DOCSLIB.ORG

A GIS-Based Flood Forecasting Model for the Duffins Creek Watershed, Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A GIS-Based Flood Forecasting Model for the Duffins Creek Watershed, Ontario A GIS-Based Flood Forecasting Model for the Duffins Creek Watershed, Ontario by C. Darren Sutton A Research Paper Presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Spatial Analysis A joint program with the University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada © C. Darren Sutton 2003 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this Research Paper I authorize Ryerson University to lend this Research Paper to other institutions or individuals for the purposes of scholarly research. C. Darren Sutton ii Abstract Organizations such as the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) could benefit from a flood forecasting method that uses GIS tools and spatial data because they have already invested in GIS software. This research project utilized a 30- metre resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), shapefiles of land cover and soil type, and a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) satellite image to delineate hydrological response units. Snowpack depths were simulated using data from The Weather Network and modelling using the Guelph All-Weather Storm Event Runoff (GAWSER) equations. The Curve Number Method was used to predict peak discharge and time to peak discharge. Snowpack depth was overestimated in some cases, which is likely due to error in snowfall simulations and underestimation of the melt factor. A systematic error, which was caused by averaging of rainfall inputs was corrected for by reducing simulated peak discharge by a factor of 10. The model is most adept at simulating peak discharge for a 71.6 mm rainfall event. For smaller events, a multiplier was introduced to improve the model’s performance. Snowpacks did not have a significant impact on peak discharge although runoff increased slightly. Underestimation of time to peak for some simulations is due to the effects of tillage and error in estimation of channel flow velocity. Despite some errors, a workable model was obtained that could be useful to organizations like the TRCA. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my graduate faculty advisor, Dr. Wayne Forsythe for his valuable advice and assistance during the course of this research and throughout my studies as a Master of Spatial Analysis student. I would also like to thank Dr. Shuguang Wang, the program’s current director and outgoing director Dr. Marie Truelove. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Truelove for arranging a practicum position with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). My experience at the TRCA was instrumental to the completion of this research. Dr. James Li (Civil Engineering) provided valuable advice on a systematic error encountered during model validation. Additionally, my MSA classmates provided advice and encouragement on many occasions. During my practicum with the TRCA I was supplied with data, advice and assistance which were all helpful towards the completion of this research. I would like to thank the following individuals: Hendrik Amo, Geomatics Specialist, Information Systems/Information Technologies who also supervised my practicum; Donald Haley, Water Resources Engineer, and; Jason Tam, Geomatics Specialist, Information Systems/Information Technologies TRCA data was used for this research in accordance with a Memorandum of Understanding signed by both Ryerson University and the TRCA. Digital iv Orthophotographs were used by permission via a Data Release Agreement signed by the author and a Ryerson University library representative. v Table of Contents Author’s Declaration-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Acknowledgments--------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv List of Tables--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii List of Figures-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi List of Acronyms----------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii Chapter 1: Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Flood Forecasting Theory--------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1.1.1 The Curve Number Method--------------------------------------------- 5 1.1.2 Travel Time--------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.1.3 Snow Infiltration Modelling-------------------------------------------- 10 1.2 Study Area------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.2.1 Surficial Geology-------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.2.2 Land Cover--------------------------------------------------------------- 18 1.2.3 Population---------------------------------------------------------------- 20 1.3 The Problem --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 1.3.1 Objectives----------------------------------------------------------------- 22 1.3.2 Software------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Chapter 2: Literature Review ----------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.1 Review of Flood Forecasting Software ---------------------------------------------- 24 2.1.1 TOPMODEL ------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.1.2 GIBSI ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.1.3 MMS ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.1.4 PCRaster------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 2.1.5 SWMM--------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.1.6 WMS ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.2 Integration of GIS, Remotely Sensed (RS) Data and Flood Forecasting Models ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.2.1 GIS Inputs ----------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.2.2 Remotely Sensed Imagery Inputs -------------------------------------- 35 2.3 Use of the Curve Number Method ---------------------------------------------------- 36 2.4 Effects of Tillage on Rainfall and Snowmelt Runoff ------------------------------- 36 Chapter 3: Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------ 38 3.1 Watershed Model Development ------------------------------------------------------- 38 3.1.1 HEC-GeoHMS Watershed Pre-Processing -------------------------- 38 3.1.2 Land Cover and Soil Type ---------------------------------------------- 42 vi 3.1.3 Ground Cover and Tillage Practices --------------------------------- 44 3.1.4 Curve Number Distribution -------------------------------------------- 49 3.2 Calculation of Travel Time ------------------------------------------------------------ 50 3.2.1 Overland Flow ----------------------------------------------------------- 50 3.2.2 Channel Flow ------------------------------------------------------------ 53 3.3 Parameters for GAWSER Model ------------------------------------------------------ 59 3.3.1 Simulating Mean Daily Temperature --------------------------------- 61 3.3.2 Simulating Snowfall and Rainfall ------------------------------------- 63 3.4 Summary of Assumptions -------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ------------------------------------------------------ 68 4.1 GAWSER --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 4.1.1 Calibration of Snowfall and Rainfall Depths ------------------------ 68 4.1.2 Weather Simulation ----------------------------------------------------- 69 4.1.3 GAWSER Snowpack Estimation --------------------------------------- 73 4.2 Accuracy Assessment of Stream Discharge Simulations -------------------------- 75 4.2.1 Model Calibration and Validation ------------------------------------ 75 4.2.2 Sources of Error --------------------------------------------------------- 79 4.2.3 Runoff from Snowpack -------------------------------------------------- 82 4.3 Prediction of Inundated Areas --------------------------------------------------------- 84 Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusions ------------------------------------------------ 88 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 vii List of Tables Table 1.1: Curve Number Definitions 7 Table 1.2: n Values for Sheet Flow 8 Table 1.3: n Values for Channel Flow 10 Table 1.4: Melt/Refreeze Factors for Halton Region, Ontario 12 Table 1.5: Surficial Geology in the Duffins Creek Watershed 16 Table 1.6: Land Cover in the Duffins Creek Watershed 18 Table 3.1: Curve Numbers in the Duffins Creek Watershed 52 Table 3.2: Mean Eight-Point Pour Distance/Direct Distance Ratios for Duffins Creek Watershed 54 Table 3.3: Manning’s Roughness for Calculation of Sheet Flow Travel Time 55 Table 3.4: Peak Discharge and Channel Velocity for Floods on the Creek, Main Branch 57 Table 3.5: Mean Daily Temperatures for Ajax, Ontario, Collected at Pearson International Airport 59 Table 3.6: Climate Normal Data for Ajax, Ontario, Collected at Pearson International Airport 62 Table 3.7: Rainfall Probability Equations for December, January, February and March: Where P is Probability of Occurrence and r is Rainfall Depth (mm) 63 Table 3.8: Snowfall Probability Equations for December, January, February and March: Where P is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fisheries Management Plan for Duffins Creek and Carruthers Creek
    FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR DUFFINS CREEK AND CARRUTHERS CREEK JUNE, 2004 © Toronto and Region Conservation 2004 ISBNO-9732764-0-1 www.trca.on.ca 5 Shoreham Drive, Toronto, Ontario M3N 1S4 phone: 416-661-6600 fax: 416-661-6898 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was written by Lori Cook and Jon Clayton, with input from Dr. Doug Dodge, Tim Rance, Steve Woolfenden and Gary Bowen. Numerous other people or groups who also provided input, technical support or locations for meetings: Members of the Duffins and Carruthers Task Forces Members of the Ajax Rod and Gun Club Deborah Martin-Downs Brian Hindley Dr. Harold Harvey Cynthia Mitton-Wilkie Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sea Lamprey Control Centre Appreciation is also extended to those people who attended the public meetings and who have provided comments on the report along the way. Funding for this project was supplied by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) from Durham Region and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Unlike many of the other watersheds in the Greater Toronto Area, the Duffins and Carruthers Creek watersheds remain largely undeveloped. However, as development pressures increase, the need to prepare a watershed plan becomes more critical. This process was initiated in 2000, with the initiation of the Duffins and Carruthers Creeks Watershed Plan process. Concurrent with this project was the development of a fisheries management plan (FMP), which will be used to guide future management of the aquatic ecosystem and provide direction for
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting #3/13
    INDEX TO AUTHORITY MEETING #3/13 Friday, April 26, 2013 MINUTES Minutes of Meeting #2/13, held on March 22, 2013 107 PRESENTATIONS Fenning, Mike, Senior Manager, Conservation Lands and Property Services, TRCA, re: Land Acquisition. 107 Sgambelluri, Rocco, Chief Financial Officer, re: 2013 Budget, Operating and Capital. 107 TRCA Staff re: Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Strategic Plan - 2013. 107 TORONTO AND REGION CONSERVATION AUTHORITY STRATEGIC PLAN - 2013 108 PARKS CANADA Interim Management Agreement 137 RECREATIONAL FISHERIES PLAN Greater Toronto and Area Waterfront 138 DUFFINS MARSH RESTORATION Ontario Power Generation Pickering Nuclear Station 141 EURASIAN MILFOIL AT FRENCHMAN'S BAY 144 SWAN LAKE RESIDENCE RENOVATION AND RETROFIT PROJECT 148 PARTNERS IN PROJECT GREEN STRATEGY UPDATE AND TERMS OF REFERENCE 151 GREENLANDS ACQUISITION PROJECT FOR 2011-2015 Flood Plain and Conservation Component, Humber River Watershed Lea Vivot and 11220 Highway 27 Holdings Inc. 171 REQUEST FOR DISPOSAL OF TORONTO AND REGION CONSERVATION AUTHORITY-OWNED LAND Rear of 146 Robirwin Street, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville 172 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. Proposal for Lease of Land Petticoat Creek Conservation Area, City of Pickering, Region of Durham 173 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. Proposal for Lease of Land Vicinity of Lake St. George Field Centre 174 TOWN OF AJAX Request for a Permanent Easement for the Pedestrian Bridge, Town of Ajax, Regional Municipality of Durham, Carruthers Creek 175 EMPIRE COMMUNITIES (2183 LAKESHORE BLVD.) LTD. Lease of
    [Show full text]
  • Duffins Creek Headwaters Management Plan for TRCA Properties
    Duffins Creek Headwaters Management Plan For TRCA Properties Prepared by: The Duffins Creek Headwaters Advisory Committee and The Conservation Land Planning Group, TRCA June,2003 ·-- TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................... Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Overview ........................................................ 8 1.2 Location, Site Description and Resource Uses ......................... 13 1.3 Study Process ................................................... 15 1.4 The Advisory Committee ........................................... 16 1.5 Public Consultation ............................................... 17 Chapter 2: Plan Vision, Goal, Objectives and Principles 2.1 The Management Plan Vision ....................................... 21 2.2 Management Plan Goal, Objectives and Management Principles ........... 22 Chapter 3: Management Zones 3.1 Management Zone Definitions ...................................... 24 3.2 Determining the Management Zones ................................. 25 3.3 Permitted Resource Uses .......................................... 25 Chapter 4: General Management Recommendations 4.1 Natural Heritage .................................................. 34 4.2 Human Heritage .................................................. 38 4.3 Outdoor Recreation, Education and Tourism ........................... 38 4.4 Surrounding Land Use ............................................ 39 4.5 Management Zone Recommendations ................................ 42 4.5.1 Nature Reserve
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Assessment Durham Live Tourist Destination Phase 1 Approval Area City of Pickering
    GUIDING SOLUTIONS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Natural Heritage Assessment Durham Live Tourist Destination Phase 1 Approval Area City of Pickering Prepared For: Pickering Developments Prepared By: Beacon Environmental Date: Project: May 2014 213227 144 Main St. North, Suite 206, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3P 5T3 Tel: (905) 201 7622 Fax: (905) 201 0639 Natural Her itage Assessment – Durham Live Tourist Destination Phase1 Table of Contents p a g e 1. Background .................................................................................................. 1 2. General Setting ............................................................................................ 1 3. Policy Review ............................................................................................... 2 3.1 Provincial Policy Statement (2014) ............................................................................... 2 3.2 Region of Durham Official Plan (2008) ......................................................................... 3 3.3 City of Pickering Official Plan (2010)............................................................................. 3 3.4 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Regulations (2006) and Draft Valley and Stream Corridor Policies (1994) .................................................................. 4 3.5 Endangered Species Act (2007) ................................................................................... 5 4. Existing Conditions ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Culturalmappickeringapril2014.Pdf
    A Cultural Map of Pickering Background Information Draft ● March 2014 City of Pickering Cultural Strategic Plan (draft) 2014 Contents 1 Community Profile 4 1.1 Geography and Environment 5 1.1.1 Petticoat Creek Watershed 7 1.1.2 Frenchman’s Bay Watershed 7 1.1.3 Duffins Creek and Carruthers Creek Watershed 9 1.1.4 Lynde Creek Watershed 9 1.1.5 Community Environmental and Sustainability Initiatives 9 1.2 Pickering’s Settlement Areas 11 1.2.1 Downtown and Urban Pickering 11 1.2.2 Rural Pickering 12 1.3 Pickering’s History 15 1.4 Demographic Profile 18 1.5 Economy and Education 21 1.6 Natural, Recreational, Cultural, and Tourism Assets in Pickering 22 1.7 Pickering’s Cultural Organizations 25 2 Summary of Research Findings and Public Input 26 2.1 Community Telephone Survey 27 2.1.1 Household Survey Analysis 28 2.1.2 Household Participation in Heritage, Arts, and Culture Activities 29 2.1.3 Participation Location 30 2.1.4 Household Attendance at Heritage, Arts, and Culture Activities 31 2.1.5 Attendance Location 32 2.1.6 Desired Programs and Activities 33 2.1.7 Awareness 33 2.1.8 Barriers to Participation 33 2.1.9 Household Spending on Heritage, Arts, and Culture 34 2.1.10 Satisfaction with and Importance of Current Heritage, Arts, and Culture Opportunities 35 2.1.11 Additional Spending of Public Funds 37 2.1.12 Awareness and Roles of the City, Community, and Private Businesses 38 1 City of Pickering Cultural Strategic Plan (draft) 2014 City of Pickering Cultural Strategic Plan (draft) 2014 2.2 Stakeholder Group Survey 41 This document incorporates the findings of the cultural mapping and community consultation 2.2.1 Baseline Information 44 exercises launched in support of the Pickering Cultural Strategic Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Status of Wildlife Habitat Loss and Degraded Wildlife Populations' Beneficial Use Impairments in the Toronto An
    Evaluating the Status of Wildlife Habitat Loss and Degraded Wildlife Populations’ Beneficial Use Impairments in the Toronto and Region Area of Concern May 2018 Prepared for The Toronto and Region Remedial Action Plan (RAP) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and was made possible by generous support provided by the Great Lakes Sustainability Fund (GLSF), the Regional Municipality of Peel, the Regional Municipality of York, the City of Toronto, and the Regional Municipality of Durham. We would like to thank Bird Studies Canada for supplying indices of biotic integrity based on Great Lakes Marsh Monitoring Program data, and all the volunteer participants who gathered data for the project. www.trca.on.ca 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Context .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Goal and Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Structure of the Document ................................................................................................................ 6 2. WILDLIFE HABITAT ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 7 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Concept Page 12/13
    Trail Strategy for the Greater Toronto Region Concept page 12/13 Concept The concept for the Greater In the evolving areas of northern Vaughan, Where possible, conceptual trails are located Toronto Region Trail Network Richmond Hill, King, Mayfield and Bolton, within the natural system of our watersheds opportunities exist for land acquisition to to provide a continuous trail system in realizes our vision by building grow, enhance and protect habitat and greenspace. Where this is not possible, provide trails. New communities coming to conceptual trails are located within the urban on the existing regional trail northern Markham and Seaton hold exciting fabric of our communities to facilitate the system and capitalizing prospects to acquire greenway corridors goal of regional connectivity to greenspace, that would link the spectacular Rouge River neighbourhoods, employment lands, transit on current growth and and Duffins Creek systems to the Lake and mobility hubs. Ontario waterfront. development opportunities In realizing these future connections, There are approximately 530 kilometres the detailed trail alignments, design and to strategically expand of regional trails in our greenspace system. operation should avoid, mitigate and / or greenspace and trails The concept proposes almost 570 additional compensate for impacts to the natural kilometres of trail to complete a regional system. Trails should be sited to avoid through a variety of trail system of 1,100 linear kilometres. It also sensitive habitats, species and natural proposes investment in 10 conservation hazards, consistent with The Living City development mechanisms. destination areas to enhance the trail Policies. Many of the conceptual trails extend network and provide amenities.
    [Show full text]
  • A Watershed Plan for Duffins and Carruthers Creek
    A WATERSHED PLAN FOR DUFFINS CREEK AND CARRUTHERS CREEK A Report of the Duffins Creek and Carruthers Creek Watershed Task Forces AUGUST, 2003 © Toronto and Region Conservation 2003 ISBN 0-9732764-0-1 5 Shoreham Drive, Toronto, Ontario M3N 1S4 phone: 416-661-6600 fax: 416-661-6898 www.trca.on.ca TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CARRUTHERS CREEK TASK FORCE MEMBERS . VI DUFFINS CREEK TASK FORCE MEMBERS . .VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . .1 1.0 INTRODUCTION . .17 1.1 Purpose of the Watershed Plan . .19 1.2 The State of the Watershed Reports . .19 1.3 The Role of the Task Forces . .20 1.4 Public Involvement and Consultation with Stakeholders . .21 2.0 INTRODUCTION TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT . .23 3.0 THE VISION . .27 3.1 The Management Philosophy . .28 3.2 The Colour Wheel . .29 4.0 THE STUDY AREA . .31 4.1 The Carruthers Creek Watershed Study Area . .31 4.2 The Duffins Creek Watershed Study Area . .33 5.0 THE DUFFINS CREEK AND CARRUTHERS CREEK WATERSHEDS - PAST . .35 5.1 The Duffins Creek and Carruthers Creek Watersheds - Present . .37 5.2 Common Issues . .37 5.3 Climate and Climate Change . .37 5.4 Air Quality . .38 5.5 Environmentally Significant Areas and Terrestrial Natural Heritage Approach . .39 5.5.1 Environmentally Significant Areas . .39 5.5.2 Terrestrial Natural Heritage Approach . .41 5.6 The Carruthers Creek Watershed – Current Conditions . .41 5.6.1 Water . .42 5.6.1.1 Groundwater . .42 5.6.1.2 Geologic Setting . .42 5.6.1.3 Hydrogeology . .43 5.6.1.4 Surface Water Quality .
    [Show full text]
  • Duffins Creek State of the Watershed Report Human Heritage June 2002
    Duffins Creek State of the Watershed Report Human Heritage June 2002 Other topics in this series for both the Duffins Creek and the Carruthers Creek include: Introduction Study Area Greenspace, Trails and Recreation Land Use Air Quality Climate Surface Water Quality Surface Water Quantity Stormwater Management Fluvial Geomorphology Hydrogeology Aquatic Habitat and Species Terrestrial Natural Heritage Cover photograph: 1856 House Preserved, George Washington Post II built his Gothic Revival style house near Millers Creek when Kingston Road was just a dirt track. The Ajax Municipal Housing Corporation renovated and preserved it as office space for an apartment complex. Photo credit: TRCA This document is intended to be shared for non-commercial use. We are promoting the electronic use of this document to minimize the consumption of paper resources. Images appear courtesy of the Ontario Archaeological Society Toronto and Region Conservation, 5 Shoreham Drive, Downsview, Ontario M3N 1S4 Telephone: (416) 661-6600 Fax: (416) 661-6898 www.trca.on.ca Table of Contents Introduction to Human Heritage . .2 Current Inventory of Human Heritage Features . .3 Archaeological Sites . .3 Local Architectural Conservation Advisory Committee Heritage Inventories . .4 Historical Review of the Duffins Creek Watershed . .6 Archaeological Resources . .6 Early Contact and Euro-Canadian History . .13 Summary . .18 References Cited . .19 Appendix A: 1999-2000 Human Heritage Study Methodology . .21 Appendix B: Heritage Definitions . .25 Appendix C: Architectural Styles . .26 Appendix D: Archaeological Case Study The Glen Major Complex . .29 Appendix E: Second Nations (Euro-Canadian) Case Study The Glen Major Complex . .32 Tables and Figures Table 1: Human Heritage Designation of Sites Per Subwatershed .
    [Show full text]
  • GLAH Winter 04
    Early Winter 2004 Volume 12 Issue 5 In This Issue: Dear Great Lakes Advocate, An Outstanding Event . 3 Increase the effectiveness of your local advocacy efforts while building a Enhancing Local broader constituency to protect the Great Lakes! Decision Making . 4 Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Network & Fund is Sewage Dumping Gets Green Light (IL) . 5 pleased to introduce our 2005 theme – Great Lakes, Connecting Communities. Wetland Advocates Because many community-based groups Speak Out (MI) . 6 lack the staff and funding needed to devel- FREE CONNECTING COMMUNITIES op comprehensive communications of their TOOLBOX APPLICATION . 7, 8 own, GLAHNF and Biodiversity Project are working SPECIAL: CONNECTING together to help your organization raise public COMMUNITIES RESOURCE . 9, 10 awareness about local key issues, as well as draw Power Plants in Ohio attention to issues that plague the Great Lakes Spewing Toxins (OH) . 11 and their associated aquatic habitats Look Inside! New Greenbelt Protecting and watersheds. Significant Areas (ONT) . 12 The enclosed educational flyer is an example of the type of tools designed to benefit Lake Superior Coastal Areas At Risk (WI) . 13 your local work by highlighting connections to the Great Lakes. Saving Hamilton’s Your participation will help your community see how their local aquatic habitat Red Hill Valley (ONT) . 14 issues are linked to the broader Great Lakes, as well as to environmental concerns in Notes of Interest . 15 communities throughout the basin. Give the Gift of Healthy Water This Holiday Season! . 16 We’d like to invite you to participate in a new and unique collaboration – The Great Lakes Connecting Communities Toolbox Project.
    [Show full text]
  • East Duffins Creek Headwaters
    East Duffi ns Creek Headwaters East Duffi ns Creek Headwaters TRAIL GUIDE AND MAP Multi-use Trails – 74 kilometres Duffi ns Creek watershed The multi-use trail network includes the Oak Ridges and Trans Canada trails and consists of The Duffi ns Creek Watershed stretches from the Oak Ridges a series of linked routes. The system provides Moraine to the Lake Ontario waterfront and covers an area users with a great variety of loop alternatives of 28,300 hectares. This watershed is one of the healthiest to explore over 1,500 hectares of forested area and experience river systems in the Toronto region. Over 50 per cent of the signifi cant natural heritage features and breathtaking vistas. entire watershed is under the ownership or care of Toronto The multi-use trails are all available for non-motorized, passive and Region Conservation (TRCA), federal and provincial recreational use. governments and regional and local municipalities. Trail marker posts are located at major trail intersections and other key locations. The posts are oriented to the north, are Oak Ridges Moraine numbered and have directional signage including maps to help you navigate through the forest. The Oak Ridges Moraine is one of the most distinct Welcome to East Duffi ns Creek physiographic landforms of southern Ontario. It stretches as As you travel through the forest you will notice that some Headwaters — a priceless natural a ridge of hilly terrain for 160 kilometres from the Niagara apparent trails are not shown on the map. Toronto and Region Escarpment in the west to the headwaters of the Trent River Conservation and our local trails committee have declared these resource for current and future in the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (TRCA 2019)
    APPENDIX E Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (TRCA 2019) STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Ajax & Pickering Dykes Rehabilitation Class EA ORIGINAL REPORT Lot 15, Concession I, and Lots 16 – 18, Concession II June 25, 2019 Geographic Township of Pickering, Historic Ontario County DC19-06 | PIF P1016-0175-2019 in the City of Pickering and Town of Ajax, Licensee: Alvina Tam (P1016) Regional Municipality of Durham Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Ajax & Pickering Dykes Rehabilitation Class EA Executive Summary A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was triggered by the Class Environmental Assessment (Class EA) process for Remedial Flood and Erosion Control under the Environmental Assessment Act, and internal Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) policy outlined in the Archaeology Resource Management Services Guidelines and Procedures. The focus of the study is to identify alternatives for the rehabilitation of two existing flood control dykes. The project area is situated within TRCA lands on Lot 15, Concession I, and Lots 16 – 18, Concession II in the Geographic Township of Pickering, historic Ontario County in the City of Pickering and Town of Ajax, Regional Municipality of Durham. Permission for this assessment was granted to TRCA Archaeology and Cultural Heritage by TRCA. No property inspection was completed during this assessment, thus no permission-to-enter was required. Areas requiring further Stage 2 archaeological assessment will be determined based on the results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment documented herein. The review of historic land use, geographic and cultural features, with careful consideration of available aerial photography, has indicated that the Ajax & Pickering Dykes Rehabilitation project area has the potential for buried cultural resources.
    [Show full text]