4516192 Kallirroi Tarouda ... Ort P5.Pdf

DYNAMIC RIVERSCAPES A vision for inhabitable, sustainable floodplains. The case of Huissensche Waard. Kallirroi Taroudaki MSc graduation thesis DYNAMIC RIVERSCAPES A vision for inhabitable, sustainable floodplains. The case of Huissensche Waard. Kallirroi Taroudaki MSc graduation thesis 4 TU Delft Faculty of Architecture Department of Urbanism - Chair of Landscape Architecture MSc Graduation Thesis Graduation Studio Flowscapes Author Kallirroi Taroudaki First mentor ir. Frits van Loon Second mentor ir. Teake Bouma Delegate board of examiners ir. Filip Geerts June 2017 5 Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank all the people that contributed to the com- pletion of this fruitful academic and personal journey. First of all, my mentors Frits and Teake for their guidance, advice and support through all the stages of the project. They provided me with knowledge but most importantly with motivation to dive more into the uncertainty and move forward. My parents and sisters for their unlimited love and encouragement, not only through this year but through my whole life, helping me to achieve my goals and follow my dreams. My patient supporter Giorgos, for following this journey next to me, de- spite the distance. Last but not least, I would like to thank the amazing landscape family and all my greek and international friends for making these two years in Delft an incredible experience and a huge life lesson. 6 Floodplains, Westervoort (Source: Author) 7 Being a Greek student of landscape architecture in the Netherlands I was from the beginning fasci- nated by the Dutch landscape and the differences that it presented, compared to the type of land- scapes I was used to. The surprise and excitement of the first days, though, gradually turned into questions of understanding these new areas. This is an image that striked me the most. I was wondering why this huge piece of land is all the same - a green “carpet” of grassland and agriculture with no other functions. A vast-flat area where nobody really walks in. During my studies at TU Delft I learned that this landscape is part of the riparian zone of the river landscape, responsible for accomodating the excess water of rivers during extreme water events. But then where is the river? To me, a river is a dynamic element, characterized by flows but this area seems very static. And why are cities turning their back to it? Being trigured by all these questions, I decided to investigate more on the Dutch river landscape and formulate my graduation project in order to find the answers. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 Introduction Project area Study of principles & 01 p. 11-21 02 p. 23-43 03 precedents | p. 45-51 Methodological The vision for the area Design principles & 04 framework | p. 53-63 05 p. 65-107 06 application | p. 109-125 Reflection References 07 p. 127-131 08 p. 133-135 134 Ahern, J. (1999), Spatial Concepts, Planning Strategies, and Future Scenarios: A Framework Meth- od for Integrating Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, in: Klopatek, J. and Gardner, R., Landscape Ecological Analysis: Issues and Applications, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 175-201 Chung, C. (2014), Transformations of Urbanising Delta Landscape: An Historic Examination of Dealing with the Impacts of Climate Change for the Kaoping River Delta in Taiwan, PhD thesis, Delft: Delft University of Technology Conan, M. (2000), An Offprint From Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Corner, J. (2006), Terra Fluxus, in: Waldheim, C., The Landscape Urbanism Reader, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 22-33 Hough, M. (1984), City Form And Natural Process: Towards A New Urban Vernacular, London: Croom Helm McHarg, I. (1969), Design With Nature, New York: The Natural History Press Meyer, H. and Nijhuis, S. (2013), Delta urbanism: planning and design in urbanized deltas – comparing the Dutch delta with the Mississippi River delta, in: Journal of Urbanism, 6(2), pp. 160-191 Meyer, H. and Nijhuis, S. (2016), Designing for Different Dynamics: The Search for a New Practice of Planning and Design in the Dutch Delta, in: J. Portugali and E.Stolk (eds.), Complexity, Cogni- tion, Urban Planning and Design, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 293-312 Nijhuis, S. and Jauslin, D. (2015), Urban landscape infrastructures. Designing operative landscape structures for the built environment, in: Nijhuis, S. et al, Research In Urbanism Series, 3(1), Delft: Delft University of Technology, pp. 13-34 Tjallingii, S. (2015), Planning with water and traffic networks. Carrying structures of the urban landscape, in: Nijhuis, S. et al, Research In Urbanism Series, 3(1), Delft: Delft University of Technology, pp. 57-80 01 INTRODUCTION 12 THE DUTCH RIVER LANDSCAPE The Netherlands is a country with about two thirds amount of water that needs to be drained. Because of the total land located below sea level and thus of these conditions, flood control has always been being vulnerable to flooding. In addition, major riv- a crucial aspect of the Dutch policy and culture, in ers (like the Rhine and the Maas) flow through the order for the land to be available and safe for habi- country transporting large quantities of water, while tation and production. there is also excess precipitation increasing the Water supply and distribution in the Netherlands Water system of the Netherlands 13 source: http://www.chrisvankeulen.nl/ijkdoor- braak1754d.jpg Flooding is an important issue for the dutch policy and culture, depicted in paintings, poems, songs etc. source: http://www.chrisvankeulen.nl/;ie- merswaterplaag2.jpg source: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/ content/roypta/363/1831/1271/F8.large.jpg 14 RIVER AND FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT The river landscape was firstly formed by the natu- developed also during the 19th century. In addi- ral dynamic processes and the first inhabitants were tion, the dikes formed large barriers in the land- actually following the land formations, choosing scape, separating these riparian zones from the rest the already higher grounds (levees) for their set- of the urban fabric and in most cases isolating peo- tlements, or building higher grounds (mounds) to ple from the river landscape, in contrast to what was keep their dwellings safe from water. The river was a happening in the past. profitable environment to settle, for transportation reasons and because of the fertile grounds that it Because of the limited space that the rivers were offered. given to operate, the natural processes have also been altered (water flow, water levels etc), and they will continue to change due to the ongoing and fur- ther expected climate change conditions. A vicious circle is thus created, where the flood defense system imposed on the riverscape results in greater flooding risk, and the need for stronger defenses. We understand that this shift in engineering the river systems and providing technical solutions for the challenge of flooding, resulted in neglecting the natural landscape and defending the natural pro- Scheme of a naturally formed river (source: Arnoldussen, S. cesses. (2008), A Living Landscape. Bronze Age settlement sites in the Dutch river area (c. 2000-800 BC), p. 34) Later, because of population growth and the need for greater building capacity and more productive land, human interventions started to transform the river landscape, developing gradually a more con- crete flood defense system that resulted in an altered river landscape of restricted space. “From the nineteenth century onwards, complete river systems became controlled by human action in favor of economic growth”. (Nijhuis and Jauslin, 2015, p.15) . The river courses were altered and less meandering, while the floodplains turned from natural areas influenced by the water flow, to large pieces of monofunctional land (with mainly or only Section of an engineered river, with summer dike, winter agricultural use), as a result of an agrarian spirit that dike and groynes. (source: http://cfile10.uf.tistory. com/image/263E5B4F54C82AEE32DE1C) TIMELINE 15 Timeline of river and floodplain development through the years. The river landsacpe has been transformed by a mutual relation between natural processes and human intervnetions, as response to these processes. 16 FROM PLAN OOIEVAAR TO ROOM FOR THE RIVER Recently, it has become clear that this approach of defending the water processes and perceiving water as an enemy cannot be an effective strategy anymore. Some approach- es and projects developed towards the direction of giving more space to the river, like the Plan Ooievaar and the Room for the River. Plan Ooievaar was the winning entry of the ‘Eo Wijers’ com- petition in 1985, proposing a new structure and water management strategy for the Dutch river landscape. It proposed a design strategy for the Rhine and Meuse river area on a regional scale, with new interrelations between the natural dynamics of a river system, the resulting visual expression and the land use. It was focused on nature, including river influenced woodlands (ooibos), faunal components, agricultural development, extraction of minerals etc. In this coherent framework of self-regulating natural processes, also exceptional forms of recreation within the floodplains were made possible. The effect of plan Ooievaar (source: De Bruin, D. et al (1987), Ooievaar. De toekomst van het rivierengebied, p. 90) Plan Ooievaar, plan for the river area near the cities Arnhem (top right) and Nijmegen (bottom right), 1987 (source: De Bruin, D. et al (1987), Ooievaar. De toekomst van het rivierengebied, p. 24) 17 The Room for the River directive was passed in 1996 in re- Room for the River sponse to the floods of 1993 and signaled a shift in the pol- principles icy paradigm. This policy called for the integration of spatial planning and water management and recognized the need to consider ecological and social factors as well as economic factors when developing the floodplains.

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