The International Space Station

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board April 2015

Sam Scimemi Director, International Space Station NASA Headquarters NASA’s and America’s goals onboard the Station

Enable long duration human spaceflight beyond LEO

Enable a commercial market in LEO

Advance benefits to humanity through research

Basis for international HSF exploration partnerships

2 Where we are Today

In January 2014 the Administration extended the life of ISS at least to 2024

Each International Partner is working within their own policy framework to determine ISS future beyond 2020

Begun 1 year crew expedition and associated long duration human performance research

Together with CASIS, NASA is expanding the commercial demand for micro-gravity research and LEO access

ISS has become an important space and earth science platform expanding our knowledge of our home planet and the universe

Commercial transportation development and operations for ISS is having a significant influence on the aerospace industry; considering the next commercial activity in LEO

3 3 4/

4 4 The Future of Human Space Exploration NASA’s Building Blocks to Mars

Expanding capabilities at an asteroid redirected to lunar orbit Exploring Mars and other deep U.S. companies space provide destinations affordable access to low Earth orbit

Learning the fundamentals aboard the Traveling beyond low Earth International orbit with the Space Launch Space Station System rocket and Orion crew capsule

Missions: 6 to 12 months Missions: 1 month up to 12 months Missions: 2 to 3 years Return: hours Return: days Return: months 5 Earth Reliant 5 Proving Ground Earth Independent What is so hard about going to Mars

~228,000,000 kilometers

~2 - 3 years transit time Communications (up to 42 minutes)

228,000,000 kilometers

“ Independent Living”

6 Where we are today

< 2 days transit time

Communications (near real-time) ~400 kilometers228,000,000 kilometers Crew exchanges

Crew supplies and logistics

Crew and atmosphere samples

Modified hardware Emergency Crew Return Trash

“Car Camping in Space”

7 So what is the ISS Program doing to close these gaps?

8 Performing the research and developing countermeasures to keep humans alive and healthy on long duration deep space missions

9 Closing the gap in Human Health and Performance

The ISS is necessary to mitigate 21 of the 32 human health risks anticipated on exploration missions

Some of the primary drivers for the length of research onboard ISS are: - Number of subjects - Pharmacology - Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure - Muscle - Exploration Medical Capability - Arrhythmia

Given the current number of subjects expected, HRP research and mitigations for long duration deep space missions should be mature enough by the mid- 2020’s

10 Integrated HRP Path to Risk Reduction

ISS 1-Yr Asteroid Com Asteroid Mars - Mission Phase A EM-1 Crew EM-2 Initiative Phase A Mars DRM HSRB FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26 FY27 FY28 Risks Y/N Haz LxC Cardiac Rhythm 1 3 x 1 Problems (Arrhythmia) Risk Understood Decompression CM 2 3 x 2 Standard Risk Model Risk Sickness (DCS) Updated Validated Defined Understood Incompatible Vehicle/ 2 3 x 3 NHV/HAB NHV/HAB Uncontrolled Habitat Design (Hab) NHV Process Developed HAB Charactarized- ISS Tools Developed Tools Validated Risk Maintenance Inadequate Nutrition AFT Trade 2 3 x 3 CM (Nutrition) Prelim CM Identifed AFT Trade Study Validated Study CM Optimized Partially Sleep Loss/Work Controlled 2 3 x 2 Monitoring Tools CMs Indiv/ Integrated CMs/ Tools Overload (Sleep) Developed/Validated Validated Risk Understood Validated Reduced Muscle Mass 1 3 x 3 Standard Standard Inflight CM Validated Inflight CM Validated (Muscle) Updated Validated Current Hardware Exploration Hardware Reduced Aerobic Controlled 1 3 x 3 Standard Standard Inflight CM Validated Inflight CM Validated Capacity (Aerobic) Updated Validated Current Hardware Exploration Hardware Orthostatic Intolerance (OI) Y 1 3 x 2 In/Post-flight CM Validated Optimized Team Performance (Team) 3 2 X 3 Measures Developed/ Standards Developed Risk Understood Validated CMs Developed/Validated Intervertebral Disc Damage (IVD) 1 2 x 3 Inflight Monitor Treatment Risk Understood CM Validated Validated Identified CM Identified Insufficient Host-Microorganism 1 Inc Risk Understood Data Interactions (Microhost) Risk Understood -Microbiome Risk Understood -Virulence Environment CM Developed Occupant Protection (OP) Y 2 3 x 3 Standard Risk Characterized Updated Validated Analytical Tool Standard Updated Early Onset 1 3 x 3 Standard Risk Assumptions: Osteoporosis (Osteo) Updated Understood Inflight CM Validated ISS Utilization Required Altered Immune Identify 2 3 x 3 - 450 hrs/increment Response (Immune) Altered Immune Response Analog Risk Characterized Inflight CM Validated - 6 crew/increment Bone Fracture (Fracture) 1 2 x 4 Risk Charactarized Risk Quantification Treatment Validated Updated Treatment Validated - 6 month missions Intracranial Hypertension/ Y 1 3 x 4 Factors Identified Risk Understood Vision (VIIP) Cognition/Motor Control Potential CMs Identified CMs Validated CMs Optimized Errors Due to Training 3 2 x 4 Deficiencies (Train) Skills Characterized Tools Identified Unpredicted Effects of Y 4 3 x 4 Usage Ground Stability Stability Risk Usage Understood Medication (Pharm) Determined Testing Complete Determined Packing Validated Validated Stability Device Inadequate Food 2 3 x 4 Requirements/Tools System (Food) Risk Understood Risk Understood Validated In-Flight Medical Capabilites 4 3 x 4 Exp Medical Musculoskeletal Medical Suction/ (ExMC) Flexible Ultrasound System Oxygen Concentrator Lab Analysis CM Sterilization Vestibular/Sensorimotor 1 3 x 4 Standard CMs Developed Standard Inflight Impacts (Sensorimotor) Updated Risk Understood Validated CMs Validated Behaviroral Conditions 3 Inc Factors Understood Monitoring Tools CMs/Treatments (Bmed) Standards Developed Developed Developed Critical Task Design (Task) 4 3 x 3 Methods/Tools Developed and Evaluated Updated Suit/Crew/Ops Inadequate EVA Suit (EVA) Y 2 3 x 3 Updated Suit Suit Injury Data Identified Requirements Requirements Human-System 2 3 x 3 Risk Interaction (HCI) Characterized CM/Tools Validated Human & Automation/ 2 Inc Risk Characterized HAR Interactions/Roles Design Tools/ Metrics Design Tools/ Metrics Robotic (HARI) Framework Developed Characterized Developed Validated Renal Stone Y 1 3 x 4 Formation (Renal) CMs Validated Treatment Validated Treatment Validated

ISS Not Required Radiation Exposure on Acute Radiation Y 5 3 x 4 Dergen & Cancer Acute CNS Late CNS Risk Characterized Human Health Risk Characterized CM Developed Risk Characterized Acute CNS&Degen CM Identified Acute CNS CM Validated Exposure to Dust & Volatiles Rev B, 2 Inc Research plan for this risk is not yet defined. (Dust) Updated FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26 FY27 FY28 04/22/14

ISS Required Human System Risk Board (HSRB) Hazards: 1. Altered Gravity; 2. Hostile/Closed Environment; 3. Isolation; 4. Distance; 5. Radiation11 Y - HSRB approved ISS Not Required Milestone Requires ISS Demonstrate the life support and monitoring systems that will take us to Mars

12 Learn how to break the bonds to the earth Logistics, crew health monitoring, ground-to-crew communications, etc.

13 Demonstrate exploration related systems and technologies

Rendezvous sensors NASA Docking System

Next Generation Solar arrays

Refueling

Leak detection Trash compactor Habitation Structures EVA Systems 14 Some specific design examples of lessons learned from ISS

 Ease of access and commonality for replaceable components such as filters, valves and maintainable components

 Standardized interfaces/components for common uses; communication/data, computers, headsets, fire extinguishers, fluid connectors, docking, etc.

 Incorporate on-orbit repair into the design for all components

 Reduce or eliminate need for EVA maintenance/repair

 Importance of redundancy/cross-strapping for long-duration power systems

15 ISS and the development of the commercial market in LEO NASA is currently exploring how the ISS can be utilized to development the commercial demand and supply market in LEO

It is NASA’s intent that a commercial market will replace the ISS in LEO before its end of life

More significantly, NASA is striving to develop the non-NASA demand for research, product development, marketing, tourism, earth sensing and other LEO applications – both in private industry and other government agencies

NASA is conducting a series of workshops to engage the broader US industrial base and other government agencies - First workshop held in December in DC - Second workshop is in the planning stages

http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/16 heo/LEO_commercialization Sustained economic activity in LEO enabled by human spaceflight, driven by private and public investments creating value Vision and benefitting Earth through commercial supply and public and private demand

Sustained economic activity in LEO

Robust, self- sustaining, and Broad sectors of cost effective the economy Policy and supply of US using LEO for commercial regulatory commercial services purposes environment to/in/from LEO promotes that accommodate Leverage ISS to commercialization public and private enable LEO of LEO demands commercialization Today…

17 Developing the demand outside of NASA with private industry and OGA’s

NASA has a cooperative agreement with Center for the Advancement of Science in Space to exploit the ISS National Lab

CASIS Commercial U liza on

Also in proposal development with Cargill, John Deere, ADM, Dow, and J&J 14 18 19 20