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Final EA Consist of a Corresponding Program at a Different Time with Issuance of an Associated IHA and the No Action Alternative, with No IHA and No Seismic Survey Final Environmental Assessment of a Marine Geophysical Survey by the R/V Marcus G. Langseth in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, September–October 2014 Prepared for Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 and National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725 Arlington, VA 22230 by LGL Ltd., environmental research associates 22 Fisher St., POB 280 King City, Ont. L7B 1A6 12 September 2014 LGL Report TA8350-1 Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Atlantic off Cape Hatteras, 2014 Page ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... V LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... VII I. PURPOSE AND NEED ....................................................................................................... 1 Mission of NSF ......................................................................................................................1 Purpose of and Need for the Proposed Action ...................................................................1 Background of NSF-funded Marine Seismic Research ....................................................1 Regulatory Setting ................................................................................................................2 II. ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING PROPOSED ACTION ........................................................ 2 Proposed Action ....................................................................................................................2 (1) Project Objectives and Context .......................................................................................... 2 (2) Proposed Activities ............................................................................................................. 5 (3) Monitoring and Mitigation Measures ................................................................................. 8 Alternative 1: Alternative Survey Timing ......................................................................17 Alternative 2: No Action Alternative ...............................................................................17 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Further Analysis ..................................17 (1) Alternative E1: Alternative Location ............................................................................... 17 (2) Alternative E2: Use of Alternative Technologies ............................................................. 18 III. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 18 Oceanography .....................................................................................................................20 Protected Areas ..................................................................................................................21 Marine Mammals ...............................................................................................................21 (1) Mysticetes ......................................................................................................................... 24 (2) Odontocetes ...................................................................................................................... 28 Sea Turtles ..........................................................................................................................35 (1) Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) .................................................................... 36 (2) Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) ........................................................................................ 36 (3) Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) ................................................................................ 36 (4) Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) ..................................................................... 37 (5) Kemp’s Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) ................................................................... 37 Seabirds ...............................................................................................................................37 (1) Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) ................................................................................ 38 (2) Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) ....................................................................................... 38 (3) Bermuda Petrel (Pterodroma cahow) ............................................................................... 38 Fish, Essential Fish Habitat, and Habitat Areas of Particular Concern .......................38 (1) ESA-Listed Fish and Invertebrate Species ....................................................................... 38 Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Atlantic off Cape Hatteras, 2014 Page iii Table of Contents (2) Essential Fish Habitat ........................................................................................................39 (3) Habitat Areas of Particular Concern ..................................................................................40 Fisheries ...............................................................................................................................43 (1) Commercial Fisheries ........................................................................................................43 (2) Recreational Fisheries .......................................................................................................43 Recreational SCUBA Diving .............................................................................................48 Terrestrial Species ..............................................................................................................48 (1) Birds ..................................................................................................................................48 (2) Mammals ...........................................................................................................................53 (3) Insects ................................................................................................................................53 (4) Plants .................................................................................................................................54 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES .......................................................................... 57 Proposed Action ..................................................................................................................57 (1) Direct Effects on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles and Their Significance ...................57 (2) Direct Effects on Invertebrates, Fish, Fisheries, and EFH and Their Significance ...........73 (3) Direct Effects on Seabirds and Their Significance ............................................................76 (4) Indirect Effects on Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, and Fish and Their Significance .......76 (5) Direct Effects on Recreational SCUBA Divers and Dive Sites and Their Significance ..................................................................................................................76 (6) Direct Effects on Terrestrial Species and Their Significance ...........................................77 (7) Cumulative Effects ............................................................................................................78 (8) Unavoidable Impacts .........................................................................................................82 (9) Coordination with Other Agencies and Processes .............................................................83 Alternative Action: Another Time ....................................................................................85 No Action Alternative ........................................................................................................86 V. LIST OF PREPARERS .................................................................................................... 87 VI. LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................... 88 VII. APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 109 APPENDIX A: Incidental Harassment Authorization APPENDIX B: NMFS Biological Opinion APPENDIX C: NMFS Environmental Assessment APPENDIX D: EFH Consultation Letter APPENDIX E: USFWS Letter of Concurrence APPENDIX F: Public Comments on NMFS IHA Notice APPENDIX G: CZMA Consistency Letters APPENDIX H: Additional Dive Site Maps and Artificial Reef Map Information Final Environmental Analysis for L-DEO Atlantic off Cape Hatteras, 2014 Page iv Abstract ABSTRACT Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (L-DEO), with funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), proposes to conduct a high-energy, 2-D seismic survey from the R/V Langseth in the Atlantic Ocean ~17–422 km from the coast of Cape Hatteras in September–October 2014. The proposed 3 seismic survey would use a towed array of 36 airguns with a total discharge volume of ~6600 in or 18 airguns with a total discharge volume of ~3300 in3. The seismic survey would take place outside of U.S. state waters, mostly within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and partly in International Waters, in water depths ~20–5300 m. NSF, as the funding
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