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MAKING IT WORK LESBIAN, BISEXUAL and TRANSGENDER WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT in the PHILIPPINES – Proposed Citation

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MAKING IT WORK LESBIAN, BISEXUAL and TRANSGENDER WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT in the PHILIPPINES – Proposed Citation MAKING IT WORK LESBIAN, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES – Proposed citation: UNDP, ODI & Galang (2020). Making it Work: lesbian, bisexual and Copyright © UNDP 2020 transgender women’s economic empowerment in the Philippines. United Nations Development Programme The views expressed in this publications are those of the authors and Philippines Country Office do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including 15th Floor North Tower, Rockwell Business Center Sheridan UNDP, donor agencies, or the UN Member States. Sheridan Street corner United Street Highway Hills, 1554 Mandaluyong City UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build Philippines nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of Email: [email protected] growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground Website: https://www.ph.undp.org/ in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Design: Minh Duong www.minhdesigns.com CONTENTS – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 ACRONYMS 9 LIST OF FIGURES 10 LIST OF BOXES 10 1. INTRODUCTION 11 2. METHODOLOGY 13 3. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 16 4. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK PROTECTING AND PROMOTING THE RIGHTS OF LBT WOMEN IN RELATION TO ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 21 5. ECONOMIC SECURITY AND INSECURITY AMONG LBT WOMEN 27 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPLOYMENT FOR LBT WOMEN 31 6.1. Types of employment 32 6.2. Self-employment 35 6.3. Structural discrimination in the labour market 36 6.4. Labour migration 42 6.5. Unpaid work and care 43 2 7. DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO AND EXPERIENCES OF BASIC SERVICES AND FREEDOM TO EXERCISE CHOICE 45 7.1. Education, skills and training 46 7.2. Social protection 48 7.3. Housing 50 7.4. Health 51 7.5. Violence, abuse and harassment 53 7.6. Relationships with family and community: self-determination, choice and freedom 55 8. FINDINGS ON INITIATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINES FOR ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF LBT WOMEN 62 9. DISCUSSION 67 10. RECOMMENDATIONS TO FURTHER THE ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF LBT WOMEN IN THE PHILIPPINES 71 REFERENCES 75 ANNEX I: LITERATURE REVIEW SEARCH TERMS AND INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA 79 ANNEX II: DETAILS ON FGD SITE SELECTION 80 ANNEX III: FGD AND KII TOOLS 82 ANNEX IV: COMPOSITION OF VALIDATION WORKSHOPS 84 ANNEX V: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF ONLINE SURVEY RESPONDENTS 85 ANNEX VI: DATA ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME FROM THE ONLINE SURVEY 89 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – The authors of this report are Moizza Binat Sarwar, We would particularly like to thank the participants from Abigail Hunt and Soumya Chattopadhyay, with Maroz across Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao islands, notably Ramos. The report is based on research carried out by the the lesbian, bisexual and transgender women who so Overseas Development Institute (ODI), in partnership with generously gave their time to be part of this project. GALANG, Philippines. This research was initiated by the United Nations We are very grateful to those who have provided support Development Programme as part of the Being LGBTI and feedback throughout the preparation of this report, in the Asia Pacific (BLIAP) regional programme, which including Katri Kivioja (United Nations Development aims to reduce marginalization and exclusion of lesbian, Programme, Bangkok Regional Hub), Fe Cabral and Xavier gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people. Javines Bilon (United Nations Development Programme, Supplementary funding was generously provided by the Philippines Country Office). We are also grateful to the Embassy of Canada, Philippines. The conclusions, view peer reviewers who provided feedback which greatly and opinions contained within are those of the authors improved this report: and do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of UNDP, the United Nations or any of its affiliated Megan Daigle, organizations, or other funders. Senior Research Fellow, Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute Francesca Bastagli, Head of Programme, Equity and Social Policy Programme, Overseas Development Institute M.V. Lee Badgett, Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst Koh Miyaoi, Gender Advisor, UNDP Bangkok Regional Hub Andrew Parker, Economist, UNDP Philippines Country Office Sabrina Laya Gacad, Assistant Professor of Women and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman Jean Franco, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman Maria Ermina Valdeavilla-Gallardo, Associate Protection Officer, UNHCR Philippines Aeriel Ann M. Gonzales, Protection Associate, UNHCR Philippines Ma. Rosalyn Mesina, Programme Manager, UN Women Philippines 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – Women’s economic empowerment is critical for the – guaranteeing protection against discrimination based achievement of women’s human and economic rights on sexual orientation – exist in 22 cities, 2 municipalities, and gender justice and is embedded in the related 3 barangay 1 and 6 provinces in the Philippines. However, targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) even in these areas, ADOs are not fully implemented to which the Philippines is a signatory. Yet lesbian, or enforced – meaning LBT women are still face bisexual and transgender (LBT) women in the Philippines discrimination. There is an overall lack of awareness have remained invisible to policymakers due to a lack among government functionaries as well as LBT women of focused attention on their voices, priorities and themselves about ADOs in their area. needs, exemplified by an absence of official statistics, disaggregated by sexual orientation, gender identity and Economic insecurity was a very common experience gender expression (SOGIE). among the LBT women in our study. Our online survey indicated that 43 percent of respondents frequently This report seeks to fill this gap, bringing together findings worried about being able to financially support their from research designed to further understanding of the dependents, despite the fact that nearly 72 percent of current socio-economic situation of LBT women in the LBT women in our sample were employed full-time. Philippines, with the goal of informing future advocacy, Consequently, LBT women developed coping strategies programming and policymaking in the country. We draw to respond to economic insecurity by maintaining a on multiple data sources – including a literature review, patchwork of different, often simultaneous livelihoods focus group discussions (FGDs) in urban and rural areas to maintain a level of adequate income. Perceptions of of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, key informant interviews employment security varied among FGD respondents, (KIIs) and an online survey (with 159 respondents) – to with LBT women with waged employment in the shed light on what economic empowerment means to government or private sector appearing to feel most them and the priority actions needed to support their secure. Some lesbian, rural women participating in individual and collective economic advancement. This FGDs felt that an employment contract of three to six research reveals a mixed picture around many of the months was “secure”, even if they were uncertain if there key components of economic empowerment – namely, would be a subsequent contract. Among LBT women, the extent to which LBT women in the Philippines are transgender women spoke most clearly of economic able to experience choice, independence and control in insecurity in meeting basic needs, including housing their economic lives, and the extent to which individual and food. and structural factors act at family, community and national levels to support or constrain their economic LBT women were generally engaged in a few key advancement. sectors of employment: education (as students or teachers), government, private sector office work, micro- Legal and policy frameworks in the Philippines or subsistence enterprises (e.g. farmers, food stalls, promoting the rights of LBT women in relation to tricycles, jeepneys 2) and creative (writing) and service economic empowerment are different at the national industries (e.g. beauty, make-up, chefs, bartenders, and local level. At the national level, there is no law call centres, laundry, security, escort/sex services). The explicitly protecting citizens from discrimination on the precarious nature of many participants’ income meant basis of SOGIE. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and they relied on an informal loan system called ‘Five-Six’ intersex (LGBTI) rights advocates have sought to pass or ‘Torko’ (which charges 20 percent interest) to get by. a national Anti-Discrimination Bill (ADB), also known as Respondents reported needing financial support from the SOGIE Equality Bill, since 1999. For many of the LBT informal networks (e.g. from partners or borrowing initially women participants, the passage of this Bill was a key to start informal enterprises) and overall, there was priority. Encouragingly, policy frameworks at the local level limited access to formal financial services to start or grow appear to be advancing at a far faster pace than at the businesses. national level. Local anti-discrimination ordinances (ADOs) 1 A barangay is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines. 2 A jeep-like form of public transport in the Philippines. 5 Experiences of discrimination vary among LBT At the same time, LBT women often end up as carers, women with transgender women
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