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An Investigation Into What Extent the Evacuation Needs of Vulnerable

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An Investigation Into What Extent the Evacuation Needs of Vulnerable An investigation into what extent the evacuation needs of vulnerable groups in society is being addressed in dike ring 43 in the Province of Gelderland, in the context of the operationalization of the third layer of the FSM policy package. LUP-80436 MSc Thesis Land Use Planning Veroniek van der Biezen Student numBer 880102068040 July 2013 Land Use Planning Group / Province of Gelderland Wageningen University and Research Centre Droevendaalsesteeg 4 6708 PB Wageningen ii What are vulnerable features? An investigation into what extent the evacuation needs of vulnerable groups in society is being addressed in dike ring 43 in the Province of Gelderland, in the context of the operationalization of the third layer of the FSM policy package. Master Thesis Land Use Planning submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science in Land Use Planning at Wageningen University, the Netherlands Veroniek van der Biezen Registration number: 880102068040 Email: [email protected] Arnhem, July 2013 Supervisors: Maarten van der Vlist Nathalie HoppenBrouwers-Bos Land Use Planning Group Programmabureau Wageningen University and Research Centre Provincie Gelderland The Netherlands The Netherlands Mark Zandvoort Jaap Ruiter Land Use Planning Group Programmabureau Wageningen University and Research Centre Provincie Gelderland The Netherlands The Netherlands iii iv Abstract This research focuses on self-reliance of non-self-reliant people. Especially on the environment they live in and the consequences of a possible flood. The research draws on literature research, flood simulations and, interviews within three case-study’s, namely a healthcare institution in Kesteren, one in Tiel and one in Culemborg. The flood simulations show that when there is an acute flooding, the consequences are great. Some areas are deeply flooded within a few hours. Also, we can not simply assume that escape routes remain accessible, these also overflow. Vital networks, like electricity, water, ICT and infrastructure are essential in continuing care. In crisis plans of the institutions and plans of the MAAD, the group of non-self-reliant people is considered separately. The dependence of networks is taken into account and particular attention is paid to transport needs. The institutions are obliged to take measures so at least they can continue care for at least 72 hours in case of emergency. The MAAD is a major player with a large network. They can assist in arranging facilities, such as when a disaster happens on a large scale, if the problems are piling up or persist longer than 72 hours. The research shows that more attention should be paid to the vulnerability of vital networks. Also, evacuation possibilities in relation to flood velocity and depth deserve more attention. Keywords: self-reliance, flood, vulnerable objects, vital networks, healthcare institution v vi Acknowledgements / Preface I have always been fascinated by nature. During my time studying, I encountered many different fields of work. Two of those came together during my master. These were spatial planning and water management. These two fields have much in common with each other. Also, they both have to deal with many different people and their wishes. This complexity attracted me. In the Netherlands we complain about the weather and clean water comes from the tap. But the world is changing and many people are working on water related issues to keep the Netherlands safe and to keep potable water available. Since this element is slightly touched upon in my education, I wanted to focus on this in my master thesis. I was lucky to get a place within the Province of Gelderland. Here I was able to experience the professional field and I was near to the developments. Of course the road was long and full of bumps and potholes, especially in defining the research topic and obtaining the interviews, but this thesis proves that I eventually succeeded. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my supervisors, Maarten van der Vlist, Mark Zandvoort, Nathalie Hoppenbrouwers and Jaap Ruiter, for their guidance and ideas on the topic of this thesis research. Furthermore, you provided me with several very useful contacts and literature. Thanks for all the time and effort that you have invested in reading and commenting on all the draft versions. Thanks for all the interesting and practical experiences you have shared with me. This research is partly based upon information from interviews. Thanks to all the respondents I interviewed for this thesis research. The valuable information from practice that you provided me with gave insight into and up-to-date information about the practical matters related to this research. Furthermore, thanks to everybody else who supported me in writing this thesis; especially Bart whom had to deal with my complaints and my mom with whom I drank a lot of coffee. Veroniek van der Biezen Arnhem, August 2013 vii viii Table of Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................ xi Samenvatting .............................................................................................................................. xiii List of figures ................................................................................................................................ xv List of tables ..................................................................................................................................xvi List of respondents .......................................................................................................................xvi Abbrevations ............................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research background .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Scientific background ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Policy background ........................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Regional background....................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Problem statement and research questions ........................................................................... 9 1.3 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Scientific ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.2 Societal .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.3 Personal......................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Outline ................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Theories, concepts and methodology ......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Principles in management and decision making ................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Multi-Layer Safety (MLS) ............................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Crisis management ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1.3 Environmental planning ................................................................................................ 18 2.2 Concepts ................................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Hospitals and disasters ................................................................................................. 19 2.2.2 Exposure ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.2.3 Vulnerability .................................................................................................................. 21 2.2.3 Self-reliance .................................................................................................................. 27 2.3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Data generation ............................................................................................................ 30 2.3.2 Data analysis ................................................................................................................. 31 3. Research ....................................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Analysis of flood scenarios .................................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Damage, casualties and water depth at a dike breach ................................................. 33 ix 3.1.2 Two scenarios...............................................................................................................
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