Cave Archaeology and the NSS: 1941–2006
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Fleming Vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University
The Histories Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hess, Kristin () "Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold," The Histories: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol2/iss1/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Vol 2, No. 1 Page 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristen Hess Without penicillin, the world as it is known today would not exist. Simple infections, earaches, menial operations, and diseases, like syphilis and pneumonia, would possibly all end fatally, shortening the life expectancy of the population, affecting everything from family-size and marriage to retirement plans and insurance policies. So how did this “wonder drug” come into existence and who is behind the development of penicillin? The majority of the population has heard the “Eureka!” story of Alexander Fleming and his famous petri dish with the unusual mold growth, Penicillium notatum. Very few realize that there are not only different variations of the Fleming discovery but that there are also other people who were vitally important to the development of penicillin as an effective drug. -
Geochronology of Sandia Cave
^/ MA Geochronology of Sandia Cave 4? jp^^gj^^F* 'W SMlTHSQNIAN bONTRltffi^ONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • ^UAmJ/ 0 Mp ,v * •. •'-•• SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge* was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution. Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. -
National Speleologi'c-Al Society
Bulletin Number Five NATIONAL SPELEOLOGI'C-AL SOCIETY n this Issue: CAVES IN WORLD HISTORY . B ~ BERT MORGAN THE GEM OF CAVES' . .. .. • B DALE WHITE CA VE FAUN A, with Recent Additions to the Lit ture Bl J. A. FOWLER CAT ALOG OF THE SOCIETY LJBR R . B)' ROBERT S. BRAY OCTOBER, 1943 PRJ E 1.0 0 . ------------------------------------------- .-'~ BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Issue Number Five October, 1943 750 Copies. 64 Pages Published sporadically by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 510 Scar Building, Washington, D. c., ac $1.00 per copy. Copyrighc, 1943, by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. EDITOR: DON BLOCH 5606 Sonoma Road, Bethesda-14, Maryland ASSOCIATE EDITORS: ROBERT BRAY WILLIAM J. STEPHENSON J. S. PETRIE OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN *WM. ]. STEPHENSON J. S. PETR'IE *LEROY FOOTE F. DURR President Vice·Prcsidet1l & Secretary Treasurer Pina~iaJ Sect'eIM"J 7108 Prospect Avenue 400 S. Glebe Road R. D. 3 2005 Kansas Avenue Richmond, Va. Arlin-glon, Va. Waterbury, Conn. Richmond, Va. Archeology Fauna Hydrology Programs &. Activities FLOYD BARLOGA JAMES FOWLER DR. WM. M. MCGILL DR. JAMES BENN 202·8 Lee Boulevard 6420 14th Street 6 Wayside Place, University U. S. Nat. Museum Arlington, Va. Washington, D . C. Charlottesville, Va. Washington, D. C. Bibliography &. Library Finance Mapping PubliCity *ROBERT BRAY *l.EROY FOOTB GBORGE CRABB *·Lou KLBWEJ.t R. F. D. 2 R. F. D. 3 P. O. Box 791 Toledo Blade Herndon, Va. Waterbury, Conn. Blacksburg, Va. Toledo, Ohio BuIletin &. Publications Folklore Metnbership DON BLOCH "'CLAY PERRY SAM ALLBN RECORDS 5606 Sonoma Road East Acres 1226 Wel.Jesley Avenue *FLORENCE WHITLI!Y Deorhesda, Md. -
Noticiario Albistegia
NOTICIARIO ALBISTEGIA KOBIE (Serie Paleo~ntropol~gía y c .. Nat.urales) Bilbao Zientzietako Aldizkana - Revista de C1enc1as Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia - Diputación Foral de Vizcaya N.º XIV, 1984 1 CAMPAAA (1984) DE EXCAVACION Con los trabajos emprendidas este año pretendemos EN LA CUEVA DE LUMENTXA (LEKEITIO) alcanzar dos objetivos básicos: a) Revisar y completar, si fuera preciso, la secuencia estratigráfica y cultural ya establecida, aplicando la meto Locallzaclón dología más actual y una estrecha colaboración interdis ciplinar. La cueva de Lumentxa se encuentra situada en la ver b) Analizar las diferentes zonas de ocupación y apro tiente meridional del monte del mismo nombre, a 95 vechamiento del suelo de la cueva en los sucesivos niveles metros sobre el nivel del mar, en el término municipal de la de habitación, intentando en lo posible, establecer la villa de Lekeitio. Se localiza en la hoja n.º 39 (Lekeitio) del estructura y la distribución espacial del hábitat prehistórico mapa 1 : 50.000, con las coordenadas geográficas de Lumentxa. sexagesimales: Longitud: 01 º 11' 08" Latitud: 43º 21' 40" Los trabajos de la 1 Campaña El acceso se hace desde el cementerio de Lekeitio, siguiendo el camino del Vía Crucis, cuya última estación Las adversas circunstancias por las que ha atravesado se sitúa en la cima del monte. A la altura de la quinta esta cueva tras las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en la estación parte un camino a la derecha que, faldeando unos década de los veinte, al haber servido de refugio a la 100 metros, conduce a la boca principal, la orientada hacia población de Lekeitio durante la guerra civil y, posterior el S-SW., de la cueva. -
Archeology Inventory Table of Contents
National Historic Landmarks--Archaeology Inventory Theresa E. Solury, 1999 Updated and Revised, 2003 Caridad de la Vega National Historic Landmarks-Archeology Inventory Table of Contents Review Methods and Processes Property Name ..........................................................1 Cultural Affiliation .......................................................1 Time Period .......................................................... 1-2 Property Type ...........................................................2 Significance .......................................................... 2-3 Theme ................................................................3 Restricted Address .......................................................3 Format Explanation .................................................... 3-4 Key to the Data Table ........................................................ 4-6 Data Set Alabama ...............................................................7 Alaska .............................................................. 7-9 Arizona ............................................................. 9-10 Arkansas ..............................................................10 California .............................................................11 Colorado ..............................................................11 Connecticut ........................................................ 11-12 District of Columbia ....................................................12 Florida ........................................................... -
Paleoindian and Archaic Periods
ADVANCED SOUTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGY THE PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC PERIODS PURPOSE To present members with an opportunity to acquire an in-depth understanding of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods as their occupations are viewed broadly across North America with a focus on the Southwest. OBJECTIVES After studying the manifestation of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest, the student is to have an in-depth understanding of the current thinking regarding: A. Arrival of the first Americans and their adaptation to various environments. Paleoenvironmental considerations. B. Archaeology of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest and important sites for defining and dating the occupations. Synthesis of the Archaic tradition within the Southwest. Manifestation of the Paleoindian and Archaic occupations of the Southwest in the archaeological record, including recognition of Paleoindian and Archaic artifacts and features in situ and recognition of Archaic rock art. C. Subsistence, economy, and settlement strategies of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest. D. Transition from Paleoindian to Archaic, and from Archaic to major cultural traditions including Hohokam, Anasazi, Mogollon, Patayan, and Sinagua, or Salado, in the Southwest. E. Introduction of agriculture in the Southwest considering horticulture and early cultigens. F. Lithic technologies of the Paleoindian and Archaic periods in the Southwest. FORMAT Twenty-five hours of classwork are required to present the class. Ten classes of two and one-half hours -
2009 Meltzer, DJ, First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice
DAVID J. MELTZER – PUBLICATIONS BOOKS & MONOGRAPHS: 2009 Meltzer, D.J., First peoples in a New World: colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press, Berkeley. (Paperback edition, 2010) 2006 Meltzer, D.J., Folsom: new archaeological investigations of a classic Paleoindian bison kill. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1998 Meltzer, D.J., editor, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. 150th Anniversary Edition. By E.G. Squier and E.H. Davis. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 1993 Meltzer, D.J., Search for the first Americans. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C. and St. Remy’s Inc., Montreal. 1992 Meltzer, D.J. and R.C. Dunnell, editors, The archaeology of William Henry Holmes. (In the series Classics of Smithsonian Anthropology). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 1991 Dillehay, T.D. and D.J. Meltzer, editors, The first Americans: search and research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 1986 Meltzer, D.J., D.D. Fowler and J.A. Sabloff, editors, American archaeology: past and future. A celebration of the Society for American Archaeology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. (Second edition, 1993). 1985 Mead, J.I. and D.J. Meltzer, editors, Environments and extinctions: man in late glacial North America. Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine, Orono. 1979 Meltzer, D.J., Archaeological excavations at an historic dry dock, Lock 35, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. National Park Service, Denver. JOURNAL ARTICLES & BOOK CHAPTERS: In press Meltzer, D.J., Pléistocène peuplements l’Amérique du Nord. In Les premiers peuplements préhistoriques sur les différents continents, H. de Lumley, ed. l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. -
July 1953 3 the SWISS ELECTRIC RAZOR with a PROVEN POPULARITY
CIATION OF ALUMNI ORGE WILLIAMS COLLEGE Gaiety . charm ... hospitality in the fin est French-Canadian tradition ... make the Hotel de LaSalle th :,~,w•ir~~you,::~::~;:~ in Mon- ~ .- . \~ . .. tasteful dance music. , ':7 cg 5 1k,.~R.eottt, ~~ delightful French-Canadian decor . superbly ~ prepared meals . dancing nightly . ~ e~o~,tfor J~fontreal's literary, musical and theatrical folk . .. made for gay informality . All restaurants are air-canditianed. - 200 modern rooms . .. every convenience for the traveller, presented with Old \Vor:ld courtesy that enables the Hotel de LaSalle to retain its happy combination of modern comfort and picturesque atmosphere. ~ Hotel de LaSalle Drummond at St. Catherine St., Montreal, Que. Published quarterly by The Association of Alumni, Sir George Williams College, 1441 Drummond Street, Montreal 25, Quebec, Canada. Advertising offi ce, 1063 Beaver Hall H ill, Montreal 1. T el. UN. 6-4628. Authorized as Second Class Mail, Post Office Department, Ottawa. Printed for the publishers by R apid Press Ltd., Montreal. Editor: BoB HAYES, B.A. Associate Editor: ALEC S. FINEBERG, B. CoM. VOLUME 9, NUMBER 2 VACATIO N ISSUE J U LY 1953 CONTENTS College Counselling Service Claimed Canada's Clearest 3 The Principal 's Page 7 The President's Page 9 Process of Degeneration Sometimes Begins in College 11 Valedictory Address Stresses New Duties and New Burdens 20 One of the most Resourceful Leaders in the Jewish Community . 30 Postgrad Patter 33 A College is what its Students Make it 35 Lost Alumni . 37 A Proud and Happy Occasion 39 Convocation Prizes and Special Awards 41 Service Professions Need Graduates 44 '53 G raduates 45 ~ working with Canadians in every walk of life since 1817 ••• Greenshields & Co Inc Underwriter. -
An Atomic History Chapter 2
An Atomic History 0-3 8/11/02 7:31 AM Page 18 Chapter Two 19 THE FERMI-SZILARD PILE AND URANIUM RESEARCH The first government funding for nuclear research was allocated to purchase graphite and uranium oxide for the chain reaction experiments being organized by Fermi and World War II and the Manhattan Project Szilard at Columbia University in February 1940.2 This work, which began in New York 2 City, soon spread to Princeton, the University of Chicago, and research institutions in California.3 Even at this stage, the scientists knew that a chain reaction would need three major components in the right combination: fuel, moderator, and coolant. The fuel would contain the fissile material needed to support the fission process. The neutrons generated by the fission process had to be slowed by the moderator so that they could initiate addi- tional fission reactions. The heat that resulted from this process had to be removed by the coolant. Fermi’s initial research explored the possibility of a chain reaction with natural urani- The 1930s were a time of rapid progress in the development of nuclear physics. um. It was quickly determined that high-purity graphite served as the best neutron moder- Research accelerated in the early years of the Second World War, when new developments ator out of the materials then available.4 After extensive tests throughout 1940 and early were conceived and implemented in the midst of increasing wartime urgency. American 1941, Fermi and Szilard set up the first blocks of graphite at Columbia University in government interest in these developments was limited at first, but increased as the war September 1941. -
Contributions to General Geology 1951-54
Contributions to General Geology 1951-54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 996 This bulletin was printed separate chapters A-E V , * UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955 E UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director n CONTENTS [Letters in parentheses designate the separately published chapters of the volume] (A) Pleistocene-Recent boundary in the Rocky Mountain region, by Charles B. Hunt____ .____..y___._________________________ 1 (B) Hawaiian volcanoes during 19fO, by R. H. Finch and Gordon A. MacDonald _____________//_______-___________-________.___ 27 (C) Pleistocene and Recent deposit's in the Denver area, Colorado, by Charles B. Hunt____'____ ______________.______________ 91 (D) Hawaiian volcanoes during 1951, by Gordon A. MacDonald and Chester K. Wentworth____--__-__.__--_.-______--__._-___- 141 (E) Surficial geology of the Louisville quadrangle, Colorado, by Harold E. Malde.- _-- _ _ _-_- _ . 217 r . Pleistocene-Recent ; Boundary in the * Rocky Mountain Region * GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 996-A A CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY PLEISTOCENE-RECENT BOUNDARY IN THE ROCKY MOUNTIAN REGION By CHARLES B. HUNT ABSTRACT The disappearance from the Rocky Mountain region of certain Pleistocene mammals, such as the elephants and camels, coincides with a widespread un- conformity in the late Quaternary deposits of the region. The deposits overly ing the unconformity, contain a modern fauna, including species like Bison bison that do not occur in the older deposits. Also, the deposits above and below the unconformity are distinct lithologically. It is proposed that this stratigraphic break be designated the boundary between the Pleistocene and Recent in this region. -
Uranium Enrichment Processes Directed Self-Study Course! This Is the Fifth of Seven Modules Available in This Self-Study Course
MODULE 5.0: ELECTROMAGNETIC SEPARATION (CALUTRON) AND THERMAL DIFFUSION Introduction Welcome to Module 5.0 of the Uranium Enrichment Processes Directed Self-Study Course! This is the fifth of seven modules available in this self-study course. The purpose of this module is to assist the trainee in describing the general principles of the electromagnetic separation (calutron) and thermal diffusion technologies and general facility and component layouts, identifying the uses of the calutron and thermal diffusion processes in industry and the production amounts of enriched uranium, and identifying the hazards and safety concerns for each process, including major incidents. This self-study module is designed to assist you in accomplishing the learning objectives listed at the beginning of the module. There are eight sections in this module. The module has self-check questions to help you assess your understanding of the concepts presented in the module. Before you Begin It is recommended that you have access to the following materials: 9 Trainee Guide Complete the following prerequisite: 9 Module 1.0 Introduction to Uranium Enrichment 1. Review the learning objectives. 2. Read each section within the module in sequential order. How to Complete 3. Complete the self-check questions and activities within this This Module module. 4. Check off the tracking form as you complete the self-check questions and/or activity within the module. 5. Contact your administrator as prompted for a progress review meeting. 6. Contact your administrator as prompted for any additional materials and/or specific assignments. 7. Complete all assignments related to this module. If no other materials or assignments are given to you by your administrator, you have completed this module. -
Preparative Scale Mass Spectrometry: a Brief History of the Calutron
ACCOUNT AND PERSPECTIVE Preparative Scale Mass Spectrometry: A Brief History of the Calutron Alfred L. Yergey National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA A. Karl Yergey Department of History, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA Calutrons were developed in the laboratory of E. O. Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley. They were a modification of the cyclotrons he had invented and used in his Noble Prize winning investigations of the atomic nucleus. At the time their construction was undertaken, calutrons represented the only certain means of preparing enriched uranium isotopes for the construction of a fission bomb. The effort was successful enough that every atom of the 42 kg of 235U used in the first uranium bomb had passed through at least one stage of calutron separation. At peak production, the first stage separators, a tanks, yielded an aggregate 258-g/d 235U enriched to about 10 at. % from its natural abundance level of 0.72 at. %. The second stage separators, b tanks, used the 10 at. % material as feedstock and produced a total 204-g/d 235U enriched to at least 80 at. %. The latter, weapons grade, material was used in fission bombs. Under typical operating conditions, each a tank operated at a uranium beam intensity at the collectors of approximately 20 mA and each b tank at a beam intensity of approximately 215 mA at the collectors. Bulk separation of isotopes for bomb production ceased in 1945. Since that time calutrons have been used to separate stable isotopes, but on a more limited scale than wartime weapons production.