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Propagating Native Salicaceae for Afforestation and Restoration in New York City’S Five Boroughs

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Propagating Native Salicaceae for Afforestation and Restoration in New York City’S Five Boroughs REFEREED RESEARCH Propagating native Salicaceae for afforestation and restoration in New York City’s five boroughs Ronald S Zalesny Jr, Richard A Hallett, Nancy Falxa-Raymond, Adam H Wiese, and Bruce A Birr ABSTRACT Identifying superior Salicaceae genotypes for afforestation and restoration activities in urban areas can greatly increase the provision of ecosystem services for long-term ecological sustainability. To address this opportunity, we collected native Populus L. (Salicaceae) and Salix L. (Salicaceae) scions from 3 sites on Staten Island, New York, and conducted a propagation study followed by greenhouse and nursery scale-up activities. Our objectives were to: 1) identify hormone treatments that enhanced root initiation and early growth of the native genotypes; 2) incorporate Salicaceae prop - agation methodology into phyto-recurrent selection; and 3) establish a population of genotypes that can be used for afforestation and restoration efforts throughout New York City. For Objective 1, we tested the response of 112 native genotypes and 11 common clones to 3 root hormone treatments (36-h water soak plus 12-h soak in 1% IBA + 0.5% NAA; 48-h water soak plus powder dip in 0.3% IBA; 48-h water soak plus 5-s dip soak in 20% IBA) and a water soak control. After 75 d of growth, the control treatment was more effective than the 0.3% IBA powder dip and as effective as the other treatments. Given broad clonal variation, there is a high probability of selecting genotypes for both afforestation and restoration. Although Salix exhibited greater relative propagation success than Populus , both genera should be used to in - crease overall genetic diversity. From a practical standpoint, scale-up activities led to establishment of a nursery population that will be used for ongoing afforestation and restoration activities in New York City. Zalesny RS Jr, Hallett RA, Falxa-Raymond N, Wiese AH, Birr BA. 2014. Propagating native Sali - caceae for afforestation and restoration in New York City’s five boroughs. Native Plants Journal 15(1):29 –41. CONVERSIONS KEY WORDS 1 cm = 0.4 in plant selection, cottonwood, Populus deltoides , Populus grandidentata , root hormone, 1 km = 0.62 mi Salix eriocephala , Salix nigra , willow (°C x 1.8) + 32 = °F 1 l = 0.26 gal NOMENCLATURE USDA NRCS (2014) 29 NATIVE PLANTS | 15 | 1 | SPRING 2014 he global need for green space within urban areas has ical sustainability and associated conservation objectives (Za - prompted an advancement of tree planting efforts in lesny and Bauer 2007a; Zalesny and others 2007). Tmajor cities such as New York City. For example, the To address these goals, we collected native Populus and Salix MillionTreesNYC program is underway with the goal of plant - scions from 3 sites on Staten Island, New York, and conducted ing one million new trees across the city’s 5 boroughs during a propagation study followed by greenhouse and nursery scale- the course of a decade (2007 to 2017). Similar “Million Trees” up activities. Our specific objectives were to: 1) identify hor - programs have been initiated in Los Angeles, London, and mone treatments that enhanced root initiation and early Shanghai. While the potential social and ecological benefits are growth of the native genotypes; 2) incorporate Salicaceae prop - great with such programs, one challenge has been the availabil - ity of sites for such afforestation along with the associated need for proper plant material. Furthermore, little data exist to sup - port the long-term success of native afforestation efforts in ur - Phyto- Rec urrent Selection for Pl ann ed ban areas (Oldfield and others 2013). Looking at the situation Urban Afforestati on from a crop-development context, focusing efforts on matching specific native genotypes to soil and climate conditions has the Objective 1: potential to greatly increase the success of such efforts. In ad - Test hormone treatments dition, identifying favorable genotype × environment interac - Cycl e 0 Current Objective 2: tions will help to achieve quicker canopy closure, thereby help - I ncorporate propagation into PRS ing to gain relatively quick control of the site by shading out propagation effort s Objective 3: exotic invasive plant species. The end goal of such efforts is to Establish population of genotypes identify and establish workhorse pioneer genotypes on the site, followed by a transition to later successional species that will ultimately make up mature urban forests (Zalesny and others Cycl e 1 Sp ring 201 4 2012). Gree nh ouse Identifying superior Salicaceae genotypes for afforestation 2 so il s, 85 genotypes and restoration activities in urban and rural areas can greatly Testing: 1) earl y roo ting, 2) survi val in field so il increase the provision of ecosystem services for long-term eco - logical sustainability (Hoag and Landis 2001). More specifi - cally, cottonwoods, poplars, and aspens ( Populus L. [Sali - Cycl e 2 Sp ring 201 4 caceae]) and willows ( Salix L. [Salicaceae]) have a rich history Gree nh ouse of successful utilization in such systems (Isebrands and 2 so il s, 40 genotypes Karnosky 2001; Schultz and others 2004), especially given their Testing: 1) earl y biomass, 2) survi val in field so il broad genetic variability (Eckenwalder 1984; Aravanopoulos and others 1999) and traits such as ease of propagation, fast growth, and extensive root systems (Zalesny and others 2011). Cycl e 3 Su mme r 201 4 Phyto-recurrent selection (PRS), a crop development meth - Gree nh ouse od ology developed for phytotechnologies (Zalesny and Bauer 2 so il s, 20 genotypes 2007a; Zalesny and others 2007), involves the use of multiple Testing: 1) biomass, 2) so il effects, 3) so il & plant chemistri es testing cycles to evaluate, identify, and select favorable geno - types based on their response to variable site conditions. Ap - plying PRS to MillionTreesNYC and similar programs is one Scaleup Winter/ Sp ring 201 5 way to achieve the aforementioned selection of workhorse Favorable genotypes species and genotypes. More specifically, early cycles are rela - tively short and data collection is relatively easy (typically done in the greenhouse or growth chamber), while later cycles re - Cycl e 4 Su mme r 201 5 quire more time and resources to increase knowledge of ad - Field vancing genotypes (typically done in the field). Fewer geno - 15-20 genotypes types are tested as the complexity of the data increases. The Testing: 1) field establi shment, 2) biomass, 3) soil effects ultimate goals of PRS are to deploy a combination of genotypes with improved potential over commonly used species and va - Figure 1. Phyto-recurrent selection for planned urban afforestation. rieties, and with adequate genetic variation to maintain ecolog - Note the incorporation of the current propagation efforts in Cycle 0. 30 NATIVE PLANTS | 15 | 1 | SPRING 2014 PROPAGATING NATIVE SALICACEAE IN NEW YORK CITY agation methodology into phyto-recurrent selection (Figure 1); Scions were cut from parent trees using an extendable pruning and 3) establish a population of genotypes that can be used for pole, processed in the field into lengths ranging from 7.6 to 35.6 afforestation and restoration efforts in New York City’s 5 bor - cm (acceptable diameters ranged from 6.4 to 19.1 mm, placed oughs. into plastic drawstring bags, and temporarily stored at 3 °C at the Greenbelt Native Plant Center (Figure 3). Collected scions were immediately sent to the Institute for Applied Ecosystem MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies (IAES) (Rhinelander, Wisconsin) where material was Site Selection stored at 3 °C until being processed for the propagation study Freshkills Park (formerly Fresh Kills Landfill), Mariner’s and scale-up activities described below. Marsh Park, and Ocean Breeze Park on Staten Island were se - On 14 to 15 May 2012, all scion material was processed into lected based on research priorities at Freshkills Park (Zalesny 7.6-cm cuttings with at least one primary bud located not more and others 2012) and a partnership with the Greenbelt Native than 1.3 cm from the top of each cutting. Two genotypes from Plant Center of the New York City Department of Parks and Ocean Breeze (B17 and B18) were cut to 6.4-cm length due to Recreation, located 2 km from Freshkills (Figure 2). In addi - limited scion material. For all genotypes, the cuttings were sep - tion, collecting plant materials from a range of sites on Staten arated into 3 length categories and their number was recorded: Island will ensure sufficient genetic diversity for afforestation 1) 7.6 cm (6.4 cm for B17 and B18); 2) 5.1 to 7.6 cm (5.1 to 6.4 and restoration activities in all other New York City boroughs, cm for B17 and B18); and 3) <5.1 cm. The cuttings were then as well. stored in plastic drawstring bags at 3 °C until being used for the propagation study. Scion Collection and Processing Populus and Salix scion material was collected from the 3 sites on 29 February to 5 March 2012. The goal was to collect from 20 trees of each genus at each site, which was achieved at Mariner’s Marsh and Ocean Breeze. The number of po - tential Salix parent trees was minimal at Freshkills, however; therefore, only 12 Salix genotypes were collected. In total, 112 genotypes were sampled across sites. The number of genotypes collected for each species at each site is listed in Table 1. The primary species collected were eastern cottonwood ( Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall), black willow (Salix nigra Marshall), and Missouri River willow ( S. eriocephala Michx.). Three bigtooth aspen ( P. grandidentata Michx.) genotypes and several unknown Salix species were also sampled. For collection, parent trees were se - lected based on a 3-tiered health rating system, whereby 1 = excellent health, 2 = good health (minor disease and form is - sues), and 3 = moderate health (moder - ate disease, prominent frost cracks, and other form issues).
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