DOCSLIB.ORG

Populus Alba White Poplar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Populus Alba White Poplar Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use White poplar Populus alba Populus alba Populus alba popu Ion Palancean1, Nuria Alba (†)2, Maurizio Sabatti3 and Sven M.G. de Vries4 1 Institute of Botany – Chisinau - Republic of Moldova 2 Systems and Forest Resources Department CIFOR-INIA – Spain 3 Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems - University of Tuscia- Italy 4 Centre for Genetic Resources Netherlands- The Netherlands These Technical Guidelines are intended to assist those who cherish the valuable European white poplar gene pool and its inheritance, through conserving valuable seed sources or use in practical forestry. The focus is on conserving the genetic diversity of the species at the European scale. The recommendations provided in this module should be regarded as a commonly agreed basis to be complemented and further developed in local, national or regional conditions. The Guidelines are based on the available knowledge of the species and on widely accepted methods for the conservation of forest genetic resources. Biology and ecology European white poplar, Populus alba L., is a pioneer tree species in riparian forest ecosystems where it forms pure or mixed stands or, also, monoclonal small groups. The species grows on fertile alluvial soils but is found also growing on sandy and dry soils as a small tree. It tolerates to a certain extent long term inundations and low levels of soil salinity. White poplar is a light demanding and dioecious species. Poplar forests are transitional stands between willow forests and oak, elm and ash forests. White poplar is characterized by fast growth; at the age of 30- 40 years it reaches the height of 20-25 m and a diameter of 50 cm. Flowering starts before or sometimes at the same time as leaf flushing (February to April). Trees mature sexually WhitePopulus poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus Populus alba White poplarPopulus alba White poplar Populusalba alba White poplar PopulusPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba White albapoplarPopulus alba White Populus poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba aWhite poplarPopulus alba at the age of 8-10 years Distribution The species hybridises sometimes earlier. White poplar spontaneously in Europe with P. is a wind pollinated species tremula generating the Populus and in natural conditions it White poplar has a large distribu- ×canescens hybrid, and in North regenerates through seeds tion area throughout Europe and America with P. grandidentata and root-suckers. The rooting western Asia. It is also found in producing the P. ×rouleauiana system is well developed with northern Africa. The distribution hybrid. The latter one tolerates lateral roots that spread close area extends from the Mediterra- different climatic and pedological to soil surface. When a tree is nean and the Middle East in the conditions and resists to cut or dies, root suckers sprout south to approximately 62° lati- bacterial canker caused abundantly. Under favourable tude in the north. The west-east by Xanthomonas populi. conditions, one tree can cover distribution ranges from Portugal The recent global almost a quarter of a hectare and Morocco to Russia, China developments regarding with root-suckers. and India. climate change The species can also be have promoted new regenerated vegetatively. interests on white Importance and use Propagation material obtained poplar to explore its from the shoots grows very fast ability to grow under in the beginning as compared White poplar is of ecological, dry and saline to seed-born seedlings. social and economic interest. environments. The rooting capacity of the The importance of natural Furthermore, it is vegetative propagated material poplar forests to biodiversity increasingly used has a high level of variation, conservation is widely recognized. as a model species as tested in different trials and The poplar stands, forming in genomic and physiological common garden study. complex ecosystems along studies. rivers, support a wide diversity In European countries, white of plant communities, including poplar is planted along roads and many endangered species. At in cities for amenity purposes. It present, the protection and can be planted for soil, water and restoration of poplar stands are air remediation in polluted indus- of major importance, not only for trial zones. It is used to produce natural control of flooding but veneer, boards, fruit boxes, match- also because they could serve es and paper. The interest is high- as ecological corridors for plants, est in eastern European countries animals and birds through which where white poplar plays an im- larger forest areas are connected. portant role in the riparian forests White poplar is used in and in some Mediterranean coun- propagation and breeding tries where the species is growing programmes in several countries. in harsh environmental conditions. WhitePopulus poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus Populus alba White poplarPopulus alba White poplar Populusalba alba White poplar PopulusPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba White albapoplarPopulus alba White Populus poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba aWhite poplarPopulus alba Genetic knowledge populations show a high genetic Threats to diversity within population and genetic diversity a low genetic differentiation White poplar is a species among populations and rivers White poplar is facing with a wide distribution range confirming the general trend threats both at ecosystem and and its populations are strict- observed in other poplar population levels. Riparian for- ly adapted for some specific species. In general, the genetic ests are one of the most traits to the local climate, gen- diversity tends to increase threatened ecosystems erating a high level of intra- from northern to southern in Europe. Changes in specific variation. Common provenances. the river systems and garden studies for this species Populus alba and clearance of the ripar- showed a high genetic compo- Populus tremula show large ian forests to agriculture nent associated to the timing areas of sympatry in their and other land uses have of the growth period in popula- native range in Europe. The affected their existence tions sampled on large latitudi- result of this overlapping negatively. As a pioneer nal ranges. A moderate genetic is a more localized but species, regeneration of variation among populations not uncommon formation white poplar is based on was also found in morpholog- of hybrid zones in river the natural river dynam- ical traits like leaf size and valleys. Introgression occurs ics. All human activities stem form. These traits rough- preferentially from P. tremula disturbing the related ly follow a latitudinal gradient to P. alba via P. tremula processes affect regen- with large leaves and pollen. This unidirectional eration and survival of straight-stem in pattern is facilitated by high white poplar stands. the northern levels of pollen versus seed White poplar popula- continental prov- dispersal in P. tremula tions have also decreased enances gradu- and by great ecological in size and they have be- ally becom- opportunity in the come increasingly frag- ing small lowland floodplain mented, with negative leaves and forests in proximity impacts on gene flow curved- to P. alba. Natural along the rivers. This will stem in hybrid zones have ultimately reduce genetic diver- the southern been brought recently sity and also change the genet- warmer and into the ecological ic structure of the populations, drier Mediter- limelight as centers with possible negative effects ranean popula- o f biological dynamics, to the survival of the species in tions. and play an important role as the future. Genetic variability evolutionary and ecological Inappropriate use of forest detected with molecular hot spots for a multitude of reproductive material is also markers in P. alba organisms. creating an additional threat, WhitePopulus poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus Populus alba White poplarPopulus alba White poplar Populusalba alba White poplar PopulusPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba White albapoplarPopulus alba White Populus poplarPopulus alba White poplarPopulus alba aWhite poplarPopulus alba as white poplar is increasingly Guidelines for genetic and a low number of clonal used for restoring riparian for- duplicates. Particular attention conservation and use est ecosystems. While carry- must be paid to all practices that ing out these activities with As a general objective, the have an impact on flowering reintroduced plant material, it is conservation of genetic re- habit and the regeneration necessary to take into account sources should maintain the process, which determine the adaptability of reproductive adaptation potential of species the effective population size. material to the local climate and populations. Static ex situ Conditions for seed-set and and the risk of genetic erosion conservation is a widely ap- seedling establishment should when using a reduced set of plied strategy for short term be optimized. The number of genotypes. conservation to preserve gen- flowering and seeding trees otypes in ex situ collections provides a practical approach or genebanks. Dynamic in si- to assess the effective size of tu conservation is preferable a given population. At least 50 when the objective is long-term fructifying and unrelated trees gene conservation and maxi- are required to keep genetic mization of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Populusspp. Family: Salicaceae Aspen
    Populus spp. Family: Salicaceae Aspen Aspen (the genus Populus) is composed of 35 species which contain the cottonwoods and poplars. Species in this group are native to Eurasia/north Africa [25], Central America [2] and North America [8]. All species look alike microscopically. The word populus is the classical Latin name for the poplar tree. Populus grandidentata-American aspen, aspen, bigtooth aspen, Canadian poplar, large poplar, largetooth aspen, large-toothed poplar, poplar, white poplar Populus tremuloides-American aspen, American poplar, aspen, aspen poplar, golden aspen, golden trembling aspen, leaf aspen, mountain aspen, poplar, popple, quaking asp, quaking aspen, quiver-leaf, trembling aspen, trembling poplar, Vancouver aspen, white poplar Distribution Quaking aspen ranges from Alaska through Canada and into the northeastern and western United States. In North America, it occurs as far south as central Mexico at elevations where moisture is adequate and summers are sufficiently cool. The more restricted range of bigtooth aspen includes southern Canada and the northern United States, from the Atlantic coast west to the prairie. The Tree Aspens can reproduce sexually, yielding seeds, or asexually, producing suckers (clones) from their root system. In some cases, a stand could then be composed of only one individual, genetically, and could be many years old and cover 100 acres (40 hectares) or more. Most aspen stands are a mosaic of several clones. Aspen can reach heights of 120 ft (48 m), with a diameter of 4 ft (1.6 m). Aspen trunks can be quite cylindrical, with little taper and few limbs for most of their length. They also can be very crooked or contorted, due to genetic variability.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Understanding of the Evolution of Violaceae from an Anatomical and Morphological Perspective Saul Ernesto Hoyos University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses Graduate Works 8-7-2011 Towards an understanding of the evolution of Violaceae from an anatomical and morphological perspective Saul Ernesto Hoyos University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Hoyos, Saul Ernesto, "Towards an understanding of the evolution of Violaceae from an anatomical and morphological perspective" (2011). Theses. 50. http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/50 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Saul E. Hoyos Gomez MSc. Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 2011 Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science July 2011 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D. Chairperson Peter Jorgensen, Ph.D. Richard Keating, Ph.D. TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASAL EVOLUTION OF VIOLACEAE FROM AN ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Saul Hoyos Introduction The violet family, Violaceae, are predominantly tropical and contains 23 genera and upwards of 900 species (Feng 2005, Tukuoka 2008, Wahlert and Ballard 2010 in press). The family is monophyletic (Feng 2005, Tukuoka 2008, Wahlert & Ballard 2010 in press), even though phylogenetic relationships within Violaceae are still unclear (Feng 2005, Tukuoka 2008). The family embrace a great diversity of vegetative and floral morphologies. Members are herbs, lianas or trees, with flowers ranging from strongly spurred to unspurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Salicaceae Cottonwood Cottonwood (The Genus Populus) Is Composed of 35 Species Which Contain the Aspens and Poplars
    Populus spp. Family: Salicaceae Cottonwood Cottonwood (the genus Populus) is composed of 35 species which contain the aspens and poplars. Species in this group are native to Eurasia/north Africa [25], Central America [2] and North America [8]. All species look alike microscopically. The word populus is the classical Latin name for the poplar tree. Populus angustifolia-balsam, bitter cottonwood, black cottonwood, lanceleaf cottonwood, mountain cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood, narrow leaved poplar, Rydberg cottonwood, smoothbark cottonwood, willow cottonwood, willowleaf cottonwood Populus balsamifera-balm, balm of Gilead, balm of Gilead poplar, balm cottonwood, balsam, balsam cottonwood, balsam poplar, bam, black balsam poplar, black cottonwood, black poplar, California poplar, Canadian balsam poplar, Canadian poplar, cottonwax, hackmatack, hairy balm of Gilead, heartleaf balsam poplar, northern black cottonwood, Ontario poplar, tacamahac, tacamahac poplar, toughbark poplar, western balsam poplar Populus deltoides*-aspen cottonwood, big cottonwood, Carolina poplar, cotton tree, eastern cottonwood, eastern poplar, fremont cottonwood, great plains cottonwood, Missourian poplar, necklace poplar, northern fremont cottonwood, palmer cottonwood, plains cottonwood, Rio Grande cottonwood, river cottonwood, river poplar, southern cottonwood, Tennessee poplar, Texas cottonwood, valley cottonwood, Vermont poplar, Virginia poplar, water poplar, western cottonwood, whitewood, wislizenus cottonwood, yellow cottonwood Populus fremontii-Arizona cottonwood,
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Populus Tremula
    Populus tremula Populus tremula in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats G. Caudullo, D. de Rigo The Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula L.) is a fast-growing broadleaf tree that is native to the cooler temperate and boreal regions of Europe and Asia. It has an extremely wide range, as a result of which there are numerous forms and subspecies. It can tolerate a wide range of habitat conditions and typically colonises disturbed areas (for example after fire, wind-throw, etc.). It is considered to be a keystone species because of its ecological importance for other species: it has more host-specific species than any other boreal tree. The wood is mainly used for veneer and pulp for paper production as it is light and not particularly strong, although it also has use as a biomass crop because of its fast growth. A number of hybrids have been developed to maximise its vigour and growth rate. Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula L.) is a medium-size, fast-growing tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30 m1. The Frequency trunk is long and slender, rarely up to 1 m in diameter. The light < 25% branches are rather perpendicular, giving to the crown a conic- 25% - 50% 50% - 75% pyramidal shape. The leaves are 5-7 cm long, simple, round- > 75% ovate, with big wave-shaped teeth2, 3. They flutter in the slightest Chorology Native breeze, constantly moving and rustling, so that trees can often be heard but not seen. In spring the young leaves are coppery-brown and turn to golden yellow in autumn, making it attractive in all vegetative seasons1, 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Poplars and Willows: Trees for Society and the Environment / Edited by J.G
    Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment This volume is respectfully dedicated to the memory of Victor Steenackers. Vic, as he was known to his friends, was born in Weelde, Belgium, in 1928. His life was devoted to his family – his wife, Joanna, his 9 children and his 23 grandchildren. His career was devoted to the study and improve- ment of poplars, particularly through poplar breeding. As Director of the Poplar Research Institute at Geraardsbergen, Belgium, he pursued a lifelong scientific interest in poplars and encouraged others to share his passion. As a member of the Executive Committee of the International Poplar Commission for many years, and as its Chair from 1988 to 2000, he was a much-loved mentor and powerful advocate, spreading scientific knowledge of poplars and willows worldwide throughout the many member countries of the IPC. This book is in many ways part of the legacy of Vic Steenackers, many of its contributing authors having learned from his guidance and dedication. Vic Steenackers passed away at Aalst, Belgium, in August 2010, but his work is carried on by others, including mem- bers of his family. Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment Edited by J.G. Isebrands Environmental Forestry Consultants LLC, New London, Wisconsin, USA and J. Richardson Poplar Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CABI CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
    [Show full text]
  • Populus Alba White Poplar1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-499 October 1994 Populus alba White Poplar1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION White Poplar is a fast-growing, deciduous tree which reaches 60 to 100 feet in height with a 40 to 50-foot-spread and makes a nice shade tree, although it is considered short-lived (Fig. 1). The dark green, lobed leaves have a fuzzy, white underside which gives the tree a sparkling effect when breezes stir the leaves. These leaves are totally covered with this white fuzz when they are young and first open. The fall color is pale yellow. The flowers appear before the leaves in spring but are not showy, and are followed by tiny, fuzzy seedpods which contain numerous seeds. It is the white trunk and bark of white poplar which is particularly striking, along with the beautiful two-toned leaves. The bark stays smooth and white until very old when it can become ridged and furrowed. The wood of White Poplar is fairly brittle and subject to breakage in storms and the soft bark is subject to injury from vandals. Leaves often drop from the tree beginning in summer and continue dropping through the fall. Figure 1. Middle-aged White Poplar. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Populus alba DESCRIPTION Pronunciation: POP-yoo-lus AL-buh Common name(s): White Poplar Height: 60 to 100 feet Family: Salicaceae Spread: 40 to 60 feet USDA hardiness zones: 4 through 9 (Fig. 2) Crown uniformity: irregular outline or silhouette Origin: not native to North America Crown shape: oval Uses: reclamation plant; shade tree; no proven urban toleranceCrown density: open Availability: somewhat available, may have to go out Growth rate: fast of the region to find the tree Texture: coarse 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Poplar Chap 1.Indd
    Populus: A Premier Pioneer System for Plant Genomics 1 1 Populus: A Premier Pioneer System for Plant Genomics Stephen P. DiFazio,1,a,* Gancho T. Slavov 1,b and Chandrashekhar P. Joshi 2 ABSTRACT The genus Populus has emerged as one of the premier systems for studying multiple aspects of tree biology, combining diverse ecological characteristics, a suite of hybridization complexes in natural systems, an extensive toolbox of genetic and genomic tools, and biological characteristics that facilitate experimental manipulation. Here we review some of the salient biological characteristics that have made this genus such a popular object of study. We begin with the taxonomic status of Populus, which is now a subject of ongoing debate, though it is becoming increasingly clear that molecular phylogenies are accumulating. We also cover some of the life history traits that characterize the genus, including the pioneer habit, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, and extensive vegetative propagation. In keeping with the focus of this book, we highlight the genetic diversity of the genus, including patterns of differentiation among populations, inbreeding, nucleotide diversity, and linkage disequilibrium for species from the major commercially- important sections of the genus. We conclude with an overview of the extent and rapid spread of global Populus culture, which is a testimony to the growing economic importance of this fascinating genus. Keywords: Populus, SNP, population structure, linkage disequilibrium, taxonomy, hybridization 1Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6057, USA; ae-mail: [email protected] be-mail: [email protected] 2 School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author 2 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Poplar 1.1 Introduction The genus Populus is full of contrasts and surprises, which combine to make it one of the most interesting and widely-studied model organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • 528 Saliacaceae-Himalaya-India B1.Pdf
    Willows and Poplars (SALICACEAE) of INDIA Selected Salix and Populus species of Himalaya 1 Sukla Chanda Photos by Sukla. Chanda. Produced by S. Chanda, R. Foster, J. Philipp, T. Wachter; with support from Connie Keller, Ellen Hyndman Fund & Andrew Mellon Foundation. © Sukla Chanda [[email protected]] Acknowledgements: Santanu Saha; field staff of Arunachal Field Station; Sikkim Himalayan Circle & Northern Circle of Botanical Survey of India © Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. [http://fieldmuseum.org/IDtools] [[email protected]] Rapid Color Guide # 528 version 1 05/2013 1 Populus ciliata 2 Populus ciliata 3 Populus ciliata 4 Populus ciliata 5 Populus deltoides Pahari–pipal Pahari–pipal Pahari–pipal Pahari–pipal (cultivated) 6 Populus deltoides 7 Populus deltoides 8 Populus deltoides 9 Populus gamblei 10 Populus gamblei (cultivated) (cultivated) (cultivated) Pipalpate Pipalpate 11 Populus gamblei 12 Populus nigra var. italica 13 Populus nigra var. italica 14 Salix alba 15 Salix alba Pipalpate Frash, Sufeda (cultivated) Frash, Sufeda (cultivated) Virir, Bis, Malchang (naturalized) Virir, Bis, Malchang (naturalized) 16 Salix babylonica 17 Salix babylonica 18 Salix babylonica 19 Salix babylonica 20 Salix babylonica Bisa, Tissi, Majhinus (naturalized) Bisa, Tissi, Majhinus (naturalized) Bisa, Tissi, Majhinus (naturalized) Bisa, Tissi, Majhinus (naturalized) Bisa, Tissi, Majhinus (naturalized) Willows and Poplars (SALICACEAE) of INDIA Selected Salix and Populus species of Himalaya 2 Sukla Chanda Photos by Sukla. Chanda. Produced by S. Chanda, R. Foster, J. Philipp, T. Wachter; with support from Connie Keller, Ellen Hyndman Fund & Andrew Mellon Foundation. © Sukla Chanda [[email protected]] Acknowledgements: Santanu Saha; field staff of Arunachal Field Station; Sikkim Himalayan Circle & Northern Circle of Botanical Survey of India © Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting European Aspen (Populus Tremula L.) in Boreal Forests Using Airborne Hyperspectral and Airborne Laser Scanning Data
    remote sensing Article Detecting European Aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Boreal Forests Using Airborne Hyperspectral and Airborne Laser Scanning Data Arto Viinikka 1,* , Pekka Hurskainen 1,2 , Sarita Keski-Saari 3,4, Sonja Kivinen 1,3, Topi Tanhuanpää 3,5 , Janne Mäyrä 1 , Laura Poikolainen 3, Petteri Vihervaara 1 and Timo Kumpula 3 1 Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; pekka.hurskainen@ymparisto.fi (P.H.); Sonja.I.Kivinen@ymparisto.fi (S.K.); janne.mayra@ymparisto.fi (J.M.); petteri.vihervaara@ymparisto.fi (P.V.) 2 Earth Change Observation Laboratory, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 3 Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; sarita.keski-saari@uef.fi (S.K.-S.); topi.tanhuanpaa@uef.fi (T.T.); laura.poikolainen@uef.fi (L.P.); timo.kumpula@uef.fi (T.K.) 4 Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland 5 Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland * Correspondence: arto.viinikka@ymparisto.fi; Tel.: +358-29-525-1746 Received: 13 July 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 13 August 2020 Abstract: Sustainable forest management increasingly highlights the maintenance of biological diversity and requires up-to-date information on the occurrence and distribution of key ecological features in forest environments. European aspen (Populus tremula L.) is one key feature in boreal forests contributing significantly to the biological diversity of boreal forest landscapes. However, due to their sparse and scattered occurrence in northern Europe, the explicit spatial data on aspen remain scarce and incomprehensive, which hampers biodiversity management and conservation efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Planting and Management
    COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAVES COMMISSION Tree Planting and Management Breadth of Opportunity The spread of the Commission's responsibilities over some 148 countries in temperate, mediterranean, tropical and desert climates provides wonderful opportunities to experiment with nature's wealth of tree species. We are particularly fortunate in being able to grow many interesting and beautiful trees and we will explain how we manage them and what splendid specimens they can make. Why Plant Trees? Trees are planted for a variety of reasons: their amenity value, leaf shape and size, flowers, fruit, habit, form, bark, landscape value, shelter or screening, backcloth planting, shade, noise and pollution reduction, soil stabilisation and to encourage wild life. Often we plant trees solely for their amenity value. That is, the beauty of the tree itself. This can be from the leaves such as those in Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia', the flowers in the tropical tree Tabebuia or Albizia, the crimson stems of the sealing wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda), or the fruit as in Magnolia grandiflora. above: Sealing wax palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia with insert of the fruit of Magnolia grandiflora Selection Generally speaking the form of the left: The tropical tree Tabebuia tree is very often a major contributing factor and this, together with a sound knowledge of below: Flowers of the tropical the situation in which the tree is to tree Albizia julibrissin be grown, guides the decision to the best choice of species. Exposure is a major limitation to the free choice of species in northern Europe especially and trees such as Sorbus, Betula, Tilia, Fraxinus, Crataegus and fastigiate yews play an important role in any landscape design where the elements are seriously against a wider selection.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Fate of Rpl32 and Rps16 Losses in the Euphorbia Schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) Plastome Aldanah A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The evolutionary fate of rpl32 and rps16 losses in the Euphorbia schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) plastome Aldanah A. Alqahtani1,2* & Robert K. Jansen1,3 Gene transfers from mitochondria and plastids to the nucleus are an important process in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Plastid (pt) gene losses have been documented in multiple angiosperm lineages and are often associated with functional transfers to the nucleus or substitutions by duplicated nuclear genes targeted to both the plastid and mitochondrion. The plastid genome sequence of Euphorbia schimperi was assembled and three major genomic changes were detected, the complete loss of rpl32 and pseudogenization of rps16 and infA. The nuclear transcriptome of E. schimperi was sequenced to investigate the transfer/substitution of the rpl32 and rps16 genes to the nucleus. Transfer of plastid-encoded rpl32 to the nucleus was identifed previously in three families of Malpighiales, Rhizophoraceae, Salicaceae and Passiforaceae. An E. schimperi transcript of pt SOD-1- RPL32 confrmed that the transfer in Euphorbiaceae is similar to other Malpighiales indicating that it occurred early in the divergence of the order. Ribosomal protein S16 (rps16) is encoded in the plastome in most angiosperms but not in Salicaceae and Passiforaceae. Substitution of the E. schimperi pt rps16 was likely due to a duplication of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial-targeted rps16 resulting in copies dually targeted to the mitochondrion and plastid. Sequences of RPS16-1 and RPS16-2 in the three families of Malpighiales (Salicaceae, Passiforaceae and Euphorbiaceae) have high sequence identity suggesting that the substitution event dates to the early divergence within Malpighiales.
    [Show full text]