DOCSLIB.ORG

Analýza Zapojenia Zahraničných Aktérov V Kontexte Druhej Občianskej Vojny V Líbyi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analýza Zapojenia Zahraničných Aktérov V Kontexte Druhej Občianskej Vojny V Líbyi FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Analýza zapojenia zahraničných aktérov v kontexte druhej občianskej vojny v Líbyi Diplomová práca BC. TOMÁŠ MIČÍK Vedúci práce: Mgr. Josef Kraus, Ph.D. Katedra politologie odbor Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Brno 2021 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Tomáš Mičík Fakulta sociálních studií Masarykova univerzita Katedra politologie Název práce: Analýza zapojenia zahraničných aktérov v kontexte druhej občianskej vojny v Líbyi Studijní program: Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Studijní obor: Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Josef Kraus, Ph.D. Rok: 2021 Počet stran: 136 Klíčová slova: Líbya, líbyjská občianska vojna, Haftar, Sarraj, zahraniční aktéri, GNA, HoR, Arabská jar 2 Bibliographic record Author: Bc. Tomáš Mičík Faculty of Social Studies Masaryk University Department of Political Science Title of Thesis: Analysis of Foreign Actors‘ Involvement in the Context of Libyan Civil War Degree Programme: Security & Strategic Studies Field of Study: Security & Strategic Studies Supervisor: Mgr. Josef Kraus, Ph.D. Year: 2021 Number of Pages: 136 Keywords: Libya, Libyan civil war, Haftar, Sarraj, foreign actor, GNA, HoR, Arab spring 3 Abstrakt Tato diplomová práce se zabývá analýzou zahraničních aktérů v kontextu druhé občanské války v Libyi. Libye se v porevolučním období stala prostředím mocensko-politického, nábožensko-ideologického a ekonomického soupeření mnoha regionálních, evropských i globálních aktérů. Cílem této práce je podrobně zanalyzovat roli, zájmy, motivace a rozsah působení těchto zahraničních aktérů v rámci současně probíhající druhé libyjské občanské války. 4 Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of foreign actors in the context of the second civil war in Libya. In the post-revolutionary period, Libya became an environment of power-political, religious-ideological and economic rivalry between many regional, European and global actors. The aim of this work is to analyze the role, interests, motivations, and scope of activities of these foreign actors in the ongoing second Libyan civil war. 5 Čestné prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu na tému Analýza zapojenia zahraničných aktérov v kontexte druhej občianskej vojny v Líbyi vypracoval sám. Všetky pramene a zdroje informácií, ktoré som použil k vypracovaniu tejto práce, boli citované v texte a sú uvedené v zozname použitých prameňov a literatúry. V Brne 15. januára 2021 ....................................... Bc. Tomáš Mičík 7 Poďakovanie Touto cestou by som sa rád poďakoval svojmu vedúcemu práce Mgr. Josefovi Krausovi, Ph.D. za odborné rady, ochotu a venovaný čas. Ďalej by som rád poďakoval svojej rodine a najbližším, ktorí ma v priebehu písaní práce, ako aj celého bakalárskeho štúdia plne podporovali. Zvláštne poďakovanie patrí mojej dlhoročnej priateľke a skvelej pedagogičke Mgr. Andrei Rabčanovej za cenné rady a zdieľanie svojich poznatkov a vedomostí. V neposlednej rade moje poďakovanie patrí aj dlhoročnej kamarátke Mgr. Eve Struhárňanskej za cenné rady a ochotnú pomoc. Šablona DP 3.0.6-FSS (2019-11-29) © 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019 Masarykova univerzita 9 Obsah Zoznam tabuliek 13 Zoznam pojmov a skratiek 15 1 Úvod 17 2 Metodologická časť 20 2.1 Ciele a štruktúra práce ............................................................................... 20 2.2 Metodológia práce ....................................................................................... 21 2.3 Limity práce .................................................................................................... 22 3 Teoretická časť 24 3.1 Klasifikácia aktérov ..................................................................................... 24 3.2 Operacionalizácia a indikátory .............................................................. 26 3.3 Konceptualizácia pojmov ......................................................................... 28 4 Analyticko-deskriptívna časť 30 4.1 Príčiny konfliktu ........................................................................................... 30 4.2 Lokálni aktéri ................................................................................................. 31 4.3 Zahraniční aktéri .......................................................................................... 39 5 Záver 104 Použité zdroje 113 Príloha 1 – Kompletná prehľadová tabuľka rozsahu zapojenia zahraničných aktérov 128 Príloha 2 – Mapa vzťahov vnútroštátnych aktérov 130 Príloha 3 – Princíp LPA, model inštitucionálnej štruktúry politických orgánov a inštitúcií 131 Príloha 4 – Mapa konfliktnej situácie v Líbyi v máji 2020 132 Príloha 5 – Poľný maršál Khalifa Haftar 133 Príloha 6 – Fayez al-Farraj 134 11 Počet znakov: 168 424 12 Zoznam tabuliek Tabuľka 1 – Lokálni aktéri – Všeobecný národný kongress (GNA), zdroj: autor textu ........................................................................................................................ 32 Tabuľka 2 – Lokálni aktéri – Snemovňa reprezentantov (HoR), zdroj: autor textu ........................................................................................................................ 33 Tabuľka 3 – Lokálni aktéri – Vláda národnej jednoty (GNA), zdroj: autor textu .................................................................................................................................... 35 Tabuľka 4 – Lokálni aktéri – Vláda národnej spásy (NSG), zdroj: autor textu .................................................................................................................................... 37 Tabuľka 5 – Susedné štáty – Egypt, zdroj: autor textu ................................. 40 Tabuľka 6 – Susedné štáty – Tunisko, zdroj: autor textu ............................. 43 Tabuľka 7 – Susedné štáty – Alžírsko, zdroj: autor textu ............................ 46 Tabuľka 8 – Blízkovýchodní aktéri – SAE, zdroj: autor textu .................... 52 Tabuľka 9 – Blízkovýchodní aktéri – Katar, zdroj: autor textu ................. 58 Tabuľka 10 – Blízkovýchodní aktéri – Saudská Arábia, zdroj: autor textu ............................................................................................................................................... 63 Tabuľka 11 – Blízkovýchodní aktéri – Turecko, zdroj: autor textu ......... 68 Tabuľka 12 – Európski aktéri – Francúzsko, zdroj: autor textu ............... 76 Tabuľka 13 – Európski aktéri – Taliansko, zdroj: autor textu ................... 81 Tabuľka 14 – Európski aktéri – Spojené kráľovstvo, zdroj: autor textu 86 Tabuľka 15 – Globálni aktéri – Rusko, zdroj: autor textu ............................ 90 Tabuľka 16 – Globálni aktéri – USA, zdroj: autor textu ................................ 97 13 Zoznam pojmov a skratiek AFRICoM – United States Africa Command / Americké veliteľstvo v Afrike ASL – Ansar al-Sharia Libya BAM – Al-Bunyan al-Marsous BDB – Benghazi Defense Brigade / Obranné brigády z Benghází BRSC – Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries / Revolučná rada Benghází EEZ – Exclusive economic zone / exkluzívna ekonomická zóna GNA – Government of National Accord / Vláda národnej dohody GNC – General National Congress [Líbya] / Generálny národný kongres GRU – Main Intelligence Directorate / Hlavná správa rozviedky HoR – House of Representatives [Líbya] / Snemovňa reprezentantov HCS – High Council of State / Vysoká rada štátu IS – Islamic State / Islamský štát LNA – Libyan National Army / Líbyjská národná armáda LRoR – Libya Revolutionaries operations Room / Operačná sieť libyjských revolucionárov LSC – Libyan Shield Forces / Líbyjské štítové sily LAŠ – Liga arabských štátov MUR – Misrata Union of Revolutionaries / Únia misurátskych revolucionárov NATo – North Atlantic Treaty organization / organizácia severoatlantickej zmluvy 15 NSG – National Salvation Government [Líbya] / Vláda národnej spásy NTC – National Transitional Council / Prechodná národná rada OSN – Organizácia spojených národov PC – Presidential Council / Prezidentská rada PFG – Petroleum Facilities Guard / ochrana ropných zariadení SAE – Spojené arabské emiráty USA – United States of America / Spojené štáty americké 16 1 Úvod V roku 2011 došlo v Líbyi k revolúcii, ktorej výsledkom bol pád režimu Mu´ammara al-Qadhdháfího. Vzhľadom na to, že išlo o autoritársky režim s takmer štyridsaťdvaročným trvaním, ktorý bol zároveň pomerne unikátnym ľudovo-socialistickým systémom, zborenie jeho mocenských inštitúcií a úplné odstránenie tamojšieho úradníckeho aparátu prinieslo absolútnu decentralizáciu politickej moci v krajine. Zlyhanie vládnej infraštruktúry v kombinácii s faktorom prehlbujúcich sa porevolučných sporov v krajine navyše viedlo k výraznému ochromeniu hospodárskej základne štátu a absolútnemu kolapsu bezpečnostnej situácie v krajine a vytvoreniu bezpečnostného vákua (Eaton 2018: 4). Absencia ústrednej vládnej moci s monopolom na organizované násilie umožnila vytvorenie vysoko militantného prostredia, v ktorom do súčasnej doby pôsobia stovky autonómnych ozbrojených aktérov vzájomne súperiacich o kontrolu územia, kontrolu prvkov ropnej infraštruktúry a ovládnutie nelegálneho obchodu. Po desaťročiach tvrdého potláčania etnického a kmeňového pnutia cestou snahy o vytvorenie a presadenie idey líbyjskej národnej identity a potláčania radikálnych náboženských prúdov a hnutí, ktoré inklinovali k radikálnemu islamizmu1 a saláfizmu2, sa tieto dva obrovské problémy, ktoré dlhodobo sužovali líbyjskú spoločnosť, opäť dostali na povrch a to v nečakane veľkom rozsahu. Všetky tieto faktory sa stali živnou pôdou pre prakticky bezproblémové implementovanie,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of International Journal Euro-Mediterranean Studies
    Euro-Mediterranean University Kidričevo nabrežje 2 SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia International Journal www.ijems.emuni.si [email protected] 1 of Euro-Mediterranean NUMBER Studies VOLUME 1 4 2021 NUMBER 1 2021 EDITORIAL A defining moment: Can we predict the future of higher education? Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry 14 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Security sector reform by intergovernmental organisations in Libya Anna Molnár, Ivett Szászi, Lili Takács VOLUME SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Interpreting the Mediterranean archaeological landscape through stakeholders’ participation – the case of Vrsar, Croatia Kristina Afrić Rakitovac, Nataša Urošević, Nikola Vojnović REVIEW ARTICLE Olive oil tourism in the Euro-Mediterranean area José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón, Elide Di-Clemente, Ana María Campón-Cerro, José Antonio Folgado-Fernández SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE What ever happened to the EU’s ‘science diplomacy’? The long mission of effective EU-Mediterranean cooperation in science and research Jerneja Penca BOOK REVIEW Transnational Islam and regional security: Cooperation and diversity between Europe and North Africa, by Frédéric Volpi (ed.) Georgi Asatryan EVENT REVIEW Capacity building for healthy seas: Summer school on sustainable blue economy in the Euro-Mediterranean Jerneja Penca Abstracts Résumés Povzetki International Journal The International Journal of Euro- EdITOR-IN-CHIEF Advisory board of Euro-Mediterranean Studies Mediterranean Studies is published in Prof. Dr. Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry, Prof. Dr. Samia Kassab-Charfi, English with abstracts in Slovenian, ISSN 1855-3362 (printed) Euro-Mediterranean University, Slovenia University of Tunis, Tunisia French and Arabic language. The Prof. Dr. Abeer Refky, Arab Academy ISSN 2232-6022 (online) journal is free of charge. managing Editor: for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt COPYRIGHT NOTICE Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins of the Libyan Conflict and Options for Its Resolution
    ORIGINS OF THE LIBYAN CONFLICT AND OPTIONS FOR ITS RESOLUTION JONATHAN M. WINER MAY 2019 POLICY PAPER 2019-12 CONTENTS * 1 INTRODUCTION * 4 HISTORICAL FACTORS * 7 PRIMARY DOMESTIC ACTORS * 10 PRIMARY FOREIGN ACTORS * 11 UNDERLYING CONDITIONS FUELING CONFLICT * 12 PRECIPITATING EVENTS LEADING TO OPEN CONFLICT * 12 MITIGATING FACTORS * 14 THE SKHIRAT PROCESS LEADING TO THE LPA * 15 POST-SKHIRAT BALANCE OF POWER * 18 MOVING BEYOND SKHIRAT: POLITICAL AGREEMENT OR STALLING FOR TIME? * 20 THE CURRENT CONFLICT * 22 PATHWAYS TO END CONFLICT SUMMARY After 42 years during which Muammar Gaddafi controlled all power in Libya, since the 2011 uprising, Libyans, fragmented by geography, tribe, ideology, and history, have resisted having anyone, foreigner or Libyan, telling them what to do. In the process, they have frustrated the efforts of outsiders to help them rebuild institutions at the national level, preferring instead to maintain control locally when they have it, often supported by foreign backers. Despite General Khalifa Hifter’s ongoing attempt in 2019 to conquer Tripoli by military force, Libya’s best chance for progress remains a unified international approach built on near complete alignment among international actors, supporting Libyans convening as a whole to address political, security, and economic issues at the same time. While the tracks can be separate, progress is required on all three for any of them to work in the long run. But first the country will need to find a way to pull back from the confrontation created by General Hifter. © The Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute 1319 18th Street NW Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • How Sirte Became a Hotbed of the Libyan Conflict Sirte: a New Frontline (June 2020) Cover
    How Sirte Became a Hotbed of Issue 2021/05 the Libyan Conflict February 2021 Omar Al-Hawari1 Abstract The birthplace and former stronghold of the late Muammar Qadhafi, the coastal city of Sirte, was stigmatised and marginalised following the fall of the regime in October 2011. However, since 2019 it has again become the epicentre of Libya’s domestic and international conflict. How can this sudden change in the strategic importance of the city be explained? Based on numerous interviews with key actors from Sirte and on both warring sides, this paper analyses how the strategic importance of Sirte has evolved since Haftar’s LAAF military offensive on Tripoli in April 2019 and how the city has now become central to the Libyan conflict and its resolution through international diplomatic efforts. Introduction The city of Sirte, located in the middle of the Libyan littoral and at the western edge of the ‘Oil Crescent,’ was the theatre of the final battle of the 2011 civil war, but after being ‘liberated’ by the revolutionary forces in October it faded into the margins of Libya’s transition. The city was military defeated, socially marginalised and politically excluded. However, since 2019 it has again become the epicentre of Libya’s domestic and international conflict. How can this sudden BRIEF change in the strategic importance of the city be explained? The birthplace and former stronghold of the late Muammar Qadhafi, Sirte, and its inhabitants were marginalised and stigmatised following the fall of the regime in October 2011. Left devastated after weeks of shelling and street fighting, the city was still regarded by the new authorities as a stronghold of former regime supporters and the symbol of the ‘defeated’ in the civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya CJPME Foundation – Human Rights Report Series Published September, 2018
    Africa - Libya CJPME Foundation – Human Rights Report Series Published September, 2018 Libya - Human Rights Scorecard 1 Libya is a sovereign state situated in North Africa. It is the fourth-largest country in Africa and is home to the tenth-largest oil reserves in the world. Libya was an Italian colony from 1911 to 1951, when it became an independent kingdom. A military coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew the monarchy in 1969. Gaddafi, condemned by many as a dictator, led the country until 2011 when he was overthrown and killed during the First Libyan Civil War. Civil strife is ongoing in Libya. Political power remains split between the UN-backed Government of National Accord and the Council of Deputies in Tobruk. Official language: Arabic Ethnic groups: 97% Berber/Arab, 3% other Government: Unitary provisional government - Chairman of the Presidential Council: Fayez al-Sarraj - Prime Minister: Fayez al-Sarraj - President of the House of Representatives: Aguila Saleh Issa - Prime Minister: Abdullah al-Thani Death penalty: Retentionist Population: 6.3 million Life expectancy: 75 years2 Under-5 mortality: 12.9 per 10003 Adult literacy: 89.5 percent Section 1: Overall Development The overall development of a country – considering education, health, income, and other factors – is a strong indicator of whether average citizens have a reasonable chance to enjoy social and economic well-being and mobility. Human Development (UNDP Human Development Index (HDI)) 4 0.706 – High Human Development 5 According to the UNDP, Libyans enjoyed a gross national income per capita of $11,100, and could expect to have on average 13.4 years of schooling.
    [Show full text]
  • MAX Security Report [email protected] +44 203 540 0434
    MAX Security Report [email protected] +44 203 540 0434 Politics Libya SITUATION UPDATE: LNA, GNA swap 29 prisoners under UNSMIL-led JMC on December DEC 25; notable due to rarity of such incidents 7:10 UTC Executive Summary On December 23, House of Representatives (HoR) President Aguila Saleh Issa referred 35 HoR members to prosecution for “spreading division” after they attempted to defect. This highlights the internal fissures within political bodies as individual elements attempt to pursue their independent interests amid the peace process in Libya. On December 23, locals protested against the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) in Tripoli to demand a lower official exchange rate. This is because a higher exchange rate would increase the price of imported goods and therefore increase the economic burden on the population. On December 25, the Libyan National Army (LNA) and the Government of National Accord (GNA) exchanged prisoners as part of the UN-brokered negotiations. This shows the two parties’ overall interest in making the necessary concessions to facilitate the ongoing peace process. Overall, while the LNA and the GNA leadership will continue their efforts to make concessions under the UN-brokered negotiations, mistrust between the two parties will persist. This, combined with the internal fissures within political bodies, will challenge the overall political negotiations in Libya over the coming months. page 1 / 6 Current Situation Across the country, the following incidents have been reported: Fezzan Region Date District/City Brief Description December 23 Ubari According to a news agency affiliated with the eastern- based House of Representatives (HoR), the Libyan National Army (LNA) took control of several sites and roads linking the city to remote areas.
    [Show full text]
  • LET4CAP Law Enforcement Training for Capacity Building LIBYA
    G N I N I A R T T N E M E C R O F N E W A L LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING FOR CAPACITY BUILDING Co-funded by the Internal Security Fund of the European Union LET4CAP Law Enforcement Training for Capacity Building LIBYA Downloadable Country Booklet DL. 2.5 (Version 1.2) 1 Dissemination level: PU Let4Cap Grant Contract no.: HOME/ 2015/ISFP/AG/LETX/8753 Start date: 01/11/2016 Duration: 33 months Dissemination Level PU: Public X PP: Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission) RE: Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission) Revision history Rev. Date Author Notes 1.0 20/12/2017 SSSA Overall structure and first draft 1.1 23/02/2018 SSSA Second version after internal feedback among SSSA staff 1.2 10/05/2018 SSSA Final version version before feedback from partners LET4CAP_WorkpackageNumber 2 Deliverable_2.5 VER1.2 WorkpackageNumber 2 Deliverable Deliverable 2.5 Downloadable country booklets VER V.1.2 2 LIBYA Country Information Package 3 This Country Information Package has been prepared by Claudia KNERING, under the scientific supervision of Professor Andrea de GUTTRY and Dr. Annalisa CRETA. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy www.santannapisa.it LET4CAP, co-funded by the Internal Security Fund of the European Union, aims to contribute to more consistent and efficient assistance in law enforcement capacity building to third countries. The Project consists in the design and provision of training interventions drawn on the experience of the partners and fine-tuned after a piloting and consolidation phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya: Geopolitics and Oil Vanessa Smith
    Libya: Geopolitics and Oil Vanessa Smith After years of international reluctance to re-engage with the deepening Libyan crisis, European powers – headed by France and Italy – are re-entering the debate on how best to bring an end to the country’s decade-long civil war. Sparked by a Washington retreat across the region along with a ratcheting up of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), both France and Italy have emerged front-runners in a quest to become the leading international power broker on Libya. Presently, Italy is ahead of France in this geopolitical “tug of war,” with the most recent International Conference on Libya in Palermo proving to be a diplomatic victory for the newly incumbent right-wing populist government, headed by Giuseppe Conte. Across the two-day event, Conte sought to make inroads in addressing the country’s protracted political and economic instability, while also assisting UNSMIL, led by Ghassan Salamé. While there was no official signing of any physical document, Conte did manage – with the assistance of Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi – to bring together two of Libya’s main protagonists: Tripoli centred Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj and western based Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar. Both agreed to revised election dates (scheduled for 2019) and to throw political support behind UNSMIL. Also, in attendance at the event was UN Secretary- General, António Guterres, European Union’s Foreign Policy Chief, Federica Mogherini and Russian Prime Minister, Dmitry Medvedev. Representatives were sent from Turkey and Qatar as well. Despite the hype from Italy, the Conference did not resolve many of Libya’s political problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council)
    Elephant Model United Nations 2018 | 6th – 8th of June 2018 ​ ​ ​ Forum: SC (Security Council) Issue: The issue of finding measures for lasting peace in Libya. ​ Student Officer: Selin Ersoy, Leon Reinhardt, Eleanor Waite _________________________________________________________________________ Introduction In 1969 Colonel Muammar Gaddafi successfully carried out a coup d’état putting an end to the monarchy in Libya. After the abdication of King Idris an authoritarian regime was established under the reign of Gaddafi himself. The Arab Spring eventually reached Libya in February 2011. Initially the regime reasserted their control through censorship of social media and the forcible dissolution of protests. The violent dissolution of the protests by the military caused further uprisings by the Libyan population. Civil war ensued. Due to the indiscriminate ways in which the Libyan military dispersed the protesters, the United Nations called for the protection of the civilian populus. Members and partners of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) followed that call. With the adoption of Resolution 1970 by the Security Council, NATO operations began. With the help of NATO forces the civil war ended by October. The number of loyalists diminished and Muammar Gaddafi was killed by the rebels. The National Transitional Council (NTC) was the de facto and international recognized governing body of Libya during the last stages and after the civil war. It was replaced by the General National Congress (GNC) after a popular vote. After the initial civil war ended many armed groups continued to exist including forces with terrorist links. The ensuing violence between the armed groups and the government led to another civil war for political power and monetary gain which is the topic at hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya's Proxy Battlefield
    Oxford Research Group | January 2015 Oxford Research Group Briefing – JANUARY 2014 LIBYA’S PROXY BATTLEFIELD Richard Reeve Summary Less than four years since NATO-led military intervention helped to unseat the 42-year Gaddafi dictatorship Libya is a failing state on the borders of Europe. Since last summer the country has been divided between two rival national governments and a series of sub-states controlled by loosely aligned tribal, militia and jihadist groups. Almost all European embassies have been evacuated and oil production has fallen by about 80% in response to the fighting. The rulers of Derna, a coastal city 300 km south of Crete, have declared their territory an exclave of the Islamic State. Jihadist groups based in Libya have raided into Tunisia, Algeria, Niger and Egypt and for almost a year controlled northern Mali. Hundreds of thousands of desperate African and Middle Eastern refugees and migrants are attempting to cross illegally into Italy, Malta and Greece from Libya’s coast. If the momentum seems to have been lost for consolidating the revolutionary transition, calls have inevitably risen for renewed foreign intervention to secure Libya and to protect its people and neighbours. The House of Representatives, elected in June 2014 by just 18% of eligible Libyans, retreated to Tobruk in far eastern Libya in August, issuing a call for UN intervention to protect civilians and institutions. This month it has refocused its appeals on the Cairo-based Arab League, which supports it against its Tripoli-based rivals. Speaking on behalf of Libya’s southern neighbours in the Sahel, Mali also appealed to the UN Security Council to intervene in Libya on 6 January.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy for the Presidential Election Campaign
    STRATEGY FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN DECISION TREE HOLD PRESIDENTIAL HOLD PRESIDENTIAL CONDUCT COMBINED ELECTIONS BEFORE THE ELECTION AFTER PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION REFERENDUM ON THE REFERENDUM ON THE AND REFERENDUM ON CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION THE NEW CONSTITUTION STRATEGY STRATEGY 1 STRATEGY 2 3 POSITIVES: POSITIVES: POSITIVES: • Sufficiently short Complete legitimacy of Minimises the expense of timeframe; authorities in the country in the constructing a Libyan political • Technologically feasible eyes of the international system NEGATIVES: community NEGATIVES: • Questions of legitimacy NEGATIVES: • No legal precedents from opponents within • Divisions on the • Divisions on the Libya, since presidential constitution;* constitution powers not approved in the • Long and unpredictable • Technically complicated Constitution timeframes; • No guarantee of a positive • Questions of legitimacy • No guarantee of a positive result from the international result due to possible community constitutional restrictions * According to an expert survey, disputes on the issue of adopting a constitution are so so substantial that it is not possible to adopt an agreed version of the Constitution in a short timeframe 2 STARTING POSITIONS Khalifa Belqasim Haftar controls the territory in which ⅓ of voters live. Therefore, before putting forth his candidature for the presidential election, we need to find mechanisms for controlling the electoral 1 process in other parts of Libya. That is to say: to have the capability to safely campaign for the candidate, distribute campaign materials, control vote counting (without control of voting results, the elections may be lost). In respect of the fact that there is no understanding of exactly how to conduct an electoral campaign in uncontrolled territory, we need a series 2 of joint negotiations on the conditions and rules for holding the elections with all the interested parties (in Sochi).
    [Show full text]
  • Political Situation
    Libya Last update: 20 maart 2020 Population: 6,678,567 million (World Bank 2018 est.) Prime minister: Fayez al-Sarraj Governemental type: - Ruling coalition: - Last election: 25 June 2014 (Council of Deputies) Next election: - Sister parties: None Subsequently to the Tunisian uprising, first protests in Libya started halfway January 2011. One month later, the protests had turned into the most violent conflict between government and citizens among the different Arab uprisings at that time. After almost 42 years under the regime of Gaddafi the people of Libya found a momentum to take over control of their country. But what started as a popular uprising and outcry for political reform quickly turned into factional violence. The newly elected General National Congress (GNC) in 2012 tried to hold the country together. The rise of Islamic State in Libya and the contested 2014 elections resulted in the creation of a rival government in the eastern city of Tobruk. A second Civil War ensued. The reconciliation process initiated by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) has so far failed to unite the country. The current internationally recognized Government of National Accord (GNA), based in the original capital Tripoli, has limited power, while the HoR supported by Libyan National Army of general Khalifa Haftar rules more than half of the country. Political Situation Libya gained independence in December 1951 after being under UN supervision as Italy lost the territory during World War II. Following a military coup in 1969, Colonel Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi designed his own political system, the Third Universal Theory, later dubbing the country the ‘Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya’.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of Major Conflicts and Political Events
    Chronologies Chronology of Major Conflicts Appendices and Political Events Chronologies January 2014 months. On 21 January the Portuguese Monaco debt drops from 5% for the first time In Spain, the implementation of the since August 2010. • On 8 January the staff at the Hotel new education bill finds opposition de Paris end an eight-day strike, the from five autonomous regions. In Spain longest in Monaco’s history, after agree- France, thousands demonstrate ing with the management to renegotiate against the President François Hol- • On 8 January the Civil Guard arrests their salaries and contracts. lande the same month that the govern- eight people accused of coordinating ment approves fresh cuts. Monaco and carrying out orders from outside the Italy experiences the longest strike in its country from the Euskadi ta Askatasuna history. In Italy, the Agriculture Minister terrorist group (ETA) for their imprisoned • On 11-12 January the Italian navy resigns. Malta and the European Com- members. rescues more than 400 immigrants. mission reach an agreement on the • On 15 January the Spanish Wind • On 16 January the press reports the Maltese Nationality Law. Croatia extra- Energy Association announces that, dur- Northern League’s (Padanian separa- dites Josip Perkovic. Serbia begins EU ing 2013, Spain became the first and tist) latest move in its racist campaign 350 accession negotiations. The crisis in only country to have wind as its main against the Integration Minister Cecile the government coalitions of Montene- source of energy. Kyenge, of Congolese origin, consisting gro, Serbia and FYROM forces the • On 29 January five autonomous re- in the League’s newspaper, La Padania, governments to consider early elec- gions express their opposition to the publishing Kyenge’s daily itinerary so tions.
    [Show full text]