86 87 BCE –19th Century spreads around the world as a commercial crop.

6000 BCE 1493 Circa 1600 1633 1700s 1769 1800 1862 First cultivation of the and his crew India Tobacco is fi rst introduced. Turkey penalty is imposed for Africa/Americas African slaves are New Zealand Captain James Canada Tobacco is fi rst grown US First federal tobacco tax tobacco plant. return to Europe from the Americas . forced to work in tobacco fi elds. Cook arrives smoking a pipe, and commercially. is introduced to help fi nance the 1600s is promptly doused in case he is Civil War. with the fi rst tobacco leaves and Europe Snuff becomes the most Circa 1 BCE China Philosopher Fang Yizhi 1634 a demon. 1833 seeds ever seen on the continent. popular mode of tobacco use. points out that long years of smoking China Qing dynasty decrees a UK Phosphorus friction matches are Americas Indigenous Americans A crew member, Rodrigo de Jerez, is 1876 “scorches one’s lung.” smoking ban, during which a violator introduced on a commercial scale, Korea Foreign and HISTORY begin smoking tobacco and using seen smoking and is imprisoned by Circa 1710 1771 is executed. The ban is not to protect A French offi cial is making smoking more convenient. matches are introduced. tobacco enemas. the Inquisition, which believes he is Russia Peter the Great encourages 1603 health, but to address the inequality condemned to be hanged for Americas Huron Indian myth: possessed by the devil. his courtiers to smoke tobacco Japan Use of tobacco is well- of trade with Korea. admitting foreign tobacco into 1840 1880s “In ancient times, when the land was and drink coffee, which is seen as established. the country. France Frederic Chopin’s mistress, Richard Benson and Early 1500s fashionable and pro-European. barren and the people were starving, 1650s the Baroness de Dudevant, becomes William Hedges open a tobacco shop

Middle East Tobacco is introduced TOBACCO OF the Great Spirit sent forth a woman 1604 South Africa European settlers one of the fi rst women to smoke in near Philip Morris’s in London. to Egypt by Turkish traders. 1788 England 1719 to save humanity. As she traveled King James I writes A OF grow tobacco and use it as a form of Australia Tobacco arrives with the public (in ). TOBACCO France Smoking is prohibited in over the world everywhere her right Counterblaste to Tobacco: “Smoking currency. First Fleet, 11 ships that sailed from 1881 1530–1600 many places. hand touched the soil, there grew is a custom loathsome to the eye, US First practical -making China Tobacco is introduced via England carrying mostly convicts potatoes. And everywhere her left hateful to the nose, harmful to the machine is patented by James Japan or the Philippines. 1753 and crew. hand touched the soil, there grew brain, dangerous to the lungs, and Bonsack, producing 100,000 Sweden Botanist Carolus Linnaeus corn. And in the place where she had in the black, stinking fume thereof cigarettes a day, replacing the labor of 1558 names the plant genus and 1795

HISTORY sat, there grew tobacco.” nearest resembling the horrible Germany Samuel Thomas von 50 people. Production costs plummet, Europe Tobacco plant is brought to describes two species, Nicotiana Stygian smoke of the pit that is Soemmerring reports cancers of the and cigarette smoking begins its Europe. Attempts at cultivation fail. rustica and .

bottomless.” lip affl icting pipe smokers. explosive growth. BCE–19TH CENTURY 1560 1761 Africa Portuguese and Spanish 1608–1609 England John Hill conducts the Circa 1890s Japan Ban on smoking is introduced cigarette, the traders introduce tobacco to Sub- 1692 & 1717 fi rst study of the malignant effects to prevent fi res. kretek, is invented. Saharan Africa. Korea Bans on smoking in Choson of tobacco, showing that snuff users 1847 France Diplomat , Lord of 1612 are introduced to reduce fi re risk. could contract nasal polyps. England Philip Morris, Esq., a Pre-1900 and importer of fi ne Villemain, introduces tobacco from Americas Tobacco is fi rst grown is still extremely rare. . Queen Catherine de Medici cigars, opens a shop in London

BCE–19TH CENTURY BCE–19TH commercially. uses it to treat her migraines. selling hand-rolled Turkish cigarettes. 1614 1854 1577 England Seven thousand tobacco England Philip Morris begins making Europe European doctors shops open following the fi rst sale of his own cigarettes. Old Bond Street recommend tobacco as a cure for Virginia tobacco. toothaches, falling fi ngernails, worms, soon becomes the center of Britain’s halitosis, lockjaw, and cancer. retail tobacco trade. 1592–1598 1858 Korea The Japanese Army introduces China Treaty of Tianjin allows tobacco to Korea. cigarettes to be imported into China duty-free. 88 89 20th Century As tobacco becomes big business, science finds evidence of tobacco-related illness.

1900–1910 1924 1931 the first group—but only half of the 1953 1957 1967 1977 China, Japan, and Korea US Philip Morris introduces Argentina Angel Roffo of Buenos second—were smokers. Delarue US Ernst Wynder, Evarts Graham, Vatican Pope Pius XII suggests that US First World Conference on Italy BAT introduces cigarettes, using films as a women’s cigarette— Aires contributes to a growing body predicts that by 1950, no one will and Adele Croninger show that the Jesuit order give up smoking. Smoking and Health held in The Martignacco as a promotional vehicle. “mild as May.” of evidence on the harms of smoking, be smoking. tumors can be produced by painting New York. Project community- showing that tobacco tars rubbed tobacco tars on the shaved skins of 1958 prevention trial 1901–1902 1950s US onto the ears of rabbits produce mice; tobacco stocks plummet in Tobacco Institute is formed in 1969 results in a reduction England HISTORY Imperial Tobacco Company China State monopoly takes control US tumors. response, and the Washington as a trade organization Surgeon General’s report of coronary heart Limited (ITL) and British American of the tobacco business, and foreign faces its biggest crisis in decades. by US cigarette manufacturers, with confirms link between maternal disease. Tobacco (BAT) are founded. 1936 tobacco companies leave China. BAT, a broad mission to put out good smoking and low birth weight. Philip US Tobacco executives meet at US First Great American Smokeout is Germany Fritz Lickint first uses almost half of whose revenues came news about tobacco, especially Morris President and CEO Joseph 1903 from China, is especially hurt. the Plaza Hotel in New York City to held nationally, during which smokers the term Passivrauchen (passive economic news to attack scientific Cullman claims shortly thereafter that Brazil Tobacco company Souza Cruz organize a campaign to respond quit smoking on the third Thursday smoking) in his Tabakgenuss und studies by casting doubt on them rather “some women would prefer having

TOBACCO

is founded. OF 1950 to recent scientific data indicating of November. Gesundheit. than by rebutting them directly, and to smaller babies.” US Reader’s Digest publishes US

The link between smoking and

OF health harms from cigarettes. TOBACCO 1911 lobby Congress. “Does Tobacco Injure the Human 1938 lung cancer is reconfirmed. “Tobacco Public relations firm Hill & Knowlton 1971 1978 Body,” launching a campaign by Australia The three-year community US American Tobacco empire is US Dr. Raymond Pearl, from the Smoking as a Possible Etiologic is hired to orchestrate denialist 1960 UK Action on Smoking and Health the magazine to make people think study North Coast Healthy Lifestyle broken up by exercise of the Sherman Medical School and the School of Factor in Bronchogenic Carcinoma” campaign. US Framingham Heart Study is (ASH) UK establishes national before starting to smoke. Programme shows a significant Antitrust Act. Hygiene and Public Health of Johns by E. L. Wynder and Evarts Graham published finding cigarette smoking organization. reduction in smoking. Hopkins University, publishes a paper is published in JAMA; the same 1954 to increase the risk of heart disease. 1913 1929 US Tobacco Industry Research US Cigarette manufacturers

HISTORY issue features a full-page ad for in Science describing the premature US A Roper Report prepared for the US Birth of the “modern” blended US Edward Bernays mounts a Committee places nationwide agree to put health warnings on deaths of heavy smokers as compared Chesterfields with the actress Gene 1962 Tobacco Institute concludes that cigarette: R.J. Reynolds launches “freedom march” of smoking advertisements. This agreement is full-page ad, “A Frank Statement to UK 20TH CENTURY to nonusers and moderate smokers. Tierney and golfer Ben Hogan. JAMA First report of the Royal College the nonsmokers’ rights movement Camel brand. debutantes/fashion models who walk Cigarette Smokers,” reassuring them later made law. accepts tobacco ads until 1953; some of Physicians of London on Smoking is “the most dangerous development down New York City’s Fifth Avenue that it is safe to smoke. 1939 state medical journals accept ads into and Health is published. to the viability of the tobacco industry 1915 during the Easter parade holding 1972 US Tobacco companies are found in the late 1960s. US St. Louis factory worker Ira C. that has yet occurred.” Japan At Tokyo University, cancer aloft their Lucky Strike cigarettes as Marlboro becomes the best-selling violation of price-fixing laws. 1963 Lowe files first product liability action cigarette in the world. is induced in laboratory animals “torches of freedom.” World Tobacco and Tobacco Journal Switzerland Nicorette chewing against a tobacco company on behalf by applying coal to the skin of Germany Franz Herman Müller of gum is approved for use as

20TH CENTURY International, tobacco industry trade International Association for the Cologne City Hospital launches the of her smoker husband, who died rabbits. journals, first published. Study of Lung Cancer is inaugurated. replacement therapy. field of case-control epidemiology, from cancer. The tobacco company 1921 showing that smokers are far more wins this, and the next couple of 1964 1974 1979 Korea Korea Ginseng Corporation likely to suffer from lung tumors than hundred cases filed against it. US First US Surgeon General’s report France Joe Camel is born—and The Freedom Organization for the becomes Korea Tobacco and nonsmokers. Abstract of his work is US The Marlboro cowboy is created on smoking and health announces used in French poster campaign for Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco Ginseng, and a monopoly is formed. published in JAMA. for Philip Morris by Chicago ad that smoking causes lung cancer in Camel cigarettes. (FOREST) is formed. US Alton Ochsner and Michael agency Leo Burnett. men. US Tobacco Control Resource Center UK and A. Bradford 1976 DeBakey report an association and its Tobacco Products Liability Hill publish a case-control study 1965 US Shimp v. New Jersey Bell Germany Fritz Lickint of Dresden between smoking and lung cancer. Project are formed. linking smoking and lung cancer. WHO establishes International Telephone Co. is the world’s first publishes the first formal statistical Doll and Hill also launch a large-scale Agency for Research on Cancer lawsuit claiming damages from Australia Activist group BUGA UP evidence of a lung cancer–tobacco 1947 prospective study. (Billboard Utilising Graffitists Against Canada Norman Delarue compares (IARC) in Lyon, France. secondhand smoke. The office worker link, based on a case series showing Unhealthy Promotions) is formed, 50 patients with lung cancer with 50 is granted an injunction to ensure a that lung cancer sufferers are likely to UK Cigarette advertising on TV is smoke-free area in her workplace. re-facing tobacco and alcohol patients hospitalized with other banned. be smokers. billboards. diseases, finding that over 90% of 90 91 20th Century Government agencies and international organizations act to protect public health.

1981 1988 1990s Geneticists determine that chemicals Europe European Network on US State of Mississippi 1996 1999 Japan Professor Takeshi Hirayama First WHO report on the effects of Cigars become fashionable again in in cigarette smoke switch on a Young People and Tobacco fi les fi rst lawsuit by US First US Network for Accountability of publishes fi rst report linking passive smokeless tobacco is published. high-income countries. gene that makes lung cells vulnerable (ENYPAT) is founded. a health authority for guidelines are issued by the federal Tobacco Transnationals (NATT) is smoking and lung cancer in the to the chemicals’ cancer-causing reimbursement of money expended Public Health Service. founded by Corporate Accountability US Framingham Heart Study fi nds 1994 nonsmoking wives of men who properties. to treat smokers with smoking-caused International (formerly Infact), cigarette smoking increases risk of US Society for Research on Nicotine illnesses. It ends with an out-of-court smoked. International Network Towards 1997 comprising environmental, consumer,

stroke. HISTORY and Tobacco is founded. settlement. Europe European Network 1990 Smoke-free Hospitals is inaugurated. human rights, and corporate First WHO World No Tobacco Day, US Cigarette executives testify for Smoking Prevention is created. 1983 Western Pacifi cRegion F i r s t fi v -e accountability organizations working Europe ERC Group Plc, an subsequently an annual event on May 1995 1992 before Congress that in their opinion Scotland Doctors and Tobacco: together to prevent life-threatening year WHO Action Plan on Tobacco or US Smokescreen.org (later independent market research group, 31, with different annual themes and Tobacco Control is founded by the nicotine is not addictive. Health is published. Tobacco Control Resource Centre abuses by transnational corporations. publishes fi rst European Tobacco awards of commemorative medals. Smokefree.net) is inaugurated. British Medical Journals group. This is formed by the European Forum Focusing on the right to breathe Global Youth Tobacco Surveys Market Report. GLOBALink, the international is the fi rst international peer-reviewed

TOBACCO

Medical Associations, based at OF interactive website and marketplace clean air, this is the fi rst web-based (GYTS) commence by the US Centers journal on tobacco control. the British Medical Association in

OF founded by the International Union advocacy site that enables visitors for Disease Control and Prevention. 1984 TOBACCO Edinburgh. US FDA approves Against Cancer, is inaugurated for to send faxes directly to their These are followed by the Global as prescription , following the international tobacco control elected offi cials. Mainly used by US Congress passes a bill prohibiting School Personnel Surveys (GSPS) efforts to suppress its use by community. US citizens, but also by 10,000 the Departments of State, Justice, and started in 2000, the Global Health Philip Morris. international participants. Commerce from promoting the sale Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) International Network of Women or of tobacco. started in 2005, and the Global Adult Against Tobacco (INWAT) is formed. US Confi dential internal tobacco Italy The Bellagio Statement

HISTORY 1985 Tobacco Survey (GATS) started industry documents are leaked to that tobacco is a major threat 1989 China Chinese Association on US 1998 in 2007. Lung cancer surpasses breast Asia The Asia Pacifi c Association for Professor Stan Glantz. to sustainable and equitable

Smoking and Health is inaugurated, Studies confi rm the harmfulness 20TH CENTURY cancer as number-one cancer killer the Control of Tobacco (APACT) is development is issued by members World Bank report “Curbing the changing its name to the Chinese Austria First TABEXPO held in of smoking fewer than 10 cigarettes of women. established by David Yen of the John of a retreat at the Rockefeller Epidemic: Governments and the Association on Tobacco Control Vienna. TABEXPO stages exhibitions a day. Northern Ireland First conference By 1985, 73% of the world’s tobacco Tung Foundation in Taiwan, China. Foundation’s Bellagio Study and Economics of Tobacco Control” in 2004. and congresses for the international on women and tobacco is initiated Conference Centre. WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative is is published. is grown in low- and middle-income Thailand U.S. Trade Representative tobacco industry. Tobacco control in the Third World: by the UICC (International Union established. countries. (USTR) launch a petition under International Non Governmental International Council of Nurses Sweden Swedish International A resource atlas, edited by Simon Against Cancer), the Ulster Cancer United Nations Foundation funds its 20TH CENTURY US Washington, D.C.: First section 301 of the 1975 Trade Act. Coalition Against Tobacco (INGCAT) publishes a position statement on Development Cooperation Agency Chapman and Wong Wai Leng, Foundation, and the Health fi rst tobacco control project. International Summit of Smoking The General Agreement on Tariffs tobacco. fi rst supports tobacco control is published by the International Promotion Agency of Northern is founded. Control Leaders is organized by and Trade (GATT) panel rules that Australia Tobacco Control Supersite projects. Organisation of Consumers Unions, Ireland. First international “Quit & Win” US Federal Drug Administration the American Cancer Society. an import ban on foreign cigarettes website is inaugurated, enabling Penang, Malaysia. declares cigarettes to be “drug UK Britain’s royal family orders the Thailand campaign is run, with successful was not justifi ed, but Thailand could Major comprehensive exploration of internal, previously quitters competing for a monetary delivery devices.” Restrictions are removal of its seal of approval and 1987 raise its tobacco tax, impose laws tobacco control laws come into effect, private tobacco industry documents, 1991 award. proposed on marketing and sales to royal crest from Gallaher’s Benson US Smoke-free Educational Services including fi rst ingredient disclosure (e.g. advertising bans, labelling, UK International Agency on Tobacco reduce smoking by young people. and providing access to a wide range and Hedges cigarettes by 2000. provisions. Canada Research for International is founded, advocating the right of all ingredient disclosure) if imported and Health (IATH) is formed to act of information relevant to smoking Tobacco Control (RITC) is FORCES International (Fight US US Justice Department sues employees to work in a safe, healthy, products were given equal treatment. as an information and advisory prevention and control in Australia. smoke-free environment. 1993 inaugurated, with a major focus on Ordinances and Restrictions to the tobacco industry to recover service for low-income countries. US Master Settlement Agreement US low- and middle-income countries. Control and Eliminate Smoking), an billions of government dollars spent IATH ceases its operations in 2007 Environmental Protection ostensibly grassroots pro-tobacco between attorneys general of 46 on smoking-related health care, in view of the fact that so many new, Agency (EPA) declares cigarette organization, is established. states and fi ve territories with accusing cigarette makers of “fraud similar resources have become smoke a Class-A carcinogen. tobacco companies to settle lawsuits. and deceit.” available, mostly as a result of the South Africa Tobacco Products US “Marlboro Man” David McLean WHO FCTC. Control Amendment Act is passed. dies of lung cancer. 92 93 21st Century Serious efforts are undertaken to reduce the global harm caused by tobacco use.

2000 2001 US Fogarty International Center, Europe The EU Commission 2006 2008 2011 Framework Convention Alliance US A new report, Clearing the National Institutes of Health, allocates publishes the ASPECT report, US v. Philip Morris. The Global Smokefree Partnership is US First UN High-Level Meeting (FCA) of NGOs is formed to support Smoke: Assessing the Science Base funding for tobacco research projects. “Tobacco or Health in the European Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt formed to promote effective smoke- on noncommunicable diseases Union: Past, Present and Future,” the WHO Framework Convention on for , from 2003 Organizations (RICO) case is the free air policies worldwide. includes tobacco as a major risk Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is the first comprehensive overview of largest litigation ever undertaken by factor for the four main NCDs (cancer, World Medical Association launches The first WHO MPOWER report on the related protocols. released. tobacco control in the 25 EU member the US government, and Judge Gladys cardiovascular disease, chronic lung the Doctors’ Manifesto for Global global status of the tobacco epidemic HISTORY countries plus Norway, Iceland, and Kessler finds tobacco companies disease, and diabetes). WHO publishes Tobacco & the Rights Tobacco Control. is published, and published every two Switzerland. guilty of racketeering and defrauding of the Child. years thereafter. Treatobacco web-based database and Uganda Environment Minister the American public. 2012 Czech Republic Philip Morris educational resource for treatment of Singapore Fourth edition of The Kahinda Otafiire announces a ban on US Second edition of The Tobacco releases a report to the government tobacco dependence established by Tobacco Atlas is published by the smoking in restaurants, educational Atlas is published by the American concluding that smokers save the American Cancer Society and World

the Society for Research on Nicotine TOBACCO institutions, and bars. OF Cancer Society and launched at the state money by dying early. and Tobacco. Lung Foundation and launched at the

OF Canada Non-Smokers’ Rights 13th World Conference on Tobacco TOBACCO 15th World Conference on Tobacco or Thailand ThaiHealth Promotion The Global Network of Pharmacists Association, the first such or Health in Washington, D.C. Health in Singapore. Foundation is established, funded The Bill and Melinda Gates Against Tobacco is launched. association, celebrates its 30th by a percentage of tobacco taxation. Foundation and Bloomberg

Nearly 20% of the world’s population anniversary. smokes cigarettes, including about 800 million men and 200 million wo men. Philanthropies jointly pledge Michael Eriksen An estimated 600,000 individuals died from secondhand smoke in 2011, and 75% of these Judith Mackay The Southeast Asia Tobacco Control 2004 deaths were among women and children. Hana Ross More than half the countries of the world have a female smoking prevalence rate of less than 10%. Smoking rates between boys and girls WHO’s Code of Practice on Tobacco additional financial resources to differ by less than five percentage poin ts Ireland Workplace smoking ban, in almost half of the world’s countries. US First Luther L. Terry Awards Alliance (SEATCA) is also established Smokers consumed nearly THE 5.9 trillion cigarettes in 2009. Tobacco is grown in 124 countries, occupying 3.8 million hectares of agricultural land.

China grows 43% of the world’s tobacco, Control for Health Professional reduce tobacco use in low- and which is more tobacco than the other top including pubs and restaurants, is nine tobacco-producing countries combined. are given for contributions to for regional and sustainable funding Annual revenues from the global tobacco industry are approaching HISTORY half a trillion dollars. Cigarettes account for 92% of the TOBACCO value of all tobacco products sold globally. Organizations is launched. middle-income countries, bringing The amount of smokeless tobacco implemented, showing significantly sold globally increased by tobacco control. of tobacco control activity in SE Asia. 59% between 2000 and 2010 . If illicit trade were eliminat ed, governments

worldwide would gain at least $31.3 billion a year in tax re venue. Governments collect nearly $133 billion in the total outlay to $500 million ATLAS tobacco tax revenues each year, but spen d reduced salivary cotinine concentra- FOURTH EDITION less than $1 billion on tobacco control. Completely Revised and Updated WHO recommends that at least 70%

IARC Monograph on 21ST CENTURY of the retail price of tobacco products come from excise taxes. Global Partnerships for Tobacco At least 86% of WHO Member States imposed a tobacco excise tax, and at least tions among nonsmoking staff. over seven years, 2006–2013. 14% use a portion of tobacco tax revenue 2002 for health purposes. and Involuntary Smoking is released, Some countries are now envisioning an end game for tobacco, with prevalence targets of under 5%. Control is founded by Essential The WHO FCTC covers 87.4% of the world population. TobaccoPedia, the online tobacco Approximately 3.8 billion people are covered by at least one MPOWER measure conclusively refuting extensive at the highest level of achievement. The number of people protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws has Action to help support and strengthen doubled from 2008 to 2010. 2009 A comprehensive ban on all tobacco encyclopedia, is inaugurated. www.TobaccoAtlas.org advertising, promotion, and sponsorship could tobacco industry disinformation by decrease tobacco consumption by about 7%. international tobacco control India US Third edition of The Tobacco US Global Tobacco Research classifying secondhand smoke as a Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce activities at the grassroots level. is published by the American Tobacco Use in low- and middle- Atlas Network is founded by the Institute carcinogen. Cancer Society and World Lung 21ST CENTURY income countries is launched International Tobacco Evidence for Global Tobacco Control at Johns Never let the future disturb you. You will meet it, India Complete ban on tobacco Foundation and launched at the 14th with $125 million donation from Network (ITEN) is established, Hopkins University. if you have to, with the same weapons of reason advertising and promotion comes World Conference on Tobacco or “ with the goal of expanding global Bloomberg Philanthropies. which today arm you against the present. Switzerland WHO publishes the first into effect. Health in Mumbai. research. First textbook for health professionals edition of The Tobacco Atlas, made 2007 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman emperor ” Rockefeller Foundation International on tobacco is published by Oxford (AD 121–180) available by Myriad Editions. 2005 The Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Health Research Awards are University Press: Tobacco: Science, World Dental Federation (FDI) launched in February, is designed to established for “Trading Tobacco for Policy and Public Health. launches Tobacco or Oral Health produce standardized data on adult Health” in selected Association of publication. tobacco use, including exposure to South-East Asian Nations countries. WHO Framework Convention on secondhand smoke and quit attempts South Africa Tobacco Products Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), among adults. Control Amendment Act comes into initiated by Ruth Roemer in 1993, effect, strictly regulating smoking and comes into force, using international advertising. law to reduce tobacco use.