180s bc, 217, 231, 232 Saller, Richard (modern scholar), 30–31, 66 Pergamum, 164 and 160/159 bc, 298 Salonius (client of Cato the Elder), 43–45 Rhodes, 160s bc, 289–92 Samnites Rhodes, 169 bc, 280–81 amicitia with Rome, 107, 122, 125 Rhodes, 168 bc, 278–92 treaty of alliance with Rome, 353 bc, 107 Rhodes and Pergamum, 201 bc, 242 attacked by Campanians, 341 bc, 251 Rhodes and Pergamum, 189 bc, 86, 178, embassy to Rome, 341 bc, 124 197–200, 231, 232, 234, 273 attacks on Lucanians, 298 bc, 80, 229 Rhodes and Pergamum, 183/182 bc, 217, Samos (Greek island state), 195, 196 230 Scerdilaidas (Illyrian dynast) Sparta, 189/188 bc, 210 amicitia with Rome, 206, 232, 234, 266 the Spartan exiles, 184/183 bc, 212–13, 234 not punished by Rome after Second Illyrian the Spartan exiles, 150 bc, 347, 350 War, 266–67 Syracuse, 217 bc, 166–68, 173, 232 breaches Lissus line, 220 bc, 139, 262, 266 embassies to breaches Lissus line, 218 bc, 266 Antiochus III, 196 bc, 340 Scullard, H.H. (modern scholar), 293, 325, Antiochus III, 193 bc, 342, 345 328 Asia Minor, 180s bc, 217–18 Second Illyrian War, 137, 138, 193, 240, 262–69 Asia Minor, 182 bc, 217 escalation phase, 139 Athens, 200 bc, 242 Second Macedonian War, 77, 180, 187, 198, 206, Carthage, ca. 152 bc, 308, 316 224, 225, 229, 235–36, 266, 271, 277 the Greek East, 172/171 bc, 175 escalation phase, 208, 242–43 Greek states, 229 bc, 230 Second Punic War, 111, 123, 145, 153, 166, 167, Hannibal at New Carthage, 220 bc, 240, 169, 170, 172, 173, 179, 181, 189, 192, 231, 241, 300, 304 249, 256, 307 the Panaetolian assembly, 199 bc, 270, 278 escalation phase, 79, 238, 262, 301–07 Philip V at Abydus, 200 bc, 7 security dilemma, 20 Rome Seleucid empire beneﬁcia to amici, 228–34 amicitia with Rome, 105–07, 219–23, 339 diplomatic style, 13, 232–33 treaty of peace with Rome, 188 bc (the Peace evacuation of Greece, 194 bc, 223–27, 234, of Apamea), 7, 81, 197, 230, 284, 295 243, 277 Seleucus II (Seleucid king) exceptionalism of, 23, 121, 131, 132, 133, 153, establishes amicitia with Rome?, 105, 107 244, 264, 332 Sellasia, battle of, 263, 265

394 Index

Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (the Elder) (cos. I 177 joint campaigns with Attalus I, 208 bc, 85 bc,cos.II163 bc), 48 and Seleucid envoys, 194 bc, 341 attitude towards Demetrius I (Seleucid king), speech to the Roman people, 200 bc, 241 220, 234 temperament of, 203, 206, 232, 234 embassy to the East, 165–162 bc, 220, 230, 231, winters with Attalus I at Aegina, 209/208 bc, 234, 290, 297 84, 85 Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (the Younger) (tr. pl. Sulpicius Gallus, C. (cos. 166 bc), 48, 297 133 bc), 59, 60 Sulpicius Rufus, P. (tr. pl. 88 bc), 56, 62 Sempronius Longus, Ti. (cos. 218 bc), 166, 193 sungeneia (suggneia) (kinship), 200, see also Seneca, L. Annaeus (the Younger) homophulia (¾mojul©a) (kinship) De Beneficiis, 39, 45, 51, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69 symbolic capital, 52–53, 65, 66, 89, 95, 98, 113, De Ira, 57–58, 259 124, 231, 331 Smyrna (Greek city), 340, 344 Syphax (Numidian chieftain) Social War (between opposing allied forces of amicitia with Rome, 94–102 Greeks, 222–217 bc), 93, 94 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with socii and societas, 79–84 Rome, 95–96, 276, 299 soft balancing, 183, 213, 215, 216, 280, 346 embassy to Rome, 210 bc, 95, 97, 231 Soli (city in Cilicia), 200, 231, 234, 273 treaty of alliance with Rome, 206 bc, 81, 96 Sophoniba (daughter of Hasdrubal, son of diplomacy with Rome and Carthage, 206 bc, Gisgo) 95–96, 97, 231 marriage to Masinissa and death, 99, 109–12 Syracuse marriage to Syphax of Numidia, 96 amicitia with Rome, 80, 142–53, 164–72, 173, Spanish tribes 187, 190, 192–93, 229 amicitia with Rome, 179–80, 229, 278 breakdown and dissolution of amicitia with beneficia to Rome, 179 Rome, 169–70, 335–39 deditio to Rome, 179 alleged early amicitia with Rome, ca. 270 bc, relations with Rome, 153–57 144–46 salute Scipio Africanus as king, 260 besieged by the Romans, 264 bc, 142 Sparta besieged by the Romans, 263 bc, 142 conquered by the Achaean League, 192 bc, amicitia established for all time with Rome, 209–10 248 bc, 146–47 embassy to Rome, 189/188 bc, 210 protection guaranteed in treaty of peace revolt, crushed by Achaean League, 149 bc, between Rome and Carthage, 241 bc, 347–48 230 Spartan exiles besieged by the Romans, 212 bc, 202, embassy to Rome, 184/183 bc, 212–13, 234 204 embassy to Rome, 150 bc, 347, 350 captured by the Romans, 212 bc, 92 special relationships Syrian War, see Antiochene War in international relations, 77, 89, 169, 170, 191, 295, 296 Taubler,¨ Eugen (modern scholar), 91, 274, Statellates (Ligurian people) 275 deditio to Rome, 173 bc, 326–28 Tauromenium (city in Sicily), 143 Statorius, Q. (legate of the Scipiones in Spain, treaty with Rome, 134 213 bc) Tempe conference, 197 bc, 90, 194–95, 232, trains Numidians in Roman infantry warfare, 271–72 94, 97, 100 TerentiusVarro,M.(cos.216 bc), 253, 255 Sulpicius Galba, C. (cos. 144 bc) terminological inexactitude of ancient sources, massacres Spanish Lusitanians, 150 bc, 323–24 80, 81, 83, 138, 147, 204 defends his massacre of Spanish Lusitani vs. Teuta (ruler of the Illyrian Ardiaei), 136, 139, 140, Cato and L. Scribonius Libo (tr. pl.), 149 262, 265 bc, 325–26 the “Three Fetters of Greece” (Chalcis, Sulpicius Galba, P. (cos. I 211 bc,cos.II200 bc) Demetrias, Acrocorinth), 224, 272 courts support of Pleuratus of the Illyrian Theophrastus (ancient philosopher), 37, 61 Ardiaei, 200 bc, 206 Thessaly and Thessalians hostility towards mediation between Rome amicitia with Rome, 178–79 and Philip V, 207 bc, 203, 204, 206, 300 beneficia to Rome, 178–79

Index 395

awarded Phthiotic Achaea, 196 bc, 227 of peace between join Antiochus and the Aetolians, 192 bc, 225 Philip V and the Aetolian League, 206 bc, towns given to Philip V by Rome, 189 bc, 232 91, 202, 269–78 Thiel, J.H. (modern scholar), 247, 303, 309 Rome and the Aetolian League, 189 bc, 81, Third Macedonian War, 112, 178, 182, 183, 185, 274–75 207, 213, 215, 216, 279, 330 Rome and Carthage, 241 bc (the Peace of escalation phase, 175, 182 Lutatius), 81, 165, 171, 230, 301, 307 Third Punic War Rome and Carthage, 201 bc, 81, 230, 308 escalation phase, 307–23 Rome and the Illyrian Ardiaei, 228 bc, 262, Thraso (Syracusan politician), 335, 337 264, 265, 266, 267 Thucydides, 7, 10, 11, 21, 22, 123 Rome and Macedon, 205 bc (the Peace of Trasimene, battle of, 140, 166, 167 Phoenice), 81, 85, 198, 202, 266 treaties Rome and Macedon, 196 bc, 81, 188, 194 of alliance between Rome and the Seleucid empire, 188 bc (the Antigonus III of Macedon and Demetrius Peace of Apamea), 7, 81, 197, 230, 284, of Pharos, late 220s bc, 139 295 Carthage and Syracuse, 215 bc, 336 Rome and Syracuse, 263 bc, 143, 146–47 Hannibal and Philip V, 215 bc, 84, 90, 169, treaty, see foedus and under individual treaties 235, 266 “Treaty of Philinus” (false treaty of alliance Philip V and Antiochus III, 203/202 bc, between Rome and Carthage, 306 bc), 189, 222 146, 303 Rome and the Achaean League, 190sor trust 180s bc, 81, 181–86, 206 in modern friendship, 38–40, 53, 54, 57 Rome and the Aetolian League, 211 bc, 80, 81, 84, 90–94, 185, 269–78 uncertainty principle, 20, 192, 194 Rome and Camerinum, 310 bc, 88–89 unipolarity, 177, 286 Rome and Carthage, 509 bc, 2, 107 unlimited revisionist state, 120 Rome and Carthage, 348 bc, 2, 107 Utica (city in North Africa) Rome and Carthage, ca. 226 bc (the Ebro offers to perform deditio to Rome, 240 bc, treaty), 81 301, 305 Rome and Cnidus, 45 bc, 2 deditio to Rome, 149 bc, 309 Rome and Gades, 2 Rome and the Ilergetes, 209 bc, 256 Vaccaei (Spanish people) Rome and the Jews, 161 bc, 2 massacred by L. Licinius Lucullus, 151 bc, 324 Rome and the Latins, 493 bc, 251, 256 Valerius Laevinus, M. (cos. 210 bc), 90, 92 Rome and the Lycian League, 46 bc, 2 Valerius Maximus, M.’ (cos. 263 bc), 134, 142, Rome and Messana (unknown date), 2, 148 128 Villius Tappulus, P. (cos. 199 bc), 340, 342 Rome and Mytilene, 25 bc, 2 Viriathus (chieftain of the Spanish Lustiani), Rome and Netum (city in Sicily), 2, 134 324, 326 Rome and Rhodes, 164 or 163 bc, 81, virtue friendship, see Cicero, Marcus Tullius and 291 Aristotle and Plato Rome and the Samnites, 353 bc, 107 Rome and the Spanish Ilergetes, 209 bc, Walbank, F.W. (modern scholar), 263, 318 155 Waltz, Kenneth (International Relations Rome and Syphax of Numidia, 206 bc, 81, scholar), 9, 15, 16, 21 96 War with Nabis, 206, 209 Rome and Tauromenium (city in Sicily), 2, Wendt, Alexander (International Relations 134 scholar), 15, 18–19, 20–21, 24, 29