HUMANIORA

VOLUME 29 Number 1 February 2017 Page 85–93

Integration of French Lexicons in New Caledonian

Subiyantoro, Marsono, Wening Udasmoro Universitas Gadjah Mada Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT One of the peculiarities of New Caledonian is its French nuance, especially on the many French lexicons that either have integrated in the Javanese variant or are only borrowed. This study tries to answer the questions of what underlies the use of the French lexicons and how these lexicons integrated in New Caledonian Javanese. The data for this study were obtained through speech recordings as well as live interviews with a number of representative informants in New Caledonia. The data were collected through a qualitative manner in February 2013. Theories on language contacts, in particular with regards to loanwords, were implemented to analyze the data. The findings of this study indicate that the use of the French lexicons are caused by, firstly, the nonexistence of their equivalents in the recipient language (Javanese), secondly, Javanese speakers’ motivation to distinguish themselves from other speakers, and the tendency of the Javanese to find the practical and easier way in dealing with the French lexicons.

Keywords: French, integration, Javanese, lexicons

INTRODUCTION borrowed in a relatively long period of time. In this New Caledonian Javanese is a variant of the regard, the intent of this study represented by its that is spoken by Javanese title is revealing the integration process of French community in New Caledonia. The language loanwords in New Caledonian Javanese. is characterized by the large number of French New Caledonia, a group of islands in the lexicons, some of which have integrated in the Pacific region and inhabited by different ethnicities, language and others are just borrowed with various is a multilingual region where the majority of the reasons. The discourse of lexical integration cannot population is bilingual. New Caledonian society, in be separated from the borrowed words, which addition to their mastery of the language according is termed emprunt in French or borrowings that to their ethnicity, is obliged to be fluent in French is the more common English term. Borrowings that is a medium that is used in all the affairs of the are words borrowed from a donor language or state, economy, and education. One of the ethnic “langue prêteuse” and have integrated in the minorities living in the region is the Javanese recipient language or “langue emprunteuse” (see who have inhabited the area since the end of the Thomason & Kaufman, 1988: 37). Haugen (1972: XIX century. Like other ethnic groups (except 477) defines integration as the repeated use of the​ France), majority of the Javanese (aged 40 years lingual units of a language in the spoken language and above) are actively bilingual. They speak (recipient language). The use of these lingual units Javanese for informal communication within the has become commonplace because they have been family or in their community sphere and speak

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French for formal and informal communication. P2: Biyen urip rekoso. Jaman kontrak Different from the older generation, the younger malheureux. Parce que kuli Jawa gak krasan, generation (aged 40 years and below) tends to only arep padha minggat. Simbahku, dikongkon understand Javanese passively because they do not londo, nggiring nganggo jaran. Ora oleh have the same opportunities as their parents did lunga sebabe ana kontrak. Il faut obéir le (Subiyantoro, 2014: 47). contrat. Yen wani karo londo iso mlebu As a dynamic entity, New Caledonian Javanese prison. Saiki beda, ora ana kontrak, liberté. is evolving in the midst of other spoken languages ​ Mais seulement kudu ora sak geleme dhewe, in this multilingual region and growing in such kudu travailler. Travailler comme police, a way that it has become increasingly different guru, gagnene dhuwur. Travailler quatre ans, from the Javanese language in Java, Indonesia. Its iso tuku appartement, iso lungo neng nJawa. contacts with other languages, especially French “Life used to be quite hard. The era of that is the official and the most dominant language, contracts was miserable. Javanese coolies open more opportunities for linguistic elements did not enjoy their labor and they wanted to of these languages to penetrate New Caledonian run away. My granpa was told by a Dutch Javanese. Foreign words such as oleti meaning to lead his way with a horse. They were thank you from the Drehu language (spoken by the not allowed to leave because they were still inhabitants of Lifou Island, east of Grande-Terre bound by the contract. It had to be complied Island), nana meaning goodbye from Polynesian with. If one dared to speak against the French used in Tahiti (there are many immigrants Dutch, he would be imprisoned. But now it’s from Tahiti in New Caledonia), an English phrase different, there isn’t any contract anymore, no problem, and bonjour meaning good morning people are free. But we cannot live our life afternoon from French are commonly heard in as we like it. We need to work. Working conversations in New Caledonian Javanese. as a policeman, teacher, the salary is very As a medium of communication, this good. Working for four years, one can buy n Javanese variant is used by Javanese descents in apartment and visit Java.” a community that speaks French as their official The use of foreign lexicons (as seen in the language. Therefore, it is not surprising that there above data) is a consequence of some of the are a number of French lexicons used in this following causes. The first cause is the absence language. French lexicons can be found in various of signifiant for some foreign words such as areas. In the political sphere there are French words appartement “apartment”, there are no equivalents that are commonly used, such as parti “party”, to these words in New Caledonian Javanese. député “parliament”, mairie “town hall”, liberté The second is that there is a certain motivation “freedom”, éléction générale “general election”. in using foreign words. In this language there In the field of education one can find French words, are expressions and words that are equivalent to such as école “school”, lycée “high school”, bourse Javanese. On the other hand, this has caused the “scholarship”, ordinateur “computer”. Meanwhile, language to increasingly depart from their French in the culinary field French words commonly counterparts, such as sugeng enjang (bonjour = used in New Caledonian Javanese include du good morning), nyambut gawe (travailler = go riz “rice”, boulette “meatball”, bière “beer”, vin to work), sengsara (malheureux = miserable), “wine”, déjeuner “lunch”, as seen in the following and penjara (prison). However, because some conversation between the researcher and (P1) with speakers of New Caledonian Javanese have a and informant, Mrs.K, (P2). certain motivation, they would say bonjour instead (01) P1: Bonjour of sugeng enjang and travailler instead of nyambut “Good morning” gawe. The presence of French lexicons on one P1: Urip Caledonia enak yo. Wonge sugih- hand enriches the vocabulary of New Caledonian sugih. the linguistic characteristics of Javanese spoken in “Living in Caledonia is nice, huh? The Java. Some of the words that have been imported people are rich”. from French have integrated and can be classified

86 Subiyantoro, Marsono, Wening Udasmoro - Integration of French Lexicons as borrowing. The use of these lingual units has factors are related to taboos, cultural changes become common because they have been borrowed occurring in the speech community, contacts with in a relatively long period of time. The background other languages, and any phonological changes of the problem in this study is the underlying (Pawley and Ross, 1995: 61). The inclusion of a factors for the integration of French lexicons as lexicon of a foreign language can also be out of well as the process of this integration. The data a sense of pride of the speaker when uttering the in the forms of word lingual units obtained from lexicon. It is not to mention if the lexicon belongs the native speakers and representative informants to a superior language. This prestige-related residing in Nouméa and Koné in New Caledonia reason, although it is not expressed by its user, it were recorded. The data collection was conducted often underlies the use of this foreign lexicon. qualitatively in February 2013. According to Bourdieu (1979), le goût (taste) is associated with social class distinctions. THE BORROWING The taste in collecting works of art, choosing A word is signe “sign”, which is a combination food, and following a lifestyle can determine or of signifié “signified” and signifiant “signifier”, or indicate one’s social class. One’s social class is a fusion between what a speaker pictures in his not determined by social or economic capital but mind (mental image) when he utters the word and by his cultural capital. Having different tastes can its signifier or its material image that can be visual distinguish a person from others. This can be a such as in the form of writing, a picture, or only form of distinction that can make the person belong a voice depending on the disclosure the concept to a certain social class (see Udasmoro, 2014: 41). either orally or in writing (De Saussure, 1993: This distinction phenomenon can also occur in the 147). use of foreign words, especially those belonging to A word that is imported from another languages spoken in developed countries. By using language, either in their entirety or through a foreign lexicons that a speaker considers more common modification is commonly called a prestigious, he wants to show that he has a different borrowing. Haugen (1950) categorizes it into three taste, which is higher than most people around him. types. The first category is loanword l’emprunt( In turns, this distinction can lead to the search for integral), whose meanings and material forms are the construction of a new identity. similar to those in the donor language. The second category is loanblend (l’emprunt hybride), which FRENCH LEXICAL INTEGRATION contain their original elements from the donor Javanese migrants’ contact with French began language and replacing elements from the recipient when the first wave of migrants set foot on New language. The last category is loanshift, which Caledonia in 1896 (see Muljono-Larue, 1996: 35). only contain the meanings of the loanwords as in They were exposed to the lexicons of French for the donor language. The last category is divided the first time when they signed their immigration into two types, namely calque or word for word papers, employment contracts, and so forth. The translation and semantic borrowing where only French lexicons they first encountered included meaning is copied. In line with Haugen, Makri contrat “contract”, travail “work”, obéir “adhere”, (2010: 209) classifies borrowings into three groups signer “sign”, respecter “honor”, immigration on the basis of their integration. These categories “immigration”, durée “period”, date “date”, are emprunts directs “direct borrowings”, emprunts and so forth. The penetration of French lexicons modifiés “modified borrowings”, and emprunts into Javanese intensified when Javanese children adaptés (adapted borrowings). went to school, in which French is the language The inclusion of lexicons of a foreign language ​ of instruction in all schools in New Caledonia. is not by chance, but rather motivated by certain The surge of the French lexicons use seemed motivations. At least there are five factors that unstoppable with the decreasing number of active trigger the creation of new words or meanings. The Javanese speakers in New Caledonia. In addition, first factor is that this phenomenon more commonly the condition was worsened by the large number occurs to relatively small languages. The four other of incoming new lexicons to express new concepts

87 Humaniora, Vol. 29, Number 1 February 2017 such as ordinateur “computer”, telecharger write them in accordance with the pronunciation “download”, and mel “email”. rules of Javanese. They merely imitate the sounds The collected data show that the French produced by French native speakers. borrowing used in New Caledonian Javanese can be The data show that the integration of the grouped into emprunts directs “direct borrowing” French lexicons mostly underwent some changes and emprunts modifiés “modified borrowing”. or modifications related to the elements of the Lexicons which fall into the category of emprunts lingual elements of the recipient language. The directs include ticket [tike], école [ekɔl] “school”, borrowings found are in the forms of signe that lycée [lise] high school”, police [polis] “police”, are signifiant or those whose material form has hôpital [opital] “hospital”, and liberté [liberte] undergone a change from their original form “liberty”. The use of these emprunts directs can be but they still have signifié (meanings) similar to observed in the following data obtained from an those of the original lexicons. This change can informant, Mrs. K. be phonetic or even morpho-syntactic in nature. (2) Yen supit biyen ana bong soko nJawa. Saiki Similar to other recipient languages of borrowings, kudu lunga neng hôpital. pronunciation adjustments of the foreign lexicons “In the past when we wanted to have our to the pronunciation rules of the recipient language sons circumcised, we could go to a bong often take place. Phonetic adjustments can occur (circumcision practitioner) coming from because they are desired, such as the existence Java. Now we have to go to the hospital. “ of a rule stating that borrowings from foreign (3) Saiki beda, ora ana contrat, liberté. Mais languages have to be adjusted in accordance with seulement kudu ora sak geleme dewe, kudu the pronunciation rules of the recipient language. travailler.. In the case of New Caledonian Javanese, the “Now it is different, there is no contract, we pronunciation of French borrowings occurs are free. But we just can’t live our life as we spontaneously without any interference from any like it; we have to have a job.” linguistic device. The significant differences in phonemes and In terms of phonology, both languages ​​are phones between the two languages have made significantly different. Javanese has 6 vowel the number of emprunts directs relatively low. phonemes, while French has 16 vowels comprising These French lexicons were borrowed in their nasal and oral vowels. In addition, Javanese has original forms in New Caledonian Javanese 23 consonant phonemes while French has 20 without changing both their signifiant and signifié. consonant phonemes (see Molina Mejia, 2006: In other words, the mental and material aspect of 16-18; Marsono, 2005: 23; Wedhawati, 2006: the sign did not undergo changes. The emergence 65-66). These differences have an impact on the of emprunts directs was due to the fact that the French loanwords. Not all of the French lexicons speakers of New Caledonian Javanese had not borrowed in New Caledonian Javanese can be had any difficulty in pronouncing these words. pronounced exactly as native speakers of French The phonemes forming these words are similar to pronounce them. Initially, the vowels/ ɑ̃ ɛ ̃ œ̃ ɔ̃ those in the Javanese variant. The lexicons given y ø/ and consonants / ʃ, ʒ ʁ/ were among the as examples did not undergo phonetic, graphic, or phonemes that were difficult to be pronounced morpho-syntax adjustment. This happened because by Javanese speakers. Javanese people have from the beginning the speakers of this language difficulties in pronouncing French loanwords did not experience difficulties in pronouncing containing these phonemes such as in monsieur the French lexicons. The signifiant in the form “mister”, ordinateur “computer”, seulement of sounds to pronounce the lexicons were not “only”, bus “bus”, chauffeur “driver”, appartement aliens to the speakers of the language because “apartment”, faux “false”, and visage “face”. In these sounds exist in Javanese. In terms of its their attempt to pronounce these words as close as graphics, New Caledonian Javanese is not a written possible to how French native speakers pronounce language and, therefore, when Javanese speakers them, speakers of New Caledonian Javanese came across French lexicons they did not try to try to make their best effort. The result is that

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these borrowings are pronounced with Javanese [ɔrdinatøʁ] is pronounced [ɔrdinatǝr] pronunciation. The French phonemes that are and the word malheureux [maløRø] is deemed difficult to pronounce are automatically pronounced [malǝrǝ]. replaced by phonemes whose pronunciations are - The French fricative-palatal consonants / familiar to them. Usually these substitute phonemes ʃ / is pronounced as a dental fricative [s]. are produced in the same places and with the same The word chauffeur [ʃoføR] is pronounced manners of articulation as the places and manners [sopǝr], of articulation of the original phonemes or at least Lingual modifications do not only occur at the close to those of the original phonemes. From the level of phonetics but also at the level of morpho- data that were collected the researcher discovered syntax. Most of the French borrowings are nouns the following phonetic changes: and the rest comprises verbs and adjectives. In term - A close-mid front vowel, / ø /, by speakers of nouns there is some uniformity – most Javanese of New Caledonian Javanese is pronounced speakers in New Caledonia use them without [ǝ], mid central vowel of French. The word conforming to French grammatical rules for nouns ordinateur [ɔrdinatøʁ] is pronounced (genre and number are marked by an article). [ɔrdinatǝr] and monsieur [mǝsjø] is This is the underlying factor that in Javanese in pronounced [mǝsǝ]. New Caledonia most of the noun loanwords are - The French middle vowel / y / is substituted spoken without being preceded by an article. Data with a back vowel [u]. The loanword bus (4) and (5) below are an excerpt expressed by an [bys] is pronounced [bus] and figure informant, Mr. T. [figyR] is pronounced [pigur]. (4) Awake dhewe duwe livre Les Javanais du - The French final nasal vowel [ɔ̃] becomes Caillou. “We have the book “Les Javanais vowel + nasal velar consonant [ɔŋ]. du Caillou “ The word appartement [apaRtmɔ] is The loanword in this sentence, livre (book), is not pronounced [apartǝmɔŋ ], the word preceded by an article, neither un (idefinite article) accident [aksidɑ̃] is pronounced [aksidɔŋ], nor le (definite article), whereas in French the noun dépend [ depɔ ] is pronounced in a sentence must be accompanied by an article. In [sadepɔŋ], and the word prison [prizɔ̃] is this regards, a number of noun loanwords have been pronounced [prizɔŋ]. adapted to the recipient language, New Caledonian - The French voiceless labio-dental Javanese. Therefore, these words are pronounced consonant / f / is pronounced as a voiceless as how Javanese nouns are pronounced. bilabial consonant [p]. The word fini (5) Anaku wis tuku appartement. “My son has [fini] is pronounced [pini], éffaser [efase] bought an apartment”. is pronounced [epase], figure [figyR] is The word appartement, a singular masculine noun, pronounced [pigur], and the lexicon la fin should have been preceded by an article, either un [lafɛ̃] is pronounced [lafԑŋ]. or le, un appartement or l’appartement. However, - The French voiced labio-dental consonant in New Caledonian Javanese this word is often / v / is pronounced [w]. The word visage used without either one of the articles. The French [vizaʒ] is pronounced [wizaz] and the noun integration by omitting French grammatical word Javanais [ʒavane] is pronounced device, in this case the article, can also be caused [zawane]. by the Javanese speakers’ tendency to simplify - The French palatal-fricative consonant things (nggampangke in Javanese). After all, by not / ʒ / is pronounced as alveolar fricative including an article their hearer can still understand consonant / z /. The word visage [vizaʒ] is the message they want to convey. Not all noun pronounced [wizaz) and voyage [vajaʒ] is loanwords are used without their article. As seen pronounced [vajaz]. in the following, nouns that are considered short - The French uvular trill consonant / R / is are usually used with their article as seen in data systematically pronounced as a Javanese (6), (7), and (8) expressed by an informant, Mr. V. alveolar trill / r /. The word ordinateur (6) “L’avion ara mangkat parce que mesine

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rusak”. “The plane did not leave because its (French) and are adapted to the grammatical rules engine was broken”. of Javanese. The French adjective pressé meaning (7) Ca y est wis la fin. “It’s done “ ‘in a hurry’ is used with an auxiliary verb être, but In these examples, there are two complete nouns as a loanword in Javanese this is not the case, as with their article (l’ for avion, and la for fin). The shown in the data (10). I encountered this linguistic use of the article la in la fin (end) is influenced phenomenon when Mr. T did not allow me to go by Javanese that tends to double the syllable of home. one-syllable words, such as in the word mbok (10) Ora pressé mulih. Déjeuner dhisik. “Do not (mother) this word is usually pronounced [ǝmbɔk]. rush home, eat lunch first.” Meanwhile in the sample (8) the use of the article French native speakers would say “Je suis la in la mairie [lamԑRi] “town hall” is most likely pressé “ (I’m in a hurry) or “Tu es pressé” (You aimed to avoid confusion with the Javanese word are in a hurry). However, the speakers of Javanese in New Caledonia would utter the adjective pressé meri [mԑri] which means jealous. without using the auxiliary verb être. They would (8) Neng kene marriage iso neng la mairie use it in sentences such as aku pressé (I’m in a iso disadati. “Here, a wedding ceremony hurry) or kowe pressé (You are in a hurry). can be held in the town hall or through With regards to verbs, conjugation rules nikah ‘urfi (a “customary” Sunni in French are not complied with in the case of Muslim marriage contract that is not French verb loanwords in Javanese. Conjugation registered with state authorities). is one of the difficulties for Javanese speakers In relation to nouns, there is an interesting to speak French. Therefore, the adjustment of phenomenon that French noun loanwords are French verbs in Javanese has made a significant modified by the addition of the Javanese’s suffix difference between the verbs in their origin use in –e. This can be seen in data (9) below. This is an French and as loanwords in Javanese. In Practice utterance expressed by Mr. H (an informant) when Javanese speakers tend to find the easier way to use he was explaining custom-related ceremonies. these verbs. As a result they only pronounce the (9) Ambengan kuwi ingkung, sego golong, infinitives and do not conjugate them. Consider the Jajan pasar. La fin e [lafԑɳe] dikei wajib following sentences, expressed by Mrs. K. (duwit): nggo nutupi kekurangan, belanja (11) Awake dhewe nek ora travailler dur, ora iso dhewe-teng dhewe teng pasar. reussir. “We need to work hard, otherwise “Ambengan is whole chicken, golong rice, will not succeed”. and market munchies. Wajib (some money) In French the word travailler (to work) should is put on its cover; to cover any shortfall, we be conjugated as travaillons because the subject must do our own shopping at the market”. is awake dhewe “we”, the 3 rd person plural. In data (9) the French loanword la fin e meaning Likewise, the data below show the adjustment of cover or end (Javanese speakers pronounce it the French verb manger (eat). If conjugated, as [lafԑɳe]) is derived from a French noun la fin (end) French grammatical rules require, the verb manger followed by a Javanese suffix-e . In addition to this should be spoken mangez by Speaker 1 because suffix, the Javanese suffix –e can also be found in the subject of the sentence is vous “you”, a second other French noun loanwords, such as the French person. Using vous as a subject requires a polite noun la fête “party” that is added with the Javanese utterance. In relation to Speaker 2, the verb manger suffix –an becoming lafetan “party”. This method should be spoken as mange because the subject is analogous to a Javanese word slamet + suffix – of the sentence is je “I” (first person singular). an thus it becomes slametan. This phenomenon is Observe a conversation between two young people termed a hybrid loanword in a previous study (see of Javanese Diaspora recorded in February 2013. Subiyantoro, 2014: 52). (12) S1: Mau ce matin manger apa?? “This Similar to the case of the French nominal morning, what did you eat?” loanwords, French adjective loanwords also deviate S2: Manger du riz. “I ate rice” from the grammatical rules of the donor language In addition to the infinitive form, there are French

90 Subiyantoro, Marsono, Wening Udasmoro - Integration of French Lexicons verb borrowings that have been modified by adding integrated in Javanese spoken in New Caledonia. the Javanese suffix–e (see Subiyantoro, 2013: 52). As far as the researcher observed, Javanese As far as the researcher is concerned, although speakers in this region rarely use the Javanese this method is not productive, this, apparently, conjunctions including banjur (then/afterward), has given its own uniqueness. Let us consider the sebab (because), terus (after that). Nowadays they following data (a narration told by Mrs. K): are more accustomed to using the above French (13) Travailler comme police, guru, gagnerne conjunctions. This is because Javanese speakers dhuwur. Travailler quatre ans, iso tuku in New Caledonia speak French much more appartement, iso lungo neng nJawa. frequently than Javanese. This has impacted on “Working as a policeman, teacher, the salary the use of lexicons that are highly frequently used is high. Working four years, one could buy including conjunctions. an apartment, could go to Java.” Intercultural contacts could allow French as This phenomenon occurred because initially the donor language to introduce new concepts Javanese speakers did not understand the (signifié) accompanied by their material forms grammatical rules of French so they tend to (signifiant) including pronunciations, images, simplify when using the word gagner. They or texts. The word ordinateur (computer) was analogized the use with the use of the Javanese introduced to Javanese spoken in New Caledonia word bayarane (bayaran + e) which means the along with its concept or its mental image. salary. The word gagnerne comes from gagner + The inclusion of this word is accompanied by e, which means to receive a salary. other lexicons associated with computers such In addition to the above types of loanwords, as écran “computer screen”, souris “mouse”, the researcher also discovered conjunctional portable “laptop”, batterie “battery”, and clavier loanwords, such as après (afterwards), et puis “keyboard”. These lexicons were just borrowed the (then), and parce que (because). Data (14) and (15) Javanese speakers because they do not have their are excerpts from longer talks produced by Mr. V equivalents in Javanese and Javanese speakers feel and Mr. T. that they need these lexicons. (14) Awake dhewe oleh mangan neng aéroport One of the causes of the integration of a Sydney, mais les autres ora, parce que number of French lexicons in Javanese is that awake dhewe client Quantas. Javanese speakers are not aware that their language “We got meal at Sydney airport, but others actually has lexicons synonymous to the French didn’t. This is because we were all Qantass loanwords. These loanwords include orchidée passengers.” “orchid”, lycée agricole “agriculture vocational (15) Lekas-lekasane anak kawin disadati, supaya school”, and chauffeur “driver”, as seen in the dudu anak jadah. Diteruske brokohan, utterance expressed by Mrs. K below. puis selapanan. Bayi lahir dianake among- (16) Aku biyen neng Lycée agricole. Saiki aku among kanggo sing ngemong jabang chauffeur. Ibu Sudarni dodol kembang bayi. Selapanan, ensuite apa kuwi jawane orchidée. décendre sur terre”? “I studied at an agriculture vocational “In the beginning, the girl was married school. Now I’m a driver. Mrs Sudarni sells through nikah ‘urfi, so that the child didn’t orchids “. become an illegitimate child. And then When a number of the Javanese left the island of proceeded with brokohan and selapanan. Java to find jobs in New Caledonia (except those When the baby was born, among-among arriving 1970s), the orchid orchidée was not so was held for the ones helping to take care well known in Java. Therefore, it was predicted that of the baby. Selapanan, then what is the one the word anggrek (orchid) was not carried by the that placing the baby on the ground?” Javanese immigrants and, therefore, today Javanese Conjunctions of mais (but), parce que (because), speakers in New Caledonia do not recognize this puis (then), and ensuite (then/afterward) shown by word. This is also true for the term Lycée agricole, the above data are conjunctions of French that have the term SMK Pertanian (agriculture vocational

91 Humaniora, Vol. 29, Number 1 February 2017 school) that is the equivalent to the term only include those referring to the sexual organs or emerged in the 65’s (the first of SMK Pertanian sexual activities. Words such as bourrer (to have was established in 1965 in Java). a sexual intercourse), and avoir la canne (to have The use of a French lexicon by a Javanese an erection) are considered more neutral than their speaker in New Caledonia can also be triggered equivalents in Javanese. by a certain motivation even though they know that Javanese has a word (signifiant) which refers CONCLUSION to the concept of the French word. This speaker The influence of French as the dominant consciously uses the French word in the hope that language in New Caledonia is reflected in the he can raise their prestige amongst the community. large number of its lexicons that have integrated French is regarded as a prestigious language in Javanese. This integration is at least underlain because it is the language of the government, an by two phenomena. The first phenomenon is that official language in France include New Caledonia, the preference of using French lexicons can be a one of the major languages ​​in Europe, and one of form of distinction performed by the speakers of the official languagesof​ the United Nations. Some Javanese in New Caledonia. This is the motivation people believe that if they use French lexicons to distinguish oneself from other speakers and to or French in a broader sense, they can consider show that the speaker has different tastes that can themselves to have a gout (taste) different from raise his prestige. With this prestige it is expected other speakers so that this can take them to a higher he can belong to a higher social level. social level. Using French or only its lexicons is The second phenomenon underlying this also away for people to distinguish themselves integration is that Javanese speakers in New from other speakers. This can be seen when a Caledonia tend to perform the easier way when Javanese diaspora in New Caledonia is in a store interacting using Javanese with each other. The in Yogyakarta asks the attendant using ngoko facts that they master French and Javanese and Javanese. The attendant would be stunned and that French is more frequently used allow these reply: “Bapak soko endi kok ora nganggo bahasa Javanese speakers to be more familiar with Indonesia?” (“Where are you from, Sir, how come French. Therefore, some number of them master you don’t speak Bahasa Indonesia?”). The man more French lexicons than Javanese lexicons. would reply: “Aku ora iso bahasa, ning iso bahasa This is especially true in the case of lexicons Prancis” (“I don’t speak Indonesian, but I speak expressing messages associated with new concepts. French). This reply shows a distinction. He actually Consequently, when Javanese speakers come wants to say that he is Javanese but he speaks across difficulties finding words when interacting, French, while the attendant only speaks Javanese they will immediately select and use French and Indonesia. In addition, the use of French or its lexicons that they are familiar with. lexicons can also be a form of new identity search. These speakers are not like Javanese living in Java REFERENCES Island, but they are not similar to the first Javanese Bourdieu, Pierre (1979). La Distinction: Critique people who landed in New Caledonia. They have Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Les Editions de their own habitus formed through a lengthy process Minuit. that has made them who they are today – they are De Saussures, Ferdinand (1975). ELement de Javanese, New Caledonian, and French depending linguistique Generale. Paris: Payot. on the question at hand. Haugen, Einar (1950). “The analysis of linguistic When speakers of New Caledonian Javanese borrowing.” Language, vol 26: 210-231. feel inclined to utter inappropriate words, such as ______(1972). Direction in Modern Linguistics. swear words, they would try to find substitutes that Chicago: University Press. are less strong or offensive. They usually find these Molina Meiha, Jorge Mauricio (2006/2007). substitutes in French as they believe that French Diagnostique et Correction des Erreurs lexicons are less strong than the offensive Javanese de Prononcition en FLE des Apprenants words. The French lexicons chosen as euphemisms Hispanophones. Tesis Master. Université

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Stendhal-Grenoble. Humaniora, 26, 43-55. Makri, julie (2010). Les Procédés de Creation Lexicale Thomason, Sarah Grey. & Kaufman, Terrence (1988). Regis par l’emprunt en Espagnol Péninsulaire Language contact, creolization, and genetic Contemporain. Cahiers de lexicologie, 97-109. linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Marsono (2005). Fonologi Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa Press. Jawa Kuna. Laporan Penelitian FIB Universitas Udasmoro, Wening (2014). Konstruksi Identitas Remaja Gadjah Mada. dalam Karya Sastra. Yogyakarta: Program Muljono-Larue, Fidayanti (1996). L’Immigration Studi Sastra Prancis Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Javanaise en Nouvelle Calédonie de 1896 à Universitas Gadjah Mada. 1950. Nouméa: CTRDP-AINC. Wedhawati, et al. (2006). Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir. Subiyantoro (2014). Survival Strategies of The Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Javanese Language in New Caledonia. Jurnal

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