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Putġn Dönemġ Rusya'nin Enerjġ

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Putġn Dönemġ Rusya'nin Enerjġ T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI ĠLĠġKĠLER ANABĠLĠM DALI ULUSLARARASI ĠLĠġKĠLER BĠLĠM DALI PUTĠN DÖNEMĠ RUSYA’NIN ENERJĠ POLĠTĠKALARI BAĞLAMINDA SIRBĠSTAN ĠLE ĠLĠġKĠLERĠ: GAZPROM ÖRNEĞĠ (DOKTORA TEZĠ) Mevlüt AKÇAPA BURSA-2019 T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI ĠLĠġKĠLER ANABĠLĠM DALI ULUSLARARASI ĠLĠġKĠLER BĠLĠM DALI PUTĠN DÖNEMĠ RUSYA’NIN ENERJĠ POLĠTĠKALARI BAĞLAMINDA SIRBĠSTAN ĠLE ĠLĠġKĠLERĠ: GAZPROM ÖRNEĞĠ (DOKTORA TEZĠ) Mevlüt AKÇAPA DanıĢman: Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel ĠġYAR BURSA-2019 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Mevlüt Akçapa Üniversite : Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası ĠliĢkiler Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası ĠliĢkiler Tezin Niteliği : Doktora Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : xv + 244 Mezuniyet Tarihi : Tez DanıĢmanı : Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel ĠĢyar PUTĠN DÖNEMĠ RUSYA’NIN ENERJĠ POLĠTĠKALARI BAĞLAMINDA SIRBĠSTAN ĠLE ĠLĠġKĠLERĠ: GAZPROM ÖRNEĞĠ Çarlık Rusyası ve Sovyetler Birliği dönemlerinden farklı olarak modern Rus dıĢ politikasında yeni eğilimler gözlemlenmektedir. Putin döneminde Rus bayrağının Avrupa ve Asya çevresinde daha fazla görünür olmasını sağlamak, Kızıl Ordu askerlerinden ziyade Rus enerji Ģirketlerinin yöneticilerine bırakılmıĢtır. GeçmiĢte ideolojik saiklerle Ģekillenen Rus dıĢ politikası pragmatik bir çizgiye kaymıĢ durumdadır. Rus dıĢ politikasında enerjinin bir kaldıraç olarak kullanılabilmesinin yolunu açan geliĢmeler, dev enerji Ģirketlerinin devletleĢtirilmesiyle baĢlamıĢtır. Yeltsin döneminde özelleĢtirilen Gazprom ve Rosneft gibi enerji devlerinin oligarklardan alınıp, bu Ģirketlerin devletleĢtirilmesi yönünde adımlar atılmıĢtır. Enerjinin, dıĢ politika yapım süreçlerinde araç olarak kullanıldığı yeni Rus dıĢ politika konseptinin en önemli aktörlerinden biri Gazprom’dur. Putin iktidarı ile birlikte Gazprom tamamen Kremlin’in politik bir aktörü olarak hareket etmeye baĢlamıĢtır. Putin döneminde Rusya’nın gücünü her alanda tahkim etme çabası ve aktif dıĢ politikasının yansımaları Balkanları da etkilemiĢtir. Hem geçiĢ güzergâhı olarak bir transfer noktası olması, hem de enerjiyi tüketen bir pazar olarak potansiyeli; Balkanları, Rusya açısından oldukça değerli hale getirmektedir. Rusya’nın Balkanlar için geliĢtirdiği stratejinin odağındaki ülkelerden biri Sırbistan’dır. Sırbistan, Doğu Avrupa ve Batı Avrupa arasında bir kavĢak noktası olarak, Balkanlarda stratejik bir bağlantı noktasıdır. Bu tez çalıĢmasında, Putin döneminde Rusya’nın yeni dıĢ politika eğilimleri çerçevesinde Sırbistan’la iliĢkileri değerlendirilmiĢtir. Rusya’nın Sırbistan’la kurduğu iliĢkilerde (ekonomik ve enerji konulu) ana aktör olarak ortaya çıkan Gazprom Ģirketinin, Rus dıĢ politikasının yapım süreçlerinde nasıl bir rol oynadığı incelenmiĢtir. AraĢtırma konusu, Uluslararası Ekonomi Politik (UEP) Teorileri çerçevesinde analiz edilmiĢtir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rusya, Sırbistan, Gazprom, Enerji, Doğalgaz. v ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Mevlüt Akçapa University : Bursa Uludağ University Institution : Institute of Social Sciences Field : International Relations Branch : International Relations Degree Awarded : PhD Page Number : xv + 244 Degree Date : Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel ĠĢyar RUSSIA-SERBIA RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIAN ENERGY POLICIES IN THE PUTIN ERA: THE CASE OF GAZPROM Unlike the periods of Czarist Russia and the Soviet Union, new trends are observed in modern Russian foreign policy. During the Putin era, the Russian flag was left to the managers of Russian energy companies rather than Red Army soldiers to make it more visible around Europe and Asia. Russian foreign policy, which has been shaped by ideological motives in the past, has shifted to a pragmatic line. The developments that paved the way for the use of energy as a lever in Russian foreign policy started with the nationalization of huge energy companies. During the Yeltsin period Gazprom and Rosneft were privatized and steps were taken to take these energy giant companies from the hand of oligarchs and nationalize them. Gazprom is one of the most important actors of the new Russian foreign policy concept, where energy is used as a tool for these foreign policy making processes. With Putin's government in power, Gazprom began to act entirely as a political actor of the Kremlin. During the Putin era, Russia's efforts to strengthen its power in all areas and the reflections of its active foreign policy also affected the Balkans. Both being a transfer point as a crossing route and its potential as an energy consuming market makes the Balkans quite valuable for Russia. One of the focused countries in Russia's strategy for the Balkans is Serbia. As a crossroad between Eastern and Western Europe, Serbia is a strategic connection point in the Balkans. In this thesis study Russia's relations with Serbia was evaluated within the framework of the new foreign policy trends during Putin's era. The role of the Gazprom company in the process of Russian foreign policy making was analyzed, which developed as the main actor in Russia's relations with Serbia (on economic and energy issues). The research topic was studied within the frames of International Economic Political (IEP) Theories. Key Words: Russia, Serbia, Gazprom, Energy, Natural Gas. vi ÖNSÖZ Rus dıĢ politikasında enerji faktörünün incelendiği bu çalıĢma uzun ve yorucu bir sürecin ardından tamamlandı. Rusya-Sırbistan iliĢkileri Gazprom örneği çerçevesinde analiz edildi. Neden bu konuda bir çalıĢma yapıldığı konusunda çokça teknik detay sıralanabilir, ancak bu sorunun yalın bir yanıtı var: Merak. NASA tarafından 26 Kasım 2011 tarihinde Cape Canaveral Uzay Ġstasyonu'ndan Mars‟ta incelemeler yapması amacıyla fırlatılan keĢif aracına Türkçede “Merak” anlamına gelen “Curiosity” ismi verilmiĢti. Ġnsanlığın baĢka bir gezegende yaĢamın olup olmadığı hakkındaki bilgiye bu denli yaklaĢabilmesinin temelinde bu merak duygusu yatıyor. Bu bağlamda bundan sonraki akademik hayatımda merak duygusunun benden ayrılmamasını diliyorum. Profesyonel iĢ hayatıyla beraber, akademi dıĢında yürütülen doktora sürecinin ne denli zor olabileceğini yaĢayarak tecrübe etmiĢ bulunmaktayım. Her ilim talep edenin yapması gerektiği gibi, bu zorluklarla baĢa çıkma gayreti içinde olmaya çalıĢtım. Ancak yol uzun ve meĢakkatliydi. ġairin dediği gibi; “uzun yola çıkmaya hüküm giydim”. Uzunluğunun ve zorluklarının bilincinde olarak çıktığım bu yolculukta her katkı çok kıymetliydi. KuĢkusuz danıĢman hocamın desteğini unutmam mümkün değil. Tez çalıĢmamın her aĢamasında bilgi, birikim ve tecrübeleri ile bana yol gösterici olan değerli hocam sayın Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel ĠĢyar‟a teĢekkür ediyorum. 2011 yılında yüksek lisans eğitimi ile baĢladığım akademik serüvenim 8 yıl boyunca kesintisiz devam etti. Ġnsan hayatı için kayda değer bir süre. Bu süre zarfında yaĢadığım tüm sıkıntılarda yanımda olan, cesaretlendirici ve teĢvik edici yaklaĢımıyla tez yazım sürecimi kolaylaĢtıran sevgili eĢim Özlem Akçapa‟ya minnet borçluyum. Yüksek lisans tezimin önsözünde biricik oğlum Ahmet Akçapa için Ģöyle bir not düĢmüĢtüm; “Bitmek tükenmek bilmeyen bir öğrenme arzusuyla, yaĢamı merakla sorgularken gözlerine yerleĢen parıltı; tüm hayatım boyunca bilgiye ve hikmete ulaĢma arayıĢımda rehberim olacaktır”. Aradan geçen yıllar boyunca ne o parıltı eksildi, ne benim o parıltıdan aldığım ilham… Mevlüt Akçapa vii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ........................................................................................................... ii SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LĠSANS/DOKTORA ĠNTĠHAL YAZILIM RAPORU ............................................................................................................. iii YEMĠN METNĠ .................................................................................................................... iv ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... vi ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................. vii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER .................................................................................................................... viii TABLOLAR .......................................................................................................................... xi GRAFĠKLER ........................................................................................................................ xii HARĠTALAR ...................................................................................................................... xiii KISALTMALAR................................................................................................................. xiv GĠRĠġ ...................................................................................................................................... 1 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM: TEORĠK ÇERÇEVE 1. Ekonomi Politik Kavramı ........................................................................................... 10 2. Uluslararası Ekonomi Politik (UEP)........................................................................... 11 2.1. UEP‟de Farklı YaklaĢımlar .................................................................................. 15 2.1.1. Liberal YaklaĢım ....................................................................................... 17 2.1.1.1. KarĢılıklı
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