MAKING IT WORK LESBIAN, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES – Proposed citation: UNDP, ODI & Galang (2020). Making it Work: lesbian, bisexual and Copyright © UNDP 2020 transgender women’s economic empowerment in the Philippines. United Nations Development Programme The views expressed in this publications are those of the authors and Philippines Country Office do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including 15th Floor North Tower, Rockwell Business Center Sheridan UNDP, donor agencies, or the UN Member States. Sheridan Street corner United Street Highway Hills, 1554 Mandaluyong City UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build Philippines nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of Email:
[email protected] growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground Website: https://www.ph.undp.org/ in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Design: Minh Duong www.minhdesigns.com CONTENTS – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 ACRONYMS 9 LIST OF FIGURES 10 LIST OF BOXES 10 1. INTRODUCTION 11 2. METHODOLOGY 13 3. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 16 4. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK PROTECTING AND PROMOTING THE RIGHTS OF LBT WOMEN IN RELATION TO ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 21 5. ECONOMIC SECURITY AND INSECURITY AMONG LBT WOMEN 27 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPLOYMENT FOR LBT WOMEN 31 6.1. Types of employment 32 6.2. Self-employment 35 6.3. Structural discrimination in the labour market 36 6.4. Labour migration 42 6.5.