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19Th Century Tobacco Spreads Around the World As a Commercial Crop

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19Th Century Tobacco Spreads Around the World As a Commercial Crop 86 87 BCE –19th Century Tobacco spreads around the world as a commercial crop. 6000 BCE 1493 Circa 1600 1633 1700s 1769 1800 1862 Americas First cultivation of the Christopher Columbus and his crew India Tobacco is fi rst introduced. Turkey Death penalty is imposed for Africa/Americas African slaves are New Zealand Captain James Canada Tobacco is fi rst grown US First federal tobacco tax tobacco plant. return to Europe from the Americas smoking. forced to work in tobacco fi elds. Cook arrives smoking a pipe, and commercially. is introduced to help fi nance the 1600s is promptly doused in case he is Civil War. with the fi rst tobacco leaves and Europe Snuff becomes the most Circa 1 BCE China Philosopher Fang Yizhi 1634 a demon. 1833 seeds ever seen on the continent. popular mode of tobacco use. points out that long years of smoking China Qing dynasty decrees a UK Phosphorus friction matches are Americas Indigenous Americans A crew member, Rodrigo de Jerez, is 1876 “scorches one’s lung.” smoking ban, during which a violator introduced on a commercial scale, Korea Foreign cigarettes and HISTORY begin smoking tobacco and using seen smoking and is imprisoned by Circa 1710 1771 is executed. The ban is not to protect France A French offi cial is making smoking more convenient. matches are introduced. tobacco enemas. the Inquisition, which believes he is Russia Peter the Great encourages 1603 health, but to address the inequality condemned to be hanged for Americas Huron Indian myth: possessed by the devil. his courtiers to smoke tobacco Japan Use of tobacco is well- of trade with Korea. admitting foreign tobacco into 1840 1880s “In ancient times, when the land was and drink coffee, which is seen as established. the country. France Frederic Chopin’s mistress, England Richard Benson and Early 1500s fashionable and pro-European. barren and the people were starving, 1650s the Baroness de Dudevant, becomes William Hedges open a tobacco shop Middle East Tobacco is introduced TOBACCO OF the Great Spirit sent forth a woman 1604 South Africa European settlers one of the fi rst women to smoke in near Philip Morris’s in London. to Egypt by Turkish traders. 1788 England 1719 to save humanity. As she traveled King James I writes A OF grow tobacco and use it as a form of Australia Tobacco arrives with the public (in Paris). TOBACCO France Smoking is prohibited in over the world everywhere her right Counterblaste to Tobacco: “Smoking currency. First Fleet, 11 ships that sailed from 1881 1530–1600 many places. hand touched the soil, there grew is a custom loathsome to the eye, US First practical cigarette-making China Tobacco is introduced via England carrying mostly convicts potatoes. And everywhere her left hateful to the nose, harmful to the machine is patented by James Japan or the Philippines. 1753 and crew. hand touched the soil, there grew brain, dangerous to the lungs, and Bonsack, producing 100,000 Sweden Botanist Carolus Linnaeus corn. And in the place where she had in the black, stinking fume thereof cigarettes a day, replacing the labor of 1558 names the plant genus Nicotiana and 1795 HISTORY sat, there grew tobacco.” nearest resembling the horrible Germany Samuel Thomas von 50 people. Production costs plummet, Europe Tobacco plant is brought to describes two species, Nicotiana Stygian smoke of the pit that is Soemmerring reports cancers of the and cigarette smoking begins its Europe. Attempts at cultivation fail. rustica and Nicotiana tabacum. bottomless.” lip affl icting pipe smokers. explosive growth. CENTURY BCE–19TH 1560 1761 Africa Portuguese and Spanish 1608–1609 England John Hill conducts the Circa 1890s Japan Ban on smoking is introduced Indonesia Clove cigarette, the traders introduce tobacco to Sub- 1692 & 1717 fi rst study of the malignant effects to prevent fi res. kretek, is invented. Saharan Africa. Korea Bans on smoking in Choson of tobacco, showing that snuff users 1847 France Diplomat Jean Nicot, Lord of 1612 are introduced to reduce fi re risk. could contract nasal polyps. England Philip Morris, Esq., a Pre-1900 tobacconist and importer of fi ne Villemain, introduces tobacco from Americas Tobacco is fi rst grown Lung cancer is still extremely rare. Portugal. Queen Catherine de Medici cigars, opens a shop in London BCE–19TH CENTURY BCE–19TH commercially. uses it to treat her migraines. selling hand-rolled Turkish cigarettes. 1614 1854 1577 England Seven thousand tobacco England Philip Morris begins making Europe European doctors shops open following the fi rst sale of his own cigarettes. Old Bond Street recommend tobacco as a cure for Virginia tobacco. toothaches, falling fi ngernails, worms, soon becomes the center of Britain’s halitosis, lockjaw, and cancer. retail tobacco trade. 1592–1598 1858 Korea The Japanese Army introduces China Treaty of Tianjin allows tobacco to Korea. cigarettes to be imported into China duty-free. 88 89 20th Century As tobacco becomes big business, science finds evidence of tobacco-related illness. 1900–1910 1924 1931 the first group—but only half of the 1953 1957 1967 1977 China, Japan, and Korea US Philip Morris introduces Argentina Angel Roffo of Buenos second—were smokers. Delarue US Ernst Wynder, Evarts Graham, Vatican Pope Pius XII suggests that US First World Conference on Italy BAT introduces cigarettes, using films Marlboro as a women’s cigarette— Aires contributes to a growing body predicts that by 1950, no one will and Adele Croninger show that the Jesuit order give up smoking. Smoking and Health held in The Martignacco as a promotional vehicle. “mild as May.” of evidence on the harms of smoking, be smoking. tumors can be produced by painting New York. Project community- showing that tobacco tars rubbed tobacco tars on the shaved skins of 1958 prevention trial 1901–1902 1950s US onto the ears of rabbits produce mice; tobacco stocks plummet in Tobacco Institute is formed in 1969 results in a reduction England HISTORY Imperial Tobacco Company China State monopoly takes control US tumors. response, and the tobacco industry Washington as a trade organization Surgeon General’s report of coronary heart Limited (ITL) and British American of the tobacco business, and foreign faces its biggest crisis in decades. by US cigarette manufacturers, with confirms link between maternal disease. Tobacco (BAT) are founded. 1936 tobacco companies leave China. BAT, a broad mission to put out good smoking and low birth weight. Philip US Tobacco executives meet at US First Great American Smokeout is Germany Fritz Lickint first uses almost half of whose revenues came news about tobacco, especially Morris President and CEO Joseph 1903 from China, is especially hurt. the Plaza Hotel in New York City to held nationally, during which smokers the term Passivrauchen (passive economic news to attack scientific Cullman claims shortly thereafter that Brazil Tobacco company Souza Cruz organize a campaign to respond quit smoking on the third Thursday smoking) in his Tabakgenuss und studies by casting doubt on them rather “some women would prefer having TOBACCO is founded. OF 1950 to recent scientific data indicating of November. Gesundheit. than by rebutting them directly, and to smaller babies.” US Reader’s Digest publishes US The link between smoking and OF health harms from cigarettes. TOBACCO 1911 lobby Congress. “Does Tobacco Injure the Human 1938 lung cancer is reconfirmed. “Tobacco Public relations firm Hill & Knowlton 1971 1978 Body,” launching a campaign by Australia The three-year community US American Tobacco empire is US Dr. Raymond Pearl, from the Smoking as a Possible Etiologic is hired to orchestrate denialist 1960 UK Action on Smoking and Health the magazine to make people think study North Coast Healthy Lifestyle broken up by exercise of the Sherman Medical School and the School of Factor in Bronchogenic Carcinoma” campaign. US Framingham Heart Study is (ASH) UK establishes national before starting to smoke. Programme shows a significant Antitrust Act. Hygiene and Public Health of Johns by E. L. Wynder and Evarts Graham published finding cigarette smoking tobacco control organization. reduction in smoking. Hopkins University, publishes a paper is published in JAMA; the same 1954 to increase the risk of heart disease. 1913 1929 US Tobacco Industry Research US Cigarette manufacturers HISTORY issue features a full-page ad for in Science describing the premature US A Roper Report prepared for the US Birth of the “modern” blended US Edward Bernays mounts a Committee places nationwide agree to put health warnings on deaths of heavy smokers as compared Chesterfields with the actress Gene 1962 Tobacco Institute concludes that cigarette: R.J. Reynolds launches “freedom march” of smoking advertisements. This agreement is full-page ad, “A Frank Statement to UK 20TH CENTURY to nonusers and moderate smokers. Tierney and golfer Ben Hogan. JAMA First report of the Royal College the nonsmokers’ rights movement Camel brand. debutantes/fashion models who walk Cigarette Smokers,” reassuring them later made law. accepts tobacco ads until 1953; some of Physicians of London on Smoking is “the most dangerous development down New York City’s Fifth Avenue that it is safe to smoke. 1939 state medical journals accept ads into and Health is published. to the viability of the tobacco industry 1915 during the Easter parade holding 1972 US Tobacco companies are found in the late 1960s. US St. Louis factory worker Ira C. that has yet occurred.” Japan At Tokyo University, cancer aloft their Lucky Strike cigarettes as Marlboro becomes the best-selling violation of price-fixing laws. 1963 Lowe files first product liability action cigarette in the world. is induced in laboratory animals “torches of freedom.” World Tobacco and Tobacco Journal Switzerland Nicorette chewing against a tobacco company on behalf by applying coal tar to the skin of Germany Franz Herman Müller of gum is approved for use as nicotine 20TH CENTURY International, tobacco industry trade International Association for the Cologne City Hospital launches the of her smoker husband, who died rabbits.
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