DOCSLIB.ORG

An Examination of the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Examination of the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014 Understanding Perceptions of Human- Wildlife Conflict and Policy Responses: An examination of the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014. Amy Couper BJus (Hons) Queensland University of Technology A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Justice Faculty of Law Queensland University of Technology 2020 Keywords Claims-making activities; Environmental activism; Environmental policy; Environmental protection; Human-wildlife conflict; New speciesism; News media; Post-domesticity theory; Pressure groups; Public opinion; Shark attack; Shark control; Shark hazard mitigation; Social problems; Wildlife conservation. Understanding Perceptions of Human-Wildlife Conflict and Policy Responses: An examination of the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014. i Abstract As recreational ocean use and human presence in shark habitat increases, there has been an increase in negative interactions between humans and sharks, despite declining global shark populations. This conflict between humans and these vulnerable keystone species, as well as the ways in which governments respond to these threats have been the subject of intense public and media scrutiny through recent years in Australia. This research examines stakeholder perceptions of the spike in shark bite events that occurred in Western Australia (WA) between 2010 and 2013 and the policy response that sought to pre- emptively kill large predatory sharks in an effort to enhance bather safety. This policy response, known as the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014 (WA SHMDLP), was a trial policy that operated for a four month period, targeted white, tiger and bull sharks over 3m in length and resulted in the death of 68 animals, of which almost all were tiger sharks. By using the Theory of Claims-making Activities, it is argued that claims-makers successfully created two distinct social problems, where the creation of the first social problem (increasing shark bite frequency in WA) contributed to the policy response that became the second social problem (pre-emptively killing large predatory sharks). It was revealed that the media played a significant role in influencing policy makers to respond to shark bite incidents through misrepresenting public sentiment and relying heavily on the use of emotive language to describe sharks and shark bite events. Alternatively, activists and the public used scientific and ethical arguments to inform their understandings of shark related threats and hazard mitigation policy. By incorporating a brief policy analysis of the WA SHMDLP 2013 – 2014, this thesis concludes that these two issues were successfully constructed as social problems by different groups of stakeholders who used different techniques to construct their claims and that, ultimately, neither of the conditions constructed as social problems represented as much of a threat to society as was argued by these groups. Understanding Perceptions of Human-Wildlife Conflict and Policy Responses: An examination of the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014. ii Table of Contents Keywords .......................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... viii Statement of Authorship ................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................ x Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIA SHARK HAZARD MITIGATION DRUM LINE PROGRAM 2013 - 2014 ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIA SHARK HAZARD MITIGATION DRUM LINE PROGRAM 2013 - 2014 ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 WHAT HAPPENED NEXT? .............................................................................................................. 5 1.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review ..............................................................................................................9 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HUMANS AND SHARKS ........................................................................ 9 2.3 EXPLANATIONS FOR INCREASING RATES .................................................................................... 11 2.4 SHARK HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES AROUND THE WORLD (AS OF 2015) ........................ 12 2.5 THE ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF LARGE PREDATORY SHARKS, THE THREATS THEY FACE AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.6 HUMAN PERCEPTIONS OF SHARK BITE INCIDENTS AND SHARK HAZARD MITIGATION TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................................................... 30 2.7 ANIMAL ETHICS AND HUMAN CONCERN FOR MARINE FAUNA AND THE ENVIRONMENT ........ 35 2.8 MASS MEDIA AND THE ISSUE-ATTENTION CYCLE ....................................................................... 41 2.9 GAPS IN THE LITERATURE ............................................................................................................ 45 2.10 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 46 2.11 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................... 49 Understanding Perceptions of Human-Wildlife Conflict and Policy Responses: An examination of the Western Australia Shark Hazard Mitigation Drum Line Program 2013 – 2014. iii 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 49 3.2 CONSTRUCTIONISM .................................................................................................................... 49 3.3 THE THEORY OF CLAIMS-MAKING ACTIVITIES ............................................................................ 53 3.4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 4: Methods ......................................................................................................................... 58 4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 58 4.2 PHASE 1 – APPLICATIONS FOR DOCUMENTS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 1982 (CTH)............................................................................................................................................... 59 4.3 PHASE 2 – PUBLIC OPINION ........................................................................................................ 65 4.4 PHASE 3 – MEDIA ........................................................................................................................ 72 4.5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 5: Results ............................................................................................................................ 76 5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 76 5.2 PART 1 – NARRATIVE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 76 5.3 PART 2 – PUBLIC OPINION .......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge
    Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region August 2008 COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN MERRITT ISLAND NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Brevard and Volusia Counties, Florida U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia August 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 1 I. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose and Need for the Plan .................................................................................................... 3 U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service ...................................................................................................... 4 National Wildlife Refuge System .................................................................................................. 4 Legal Policy Context ..................................................................................................................... 5 National Conservation Plans and Initiatives .................................................................................6 Relationship to State Partners .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • European Parliamentary #Futures After Eu Elections
    SPECIAL EDITION 2 (14) | 2019 ISSN 2084-8250 MAIN PARTNER EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY #FUTURES After EU Elections SUPPORTED BY Fallout from Digital Disinformation is report lays out four major scenarios that could conceivably unfold after European Parliamentary Elections in May 2019. Prepared by the Visegrad/Insight in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Poland and a contribution from the ABTShield. is report lays out four major scenarios that could conceivably unfold after European Parliamentary Elections in May 2019. Prepared by the Visegrad/Insight in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Poland and a contribution from the ABTShield. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY #FUTURES Four post-2019 options WOJCIECH PRZYBYLSKI Editor-in-chief The EU is at a critical juncture. For the first time since the launching of European inte- gration, doubts about the future of the EU have been raised by mainstream politicians and large swathes of the European public. Uncertainty as to the fate of Europe may demotivate voters and help disinformation campaigns often run by foreign powers hostile to the European project or sponsored by clandestine third parties. Whilst many of these fears are often seen as exaggerated, it is difficult to dismiss the impact of Brexit; for the first time since its inception, a major state in a process of leaving the EU. MARCIN ZABOROWSKI Senior Associate Even worse – and like never before – the EU is no longer supported by the sitting US President. In the 1950s, the United States was the sponsor and co-creator of European integra- tion. All subsequent American administrations have supported the EU, a policy now discontinued by the current American President.
    [Show full text]
  • I UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Politics of Misconduct A
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Politics of Misconduct A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Fine Arts in Visual Arts by Bailey Rivers Davenport Committee in charge: Professor Amy Adler, Chair Professor Ricardo Dominguez Professor Anya Gallaccio Professor Anna Joy Springer 2021 i Copyright Bailey Rivers Davenport, 2021 All rights reserved. ii The thesis of Bailey Rivers Davenport is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. University of California San Diego 2021 iii EPIGRAPH I was going to die, if not sooner then later, whether or not I had ever spoken myself. My silences had not protected me. Your silence will not protect you. Audre Lorde iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Thesis Approval Page…………………………………………………………… iii Epigraph…………..……………………………………………………………... iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………... v List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………vi Acknowledgements …………………………………….…………………..…….vii Abstract of the Thesis …….…………………………………………………….. viii Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1 Influences…………………………………..……………………………………. 10 Description of Work…………………………..………………………………… 18 Critiques………………………………………………………………………….34 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..36 References……………………………………………………………………….. 39 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: A painting entitled “We Are Free Women Now” from the series “Testify!” by Bailey Davenport, 2019……………………………………………………………………..…4 Figure 2: A painting entitled “Ivanka Trump” from the series “Outnumbered” by
    [Show full text]
  • ANZSOG Case Program Off the Hook: Western Australia’S Shark Cull (A) 2015-171.1
    ANZSOG Case Program Off the hook: Western Australia’s shark cull (A) 2015-171.1 For Bryn Martin 10 October 2011 began, like most other days, in the sparkling waters of Cottesloe. The sixty-four year old swam out to a pylon about 400 metres from shore, just as he had done for more than a decade. In one direction, the Indian Ocean stretched uninterrupted to the horizon; in the other, locals and visitors were busy enjoying Perth’s most popular beach. Amongst those on shore were Martin’s wife and family. When he failed to arrive for breakfast as planned, they immediately suspected something was amiss. After more than an hour scanning the area, his wife reported him missing to emergency services. No trace of Bryn Martin could be found, save for a pair of slashed swimming trunks. Witnesses recalled seeing some splashing and a large shadowy shape near where he disappeared. The Western Australian coroner later heard that the damage to his bathing suit was consistent with a shark attack, most likely, a great white. The incident left local residents and the wider community shaken. Cottesloe was where Ken Crew bled to death on the sand after being attacked by a shark in waist-deep water. Onlookers likened the 2000 incident to a scene from the film Jaws and the government issued an immediate but unsuccessful catch-and-kill order.1 Meanwhile, less than a month prior to Martin’s disappearance, twenty-one year old Kyle Burden was attacked by a shark whilst body-boarding in the Margaret River region.
    [Show full text]
  • Mary-Rose Papandrea
    MARY-ROSE PAPANDREA University of North Carolina School of Law 5117 Van Hecke-Wettach Hall 160 Ridge Road, CB #3380 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3380 (919) 962-3688 (o)/(202) 441-3672 (mobile) [email protected] EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW SCHOOL, J.D. with high honors, June 1995 Order of the Coif; Topics & Comments Editor, University of Chicago Law Review YALE COLLEGE, B.A, cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, with distinction in the major (Humanities), May 1992 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF LAW, Chapel Hill, NC (2015-present) Samuel Ashe Distinguished Professor of Constitutional Law (July 2019 to present) Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (July 2016-June 2021) Judge John J. Parker Distinguished Professor (July 2017-June 2019) Professor (2015-2017) • Teach Constitutional Law, Media Law, Torts, Civil Procedure, and National Security • Captain, UNC’s “Carolina Next” Strategic Initiative 5: Promote Democracy • Director, Festival of Legal Learning (120-session CLE program at the Law School) • Member, graduate Curriculum Subcommittee of Provost’s Data Science Initiative (Sept. 2019-July 2020) • Member, UNC Global Affairs Leadership Group (July 2019-June 2021) • Member, UNC Student Support Task Force (April 2019-present) • Member, UNC Task Force on Promotion and Tenure (Jan. 2019-May 2019) • faculty Affiliate, UNC Media Law & Policy Center • Hearing Officer, UNC Equal Opportunity and Compliance Committee (May 2017- present) • faculty Advisor for First Amendment Law Review symposia (2015-present) • Strategic Planning
    [Show full text]
  • The News That's Fit to Hide: Sexual Assault and Silence in Hollywood and the Lawyers Who Let It Happen
    Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review Volume 40 Number 3 Article 3 Spring 5-27-2020 All the News That's Fit to Hide: Sexual Assault and Silence in Hollywood and the Lawyers Who Let it Happen Neil Fulton University of South Dakota School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/elr Part of the Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons Recommended Citation Neil Fulton, All the News That's Fit to Hide: Sexual Assault and Silence in Hollywood and the Lawyers Who Let it Happen, 40 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 395 (2020). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/elr/vol40/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FULTON (DO NOT DELETE) 5/19/20 12:36 PM BOOK REVIEW ALL THE NEWS THAT’S FIT TO HIDE: SEXUAL ASSAULT AND SILENCE IN HOLLYWOOD AND THE LAWYERS WHO LET IT HAPPEN Catch and Kill: Lies, Spies, and a Conspiracy to Protect Predators. By Ronan Farrow. Little, Brown and Company. 2019. Pp. 464. $26.99. ISBN-10: 0316486639; ISBN-13: 978- 0316486637. Reviewed by Neil Fulton* Hollywood stars and moguls, sexual misconduct and harassment, in- vestigative journalism, espionage, and unethical lawyer conduct—all this and more is on display in Ronan Farrow’s Catch and Kill: Lies, Spies, and a Conspiracy to Protect Predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Media Portrayal of Human-Wildlife Conflict During Successive Fatal Shark Bites
    [Downloaded free from http://www.conservationandsociety.org on Thursday, October 18, 2018, IP: 129.96.87.58] Conservation and Society 16(3): 338-350, 2018 Article Changes in Media Portrayal of Human-wildlife Conflict During Successive Fatal Shark Bites Etienne Sabatiera,b and Charlie Huveneersb,# aCurrent affiliation: Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, France bCollege of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia #Corresponding author. E‑mail: [email protected] Abstract Encounters between humans and wildlife that result in human fatalities can generate public anxiety and increase pressure on conservation managers and governments for risk mitigation. Low probability-high consequence events such as shark bites on humans attract substantial media attention for short time periods, but how the media react when several of these rare but fatal events occur in quick succession has seldom been subject to quantitative analysis. Understanding media portrayal of such encounters is important because it both reflects and influences public perceptions of risks, mitigation measures, and conservation policies. This study examined media portrayals of sharks between 2011 and 2013 in the state of Western Australia during which six shark bites resulting in fatalities occurred. We analysed 361 shark-related articles published in major Western Australian newspapers over 26 months to trace changes in media reporting about sharks prior to, during, and after the six fatalities. The findings indicate that when rare, but fatal human-wildlife events occur in quick succession, negative framing by media of wildlife behaviour and threats can exaggerate public anxiety about the pervasive presence of wildlife predators and high risk of human fatalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Statement of Reasons, MUR 6992
    MUR699200075 FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20463 BEFORE THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION In the Matter of ) ) MUR 6992 Donald J. Trump ) Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. and Bradley T. ) Crate in his official capacity as treasurer ) The Trump Organization LLC ) STATEMENT OF REASONS OF CHAIR SHANA M. BROUSSARD AND COMMISSIONER ELLEN L. WEINTRAUB This matter under review (“MUR”) involves yet another instance of Donald Trump and his 2016 presidential campaign receiving what may have been illegal contributions, this time in the form of high-ranking Trump Organization employees performing campaign activities that appear to have been undertaken at the direction of the candidate himself.1 Former Trump Organization Executive Vice President and Special Counsel Michael Cohen and General Counsel Alan Garten appear to have performed work on behalf of Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. (the “Trump Committee,” “campaign”) – work that was paid for by the Trump Organization and thus likely constituted impermissible in-kind contributions. The ban on corporate contributions to federal candidates is one of the foundational principles underpinning the Federal Election Campaign Act (“FECA,” or the “Act”), having been firmly ensconced in federal law for well over a century.2 Though the Act includes provisions that permit individuals, including corporate employees, to provide personal volunteer services to campaigns without making a corporate contribution, if the individual is being compensated for his or her services the activity is no longer
    [Show full text]
  • Power of Narrative
    Power of Narrative A resource to give young people the knowledge and understanding of how stories and narratives shape our lives, and to give them the skills and confidence to respond critically to narratives and narrators who seek to divide us. 1 Power of Narrative About this Resource In this module we use the terms narratives and stories interchangeably. In both we refer to the tales that we tell ourselves to make sense of the world and our place within it. These can be local folklore, ‘news’, information from the web, family tales, myths, legends, religious and cultural stories, what we hear from leaders and politicians. In this module students will explore how they come across these narratives and stories, and the impact that these have on themselves and their communities. Part One: Prepare Your Students The Narratives of My Life 1 Page 4 How Narratives Are Used to Influence 2 Page 11 Does Truth in Narrative Matter? 3 Page 22 Consuming & Responding to Narratives 4 Page 32 Part Two: Practise Dialogue Videoconference: Taking Part Team Topic: Taking Part OR B 5A Page 44 5 Page 47 Part Three: Run a Reflection Lesson Rethinking Narratives 6 Page 50 Copyright © August 2017 by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. Illustrations by Beth Rydlewski. All rights reserved. Citation, reproduction and/or translation of this publication, in whole or in part, for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised provided the source is fully acknowledged. Tony Blair Institute, trading as Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (registered company number: 10505963) whose registered office is 50 Broadway, London, SW1H 0BL.
    [Show full text]
  • Queensland Shark Control Program
    Queensland Shark Control Program Queensland Shark Control Program Review of Alternative Approaches 59919123 Prepared for Qld Dept. Agriculture and Fisheries 20 September 2019 23 September 2019 Cardno i Queensland Shark Control Program Contact Information Document Information Cardno (NSW/ACT) Pty Ltd Prepared for Qld Dept. Agriculture and ABN 95 001 145 035 Fisheries Project Name Review of Alternative Level 9 - The Forum Approaches 203 Pacific Highway St Leonards NSW 2065 File Reference 59919123_Qld shark bite Australia control options review_ Cardno 20_9_19 www.cardno.com Rev_0.docx Phone +61 2 9496 7700 Fax +61 2 9439 5170 Job Reference 59919123 Date 20 September 2019 Version Number Rev 0 Author(s): Name: Craig Blount Effective Date 20/09/2019 Job title: Regional Senior Principal Approved By: Name: Marcus Lincoln Smith Date Approved 20/09/2019 Job title: Senior Principal Document History Version Effective Date Description of Revision Prepared by Reviewed by Rev A 12 September First draft for client Daryl McPhee, Craig Blount, Marcus Lincoln Smith 2019 review Will MacBeth, Dilys Zhang Rev 0 20 September Final for issue Daryl McPhee, Craig Blount, Marcus Lincoln Smith 2019 Will MacBeth, Dilys Zhang © Cardno. Copyright in the whole and every part of this document belongs to Cardno and may not be used, sold, transferred, copied or reproduced in whole or in part in any manner or form or in or on any media to any person other than by agreement with Cardno. This document is produced by Cardno solely for the benefit and use by the client in accordance with the terms of the engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Disclosing Discrimination – Bornstein
    DISCLOSING DISCRIMINATION† STEPHANIE BORNSTEIN* ABSTRACT In the United States, enforcement of laws prohibiting workplace discrimination rests almost entirely on the shoulders of employee victims, who must first file charges with a government agency and then pursue litigation themselves. While the law forbids retaliation against employees who complain, this does little to prevent it, in part because employees are also responsible for initiating any claims of retaliation they experience as a result of their original discrimination claims. The burden on employees to complain—and their justified fear of retaliation if they do so—results in underenforcement of the law and a failure to spot and redress underlying structural causes of race and sex discrimination at work. By statutory design, government enforcement agencies play a crucial but limited role in litigating discrimination lawsuits, which makes significant expansion of the agencies’ roles politically infeasible. This Article considers compelled disclosure of employer information as a means of better enforcing antidiscrimination law. Information-forcing mechanisms have long been a part of securities law. The recent #MeToo and Time’s Up social movements have brought the power of public exposure to the issues of sexual harassment and pay discrimination at work. Drawing on lessons from both contexts, this Article argues for imposing affirmative public disclosure requirements on employers that track the pay, promotion, and harassment of employees by their sex and race. It documents emerging disclosure models in some state and international laws meant to target workplace discrimination and highlights where existing U.S. federal law opens the door to such an approach. It also considers counterarguments raised by compelled disclosure, including privacy and free speech concerns.
    [Show full text]
  • With Risk Surfacing Everywhere Around Us, It's Useful to Have Some Cues About What's Worth Exploring
    With risk surfacing everywhere around us, it's useful to have some cues about what's worth exploring. Here are our suggestions. Have something to share? Email us here to submit announcements to appear in our next edition. Busted in New York and Other Essays by Darryl Pinckney offers a view of the United States' recent racial history that blends the social and the personal and wonders how we arrived at our current moment. Catch and Kill: Lies, Spies, and a Conspiracy to Protect Predators by Ronan Farrow investigates the surveillance and intimidation deployed by wealthy and connected men to threaten journalists, evade accountability and silence victims of abuse. Antisocial: Online Extremists, Techno-Utopians, and the Hijacking of the American Conversation by Andrew Marantz chronicles how the optimistic entrepreneurs of Silicon Valley set out to create a free and democratic internet and how the cynical propagandists of the alt-right exploited that freedom to propel the extreme into the mainstream. Social Challenges of Climate Change In the wake of the first-ever CNN Climate Crisis Town Hall, Annenberg PhD candidate Hanna Morris recommends three texts that orient climate change within specific historical, political, social and economic contexts. Harvard Hosts Disinformation Workshop Annenberg PhD student Muira McCammon writes on her experience attending the Comparative Approaches to Disinformation workshop at Harvard University last month. Bellingcat: Truth in a Post-Truth World Film Review Postdoctoral Fellow LaCharles Ward reviews one selection from the recent Double Exposure Investigative Film Festival. Bellingcat follows a group of citizen journalists searching for accountability in a world of disinformation.
    [Show full text]