Situationer: Politisches System, Wahlprozess, Parteien Und

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Situationer: Politisches System, Wahlprozess, Parteien Und Situationer : Politisches System, Wahlprozess, Parteien und Kandidaten in den Philippinen Niklas Reese, Südostasienwissenschaftler und Vorstandsmitglied im philippinen bü- ro Situationer ................................................................................................. 1 Wähler/innen.............................................................................................................. 2 Präsidentschaft und Vizepräsidentschaftswahlen: Kampf der gigantischen Mythen: Lichtgestalt Noynoy Aquino vs. The proxy poor Manny Villar..............................................................................................3 Noynoy ........................................................................................................................ 5 Villar............................................................................................................................6 Große Erzählungen .....................................................................................................8 Inhalte? ..................................................................................................................... 10 Parlamentswahlen .....................................................................................................11 a) Senatswahlen .........................................................................................................11 Repräsentantenhaus /Party List............................................................................... 13 Spannende Lokalwahlen........................................................................................... 16 Automated elections - Werden Wahlen scheitern?...................................................17 Gewalt bei Wahlen (electoral violence) ....................................................................20 People power statt Messianismus............................................................ 21 Wahlbegriffe ............................................................................................23 Situationer Film Juana Change Am 10. Mai wird gewählt – auf vielen Ebenen Am meisten im Fokus: 1 Präsident, 1 Vizepräsident, aber auch Parlamentswahlen (Senat und Repräsentantenhaus: zwölf neue SenatorInnen (von insgesamt 24) und die 265 VertreterInnen des Repräsentantenhaus gewählt werden (davon 57 über das Parteilistensystem),) und „Lokalwahlen“in all provinces, cities and municipalities. More than 85,000 candidates for only 17,000 national and local positions. The ballot for the May 2010 elections will be the longest in Philippine history . A- side from the candidates for President and Vice President all the way down to city or municipal councilors, we will also be choosing from 144 party list contenders that have been accredited by the Comelec. FOLIE 1 Die Wahlen polarisieren und emotionalisieren die philippinische Gesellschaft in ü- berdurchschnittlichem Maße. Der Abgang der gegenwärtigen Präsidentin Arroyo wird nicht nur von der Linken herbeigesehnt, sondern ist auch von den Parteien der Mitte und von Seiten der katholischen Kirche erwünscht. Angesichts Korruption, Nepotismus, politischen Morden und Wahlfälschungen, wie etwa bei der „Hello Garci“-Affäre im Jahr 2004, sowie einer ausufernden „Sicherheits“gesetzgebung er- hält das jetzige Arroyo-Regime von der Bevölkerung sehr niedrige Zustimmungsra- ten und wird von der radikalen Linken sogar als schlimmer als die Marcos-Diktatur bezeichnet. The average unemployment rate for all the eight years of the Arroyo presidency so far is, historically, the worst one over a sustained period since 1956. The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) placed the poverty incidence at 32.9 percent of the population in 2006, a jump of 2.9 percent from 2003’s figure of 30 percent. Ibon’s October 2009 quarterly nationwide survey showed 71 percent of the respondents considering themselves poor. More migration than ever – The Arroyo family and their political allies have also figured in no less than 10 large-scale corruption scan- dals since early in 2001. - More than a thousand extrajudicial killings and more than 200 enforced disappearances in the last eight years and impunity President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has also earned denunciation for protecting the Ampatuans, which played a prominent part in delivering votes to the administration coalition in the elections of 2004 and 2007. General desire for change: GMA is the second longest serving president of the country. There’s this longing, the expectation that things will not be the same after she leaves, Mendoza says. The election is seen as a key source of hope. If thwarted, it’s difficult to say how people would react (siehe später) Greatest challenge Arroyo’s successor would face is how to regain the people’s trust and confidence. Zu Beginn einige Fakten: 1 Wähler/innen 50,723,734 registered voters for the May elections. The Commission on Elections ex- pect an 80 percent turnout, or 40.5 million. Historically Philippine national elections attract a relatively high participation rate of between 70 and 80 percent. 40% of voters are 18-35 and there are a potential 3 million first-time voters. Classified according to income classes, 10 percent of the 40.5 million voters, belong to ABC classes, (the rich and upper middle class) – andere rechnen hier mit 25%; 75 percent to the D class (lower middle class and the poor; and 15 percent to Class E (the poorest). 1 Ich werde nicht über das reden, was Politik in den Philippinen im Allgemeinen bedeutet. Dazu verweise ich auf Handbuch-Artikel: Potentaten und widerständige Untertanen - Das politische System in Theorie und Praxis Von den Oversea Filipinos (absentee voters) haben nur eine halbe Millionen register for 2010 polls. Das sind aber immerhin 200,000 mehr als 2007. Allerdings haben von denen 2007 nur 64% dann tatsächlich ihre Stimme abgegeben. 2 Von den 504,124 absentee voters who registered between 2003 and 2004 over 134,000 have been delisted for withdrawal of records and failure to vote in two previous elec- tions. Wie viele wären wahlberechtigt?? Wenn man von acht –elf Millionen „Oversea Fili- pinos“ ausgeht, davon allerdings ca 3 Millionen permanent settlers im Ausland sind (und damit in der Regel die Staatsbürgerschaft des Ziellandes angenommen hat) und 2 Millionen unter illegalisierten Bedingungen sich dort befinden und damit sich nicht registrieren können, und dann vielleicht nur die Hälfte nach 3 Jahren wioeder in die Philippinen zurückkehren möchte, sind das immer noch ca. 2,5 Millionen, die wahl- berechtigt wären. Von denen Comelec wollte zumindest one million absentee voters for 2010 registrieren. 3 Präsidentschaft und Vizepräsidentschaftswahlen: Kampf der gi- gantischen Mythen: Lichtgestalt Noynoy Aquino vs. The proxy poor Manny Villar The presidential candidate with the most number of votes (First-past-the-post)will be declared the winner. Keine Stichwahl A separate election is held for the vice president; the two elected officials need not to be running mates in order to be elected anders als in den USA. Dennoch treten in der Regel Tandems an. Präsident/in in den Philippinen quasi halb-absolute Wahlmonarchie. Hat noch mehr Kompetenzen als US-Präsident, beruft die Obersten Richter (These appointments do not need the consent of the Commission on Appointments), hat weitgehende Bud- getvollmachten (Parlament kann nur Mittel streichen, nicht aber eigene beschließen) kann unbotmäßigen Parlamentsabgeordneten den CDF streichen und mit dem exe- cutive privilege sogar die Aussage von Regierungsmitgliedern vor Ausschüssen un- terbinden. Bin kein Politikwissenschaftler, habe mich aber schon häufig gefragt, in- wiefern dieses Amt mit dem Prinzip der Gewaltenteilung übereingebracht werden kann. Zudem trotz LDC weitgehender Zentralismus im Land. 4 2 The factors that affected the low turnout were attributed to the following: The voting requirements made it difficult for overseas Filipino workers (OFW) and seafarers who were geographically disper- sed in more than 180 countries - The voting facilities were only limited to 87 polls Limited days off at work prevented many from registering Cost considerations 3 The poll official added that Comelec would pilot automated polls in Hong Kong and Singapore after the two registered the highest turnout of absentee voters enlistment at 95,355and 31,853, respectively. “Holding a pilot of the automated polls in Hong Kong and Singapore would also allow us to gain foresight in implementing our nationwide computerized elections,” added Velasco. 4 “Let us be clear, however, that the President provides the vision and leadership while the whole government bureaucracy serves as the implementing arm. The problems are institutional that it would take more than a change in the President for fun- damental and lasting reforms to be effected.” Geht hier auch nur darum deutlich zu machen, warum gerade die Präsidentenwahl die bei weitem bedeutsamste von allen anstehenden Wahlen ist. Und auch warum sich alles immer auf die Präsidentin konzentriert und sie an allem schuld zu sein scheint. FOLIE 2 Insgesamt sind acht Kandidaten und eine Kandidatin zur Präsidentschaftswahl zu- gelassen worden. 5 Neben dem Ex-Präsidenten (1998-2001) Joseph „Erap“ Estrada, u.a. auch der Senator Manuel Villar (der eine pro-poor-Kampagne fährt), der Ex- Verteidigungsminister und Kandidat der Arroyo- Administration Gilberto „Gibo“ Teodoro und Noynoy Aquino, Sohn der Gallionsfiguren der philippinischen Demo- kratie Ninoy und Cory Aquino. Zur Zeit (12.3.2010) zeichnet sich ein Kopf
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