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Duffins Creek State of the Watershed Report Surface Water Quality June 2002

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Duffins Creek State of the Watershed Report Surface Water Quality June 2002 Duffins Creek State of the Watershed Report Surface Water Quality June 2002 Other topics in this series for both the Duffins Creek and the Carrthers Creek include: Introduction Study Area Human Heritage Greenspace, Trails and Recreation Land Use Air Quality Climate Surface Water Quantity Stormwater Management Fluvial Geomorphology Hydrogeology Aquatic Habitat and Species Terrestrial Natural Heritage This document is intended to be shared for non-commercial use. We are promoting the electronic use of this document to minimize the consumption of paper resources. Toronto and Region Conservation, 5 Shoreham Drive, Downsview, Ontario M3N 1S4 Telephone: (416) 661-6600 Fax: (416) 661-6898 www.trca.on.ca Table of Contents Introduction to Surface Water Quality . .2 Current Conditions . .5 Implications for Swimming and Body Contact Recreation . .5 Implications for Aquatic Health . .7 Implications for Human Health . .10 Factors Affecting Water Quality Conditions . .12 Natural 12 Land Use Activities . .14 Sanitary Servicing . .14 Stormwater Runoff . .14 Rural/Agricultural Activities . .16 Spills and Illicit Discharges . .17 Golf Courses . .17 Landfills . .18 A Future Airport . .18 Pet and Wildlife Faeces . .18 Atmospheric Deposition . .19 Summary . .20 References . .21 Tables and Figures Table 1: Rationale for the Selection of Key Water Quality Parameters . .3 Figure 1: Chloride Levels in Toronto Area Streams . .4 Figure 2: Suspended Sediment Concentration in Toronto Area Streams . .5 Figure 3: Historic Dissolved Oxygen Levels, 1960-1970 . .6 Figure 4: Duffins Creek (Bayly Street) Phosphorus Levels . .8 Figure 5: Duffins Creek (Bayly Street) Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Demand . .9 Figure 6: Duffins Creek (Bayly Street) Chlorides . .10 Figure 7: Duffins Creek (Bayly Street) Total Suspended Sediment . .11 Figure 8: Relative per cent distribution of baseflow by subwatershed, Duffins Creek . .13 Figure 9: Duffins Creek Chloride Levels and Land Use . .15 Figure 10: Average Daily Traffic . .16 Figure 11: Median Annual Chloride Concentration Over Time Bayly Street . .17 1 Introduction to Surface Water Quality Water quality in Duffins Creek is understood by addressing the following questions: What are the current water quality conditions? Do they vary throughout the watershed? Is water quality getting better or worse? Is the water suitable for various uses? Does it meet federal of provincial objectives? What are the factors that influence water quality? Water quality data from Ontarios Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network (PWQMN) provide a basis for this assessment. Data are available for six monitoring stations for a period of about 20 years. Data from the period of 1988 to 1993 were considered to represent current conditions, as 1993 was the last year of monitoring under the PWQMN. This information was augmented with baseflow chemistry data collected at 110 stations during 1995 and 1996 by the Geological Survey of Canada. Water Survey of Canada stream flow and suspended solids data were also evaluated for up to 10 monitoring stations, operated during 1975 to 1978 in the watershed. The assessment focused on selected water quality parameters: phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, suspended solids, chlorides, bacteria (E. coli and faecal coliform), biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. These parameters were selected for analysis due to their relevance to common water use concerns (Table 1). While heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (e.g., pesticides) are also of interest, an accurate assessment of these parameters is not possible with the data provided by the above- noted monitoring sources. The presence of these pollutants is addressed with reference to other indicators and observations in nearby watersheds. Table 1 also includes provincial and federal water quality objectives or guidelines where they exist, however, some parameters are without guidelines as there is a process currently underway to standardize these across the country. 2 Table 1: Rationale for the Selection of Key Water Quality Parameters Water Quality Parameter Significance and Sources Phosphorus Phosphorus is a nutrient that influences eutrophication by fuelling plant and algae growth, reducing water clarity and oxygen availability. Sources of phosphorus include: lawn and garden fertilizers, eroded soil particles from construction sites, stream banks, agricultural fields and sanitary sewage. A firm Provincial Water Quality Objective (PWQO) for the protection of aquatic life does not exist at this time, however a general provincial guideline of no more than 0.03 mg/L is recommended in the interim. Nitrogen Compounds Nitrogen, in the form of nitrate, is a nutrient with sources and effects similar to phosphorus. It is also potentially toxic in aquatic systems when in the form of ammonia or nitrite, the later of which is a very transient stage in the nitrification process converting ammonia to nitrate. A firm PWQO does not exist for nitrate at this time, however sustained high levels (e.g., 1-10 mg/L) are suspected to stress aquatic life. The PWQO for unionized ammonia (a toxic form of nitrogen) is 0.02 mg/L. Suspended Sediment The presence of suspended sediment in water influences water clarity and aesthetics. Water quality can also be affected because other contaminants tend to adhere to sediment particles. Suspended sediment also can impair fish habitat and spawning areas, as well as abrade fish gills. Sources include: areas of soil disturbance (such as construction sites or farm fields), eroding streambanks and streambeds and grit accumulated on urban streets. Concentrations not exceeding natural background levels +25 mg/L are recommended for the protection of aquatic life (CWQG, 1999). Chloride The chloride ion is a widely distributed in the environment. It is released through the natural process of weathering and is also linked to many human activities such as road salting, industrial wastes and domestic sewage discharge. It is potentially toxic at elevated levels and a study by Environment Canada has assessed the impact of chlorides on aquatic life. Its presence at elevated levels correlates well with degradation of the chemical, physical and biological features of urban streams. At this time, there is no numerical standard for chloride concentrations Bacteria High faecal bacteria levels in a water body are indicative of loadings of faecal matter of either animal or human origin. Stormwater runoff carries bacteria from pet and wildlife faeces and bacteria in association with suspended sediment particles to the watercourse. The Provincial Water Quality Objective for Recreation limits bacteria Escherichia coli levels to a maximum of 100 counts per 100 mL. Formerly, faecal coliform and total coliform were measured as indicators of health risk with respective limits of 100 and 1000 counts per 100 mL. Table 1 continues on page 4. 3 Table 1: Continues from page 3 Water Quality Parameter Significance and Sources Biological Oxygen The BOD of water corresponds to the amount of oxygen required for Demand (BOD) and aerobic microorganisms to oxidize organic matter to a stable inorganic Dissolved Oxygen form. High BOD levels correspond to low dissolved oxygen concentrations, which can lead to stress responses in aquatic organisms. No official guide- line for BOD exists. BOD levels above 2 mg/L (or 5 mg/L during exclusively dry weather) indicate the presence of a persistent organic load to the system. The Canadian water quality objective for dissolved oxygen ranges from 5.0- 6.0 mg/l for warm water biota and 6.5-9.5 mg/l for cold water biota, depending on life stages. Summer Water Extreme water temperatures can impact fisheries and benthic communities, Temperature promote eutrophication and influence the presence of other water quality parameters (i.e. dissolved oxygen, ammonia). Water temperature is influence by groundwater inputs, streamside riparian cover and land use. The following sections summarize the results of this water quality assessment. Detailed data summaries are included within the Duffins Water Quality Technical Appendix (TRCA, 2000). Figure 1 Chloride Levels in Toronto Area Streams 4 Figure 2 Suspended Sediment Concentration in Toronto Area Streams more impacted by septic systems, wastewater Current treatment plants, and other BOD discharges. Conditions Water quality in Duffins Creek can best be described in terms of its implications for The Duffins Creek tributaries have good water swimming, aquatic health and human health. For quality conditions overall. In fact, Duffins Creek each concern: key parameters are identified; the exhibits among the best water quality conditions pattern of pollutant levels throughout the of all other streams in the Toronto region, as watershed is described; a comparison to objectives shown in Figures 1 and 2. These maps show is provided; and trends over time are noted. mean concentrations of suspended sediment and chlorides in Duffins Creek, relative to other local Implications for Swimming streams. Good water quality conditions have and Body Contact Recreation been prevalent for some time in Duffins Creek. Figure 3 illustrates that, even in the 1960s, mean The shallow depths, soft bottom and naturally dissolved oxygen concentrations in Duffins cool temperatures of the Duffins Creek do not Creek were at relatively desirable levels as make the watercourse particularly suited to compared to other Toronto streams, which were swimming or wading. Its recreational amenities 5 Figure
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