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Novel Concepts for Silicon Based Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemistry

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Novel Concepts for Silicon Based Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemistry Novel Concepts for Silicon Based Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemistry Lihao HAN 韩 李 豪 Photovoltaic Materials and Devices (PVMD) Laboratory Electrical Sustainable Energy (ESE) Department Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS) Faculty Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Novel Concepts for Silicon Based Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemistry Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College van Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 15 januari 2015 om 10:00 uur door Lihao HAN Master of Microelectronic Engineering, Tsinghua University geboren te Zhejiang, China Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. Dr. M. Zeman Copromotor: Dr. A.H.M. Smets Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. Dr. M. Zeman, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. A.H.M. Smets, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. Dr. B. Dam, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. Dr. J.A. Ferreira, Technische Universiteit Delft Dr. F. Finger, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Duitsland Prof. Dr. T. Gregorkiewicz, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. M.C.M. van de Sanden, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research This project was financially supported by the VIDI projected granted to Associate Prof. Dr. A.H.M. Smets by NWO-STW (the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research - Dutch Foundation for Applied Sciences). L. Han Novel Concepts for Silicon Based Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemistry Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology, with summary in Dutch Published and distributed by Lihao Han Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-94-6186-413-0 Copyright © 2014 Lihao Han All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Cover design by Lihao Han Printed and bound by CPI Wöhrmann Print Service B.V., Zutphen, the Netherlands A digital copy is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl 三十功名尘与土， 八千里路云和月。 ——岳飞 We should consider every day lost on which we have not danced at least once. And we should call every truth false which was not accompanied by at least one laugh. —Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Veni. Vidi. Vici. — Julius Caesar Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Solar energy ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Photovoltaic effect and characteristics of solar cells ............................................................ 4 1.3 Three generations of photovoltaics ...................................................................................... 7 1.4 Photoelectrochemistry ........................................................................................................ 10 1.5 Outline of this thesis .......................................................................................................... 14 2. Processing and characterization of silicon nanocrystals, solar cells and photoelectrodes . 17 2.1 Chemical vapor deposition techniques ............................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Expanding thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition .............................................. 17 2.1.2 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition ............................................................. 18 2.1.3 Atomic layer deposition ............................................................................................. 20 2.1.4 Spray pyrolysis .......................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Physical vapor deposition techniques ................................................................................. 23 2.2.1 Sputtering................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Evaporation ................................................................................................................ 24 2.3 Characterization tools......................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Scanning electron microscope ................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Transmission electron microscopy ............................................................................. 26 2.3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy .................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Raman spectroscopy .................................................................................................. 28 2.3.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ............................................................................. 29 2.3.6 Photoelectrochemical measurement ........................................................................... 30 3. Raman study of laser induced heating effects in free-standing silicon nanocrystals ......... 33 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 34 3.2 Experimental ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Synthesis of Si NCs ................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Morphology of Si NC films ....................................................................................... 36 3.2.3 Raman laser heating of Si NCs .................................................................................. 38 3.3 Results and discussions ...................................................................................................... 38 3.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 46 4. Optimization of double-junction thin-film silicon solar cells for a bismuth vanadate photoanode ................................................................................................................................... 47 4.1 PEC-WSDs based on BiVO4 .............................................................................................. 48 4.2 Why a-Si:H/a-Si:H tandem cells? ...................................................................................... 49 4.3 Experimental ...................................................................................................................... 51 4.4 Solar cell optimization ....................................................................................................... 53 4.5 Performance and stability of PEC-WSDs ........................................................................... 60 4.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 64 5. An efficient solar water-splitting device based on a bismuth vanadate photoanode and a thin-film silicon solar cell ............................................................................................................ 65 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 66 5.2 Experimental ...................................................................................................................... 67 5.3 Results and discussions ...................................................................................................... 68 5.3.1 Absorption enhancement by light-trapping in photoanode ......................................... 68 5.3.2 Doping profiling optimization on the photoanode ..................................................... 71 5.3.3 Spectral matching in the PEC/PV configuration ........................................................ 72 5.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 76 6. A thin-film silicon based monolithic photoelectrochemical/photovoltaic cathode with efficient hydrogen evolution........................................................................................................ 77 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 78 6.2 Experimental ...................................................................................................................... 80 6.2.1 PECVD fabrication of photocathodes ........................................................................ 80 6.2.2 Glass with integrated micro-textured photonic structures and high quality nc-Si:H materials .............................................................................................................................. 80 6.2.3 PEC characterization .................................................................................................. 81 6.2.4 ASA simulation .......................................................................................................... 81 6.3 Results and discussions ...................................................................................................... 81 6.3.1 Boron
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