DOCSLIB.ORG

Press File 2018.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Press File 2018.Pdf PRESS FILE Table of contents 3-23 I - History & heritage 5 A bridge between the ages 7 The Roman monuments 15 Private mansions & the Remarkable Heritage Site 16 Protestantism 19 Nîmes today 24-32 II - An art of living 26 Nîmes, an art of living 28 Nîmes, the garden city 30 Nîmes, the awards 31 Fragrances & flavours 33-35 III - The sense of celebration 34 The Feria 36 Events that are not-to-be-missed 37-39 IV Curiosities & anecdotes 38 The fascinating story of Denim 38 The palm tree and the crocodile 40-47 V - New achievements 42 A new city 48-51 VI - Major projects 50 The Musée de la Romanité 51 The UNESCO application 52 Location & access 3 I History & heritage 4 A bridge between the ages Built on the Via Domitia, In the 16th century, during porary art with the treasures Nîmes, already occupied the Wars of Religion, the of the past in the Carré d’Art 4,500 years ago, seems Protestants, excluded from Jean Bousquet, built by to have really been born in public life, turned to com- the architect Norman Fos- the sixth century BC, from merce. The clothing they ter. This bold mix of styles a spring in the Jardins de produced was exported is also found in the work of la Fontaine. In the begin- throughout Europe and to Philippe Starck, Jean-Michel ning, this source of life en- the Spanish Indies. The city Wilmotte , Martial Raysse, couraged the Celts to settle became rich and was deco- Kisho Kurokawa , Jean Nou- there and to associate the rated. Many mansions testify vel, Takis ... city with Nemausus, the pa- today to the prosperity of this tron god of the spring. period. No other city of this size can Then the Romans took over In the Age of Enlightenment, boast such achievements Gaul and the god of the the dilapidated walls were from such prestigious archi- 5 spring whose flow, too irre- demolished and Louis XV’s tects and artists. This theme gular to fill their needs, led architect-engineer, Jacques continues with the construc- to the construction of a 50 Philippe Mareschal, de- tion of the Musée de la Ro- km aqueduct, including the signed the Jardins de la manité signed by Elisabeth imposing Pont du Gard, to Fontaine around the ancient de Portzamparc, which is supply the city with water. shrine. scheduled to open on June During the Gallo-Roman pe- 2, 2018. riod, Nîmes became a colo- In the 19th century, the ny under Latin law and was city became wealthy again decorated with sumptuous owing to the silk industry and monuments. the production of wine. The train station, offering a beau- The medieval city was or- tiful view of the monumental ganised around the Arènes Fontaine Pradier, was built in transformed into a fortress, 1842 and beautiful buildings seat of the feudal power, such as the Courthouse, the Cathedral, symbol of churches, the Jules Salles the power of the Church Gallery, cafes and banks and the Maison Carrée, a gave the city a modern flair. Roman temple that became the house of a noble. Trade Today, Nîmes is looking to developed around local pro- the future and its history is ducts such as grapes, olives part of the present. In 1993, and livestock. the city combined contem- 6 The Roman monuments The Amphithéâtre Built at the end of the 1st shade from the sun. The century A.D., the Amphithéâ- fore-body parts of bulls sur- tre of Nîmes is one of the mount the arcade, certainly largest and best preserved reserved for the magistrates in the Roman world. This and the Emperor, because elliptical building measuring they provided access to the 133 m. by 101 m. and 21 best seats. m. high on two levels, has almost always fulfilled a fes- On another decoration, fa- tive function. To understand cing the Courthouse, is a its architecture, we must sculpture of a wolf suckling return to the history of the two children, Romulus and events that took place there, Remus, the mythical foun- because it was designed for ders of Rome Inside, there 7 the combats of gladiators was space for 24,000 spec- (and animals) that had until tators to occupy 34 tiers of then been held in the Forum. stands. Five circular galle- Their success thus favoured ries, hundreds of stairs and the appearance of a dedi- “vomitoires” (corridors lea- cated place offering good ding to the stands) permitted visibility of the gladiator ring. access to the seats without the different social classes The Amphithéâtre of Nîmes meeting, the first tier being was built shortly after the reserved for notables. Colosseum of Rome, with stone from two quarries near Nîmes. It incorporates the characteristics of the Flavian period: a façade with two !? levels of arcades, an attic, pilasters and Tuscan-style DID YOU KNOW? half-columns. It is the only The basement of the Am- Amphitheatre which has phithéâtre was equipped preserved its attic. Pierced with trap doors and hoists stones were placed at the to move scenery, fighters top for poles on which were or animals in the ring. hung the velum, canvas ca- Today, two galleries with a nopies designed to provide cruciform layout still re- main under the ring. The Arènes owe their excep- At the beginning of the 18th is a magnificent setting for tional state of conservation century, 700 people still li- outdoor shows: historical to their use throughout the ved there. Cleared of these re-enactments, concerts, centuries. constructions in 1812, they performances, bullfights, In the Middle Ages, they found again their voca- Camargue bull races... played the role of a fortress, tion as buildings for public The restoration of the monu- the seat of feudal power em- events and the races held ment, which was unable to bodied by the Viscount of there contributed largely to escape the ravages of time, Nîmes and the Knights of the the art of bullfighting. The is currently underway. Arena. From the 14th centu- first Camargue bull race ry, they became a residential took place in 1839 and the area (houses, warehouses, first bullfight in 1853. Today, churches and château all the Amphithéâtre, the most crowded together). visited monument of the city, 8 The Maison Carrée This Roman temple of the im- It was one of those so-called since the 11th century: al- perial cult was built in the 1st “pseudoperipteral” imperial ternately a private mansion, century of our era, in honour temples, of which there were a consulate, a stable, a 9 of the adopted grandchildren many in the Roman world. convent ... But it is to Colbert of the Emperor Augustus, Located in the heart of the that we owe the ridiculous Caius and Lucius Caesar, ancient Forum, enhanced by proposal of dismantling it “Princes of Youth”, as evi- its Corinthian capitals and and rebuilding it in Paris! denced by an inscription on surrounded by a portico of After the French Revolution, the pediment, deciphered in which there are still some it became the headquarters 1758 by the Nîmes scholar traces left, this building, of the first Prefecture of Gard Jean-François Séguier. As measuring 26 meters long and the Departmental Ar- the faithful were not allowed by 15 meters wide and 17 chives before inaugurating to enter the temple, the ce- meters high, was originally the creation of museums in remonies were held outside. dedicated to the cult of the Nîmes in 1823. The Maison Carrée, sur- Emperor. rounded by porticoes and enhanced with a platform, The ceiling of the pronaos !? faced another building (pro- (vestibule) dates from the bably the curia). beginning of the 19th centu- The entire complex consti- ry; the present door was built DID YOU KNOW? tuted the Forum, the econo- in 1824 by two Compagnons This building is called the mic and administrative heart du Devoir. Maison Carrée because of the ancient city. The Maison Carrée owes the word rectangle did not its exceptional state of pre- exist yet at the time of its servation to continuous use construction. Rectangles were called “long squares” and thus it has kept this name. The square was re-designed in 1993 by Norman Foster, the architect of the Carré d’Art Jean Bousquet, in order to !? create a spatial unit between the two buildings. Between 2006 and 2010, it underwent DID YOU KNOW? major restoration work that In 1785, Thomas Jefferson (who would focused on the façades and become President of the United States in floors deteriorated by frost 1801), then the American Ambassador in and pollution. The aim has Paris, received a letter from the Directors been to respect the spirit of of the Virginia Public Buildings asking him to the construction through the provide them with plans for the construc- use of ancient materials and tion of the Virginia Capitol. Jefferson innovative techniques for a immediately chose the Maison Carrée as discreet and efficient restora- a model, entrusted the plans to a French tion. architect, Charles Louis Clérisseau, which The restoration required was then modified and sent to Richmond. 44,000 working hours, 96 For Jefferson, the Maison Carrée was the blocks of stone and a cost most beautiful architectural model left by of €3.5 million. Since March Antiquity. Oddly enough, Thomas Jefferson 2014, the film «Nemausus, knew the Maison Carrée only through a few the birth of Nîmes» is scree- drawings and only really contemplated it in ned continuously every day. 1787 during a trip to Nîmes and the South of 10 France. The Tour Magne 11 Visible for miles, it signalled the presence of !? the city and the imperial temple located at the foot of the hill, around the spring.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemistry and Toxicology Dietrich Hoffmann and Ilse Hoffmann
    Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9 Chemistry and Toxicology Dietrich Hoffmann and Ilse Hoffmann HISTORICAL Early information on the smoking of cigars originates from artifacts of NOTES the Mayas of the Yucatan region of Mexico. Smoking of tobacco was part of the religious rituals and political gatherings of the natives of the Yucatan peninsula as shown in the artwork on a pottery vessel from the 10th century (Figure 1) where a Maya smokes a string-tied cigar (Kingsborough, 1825). Five hundred years later, in 1492, when Christopher Columbus landed in America, he was presented with dried leaves of tobacco by the House of Arawaks. Columbus and his crew were thus the first Europeans who became acquainted with tobacco smoking. Early in the 16th century, Cortez confirmed that tobacco smoking was practiced by the Aztecs in Mexico. In addition, tobacco was grown in Cuba, Haiti, several of the West Indian Islands, and on the East coast of North America from Florida to Virginia (Tso, 1990). The Mayan verb sikar, meaning to “smoke,” became the Spanish noun cigarro. The form of cigar Columbus had first encountered was a long, thick bundle of twisted tobacco leaves wrapped in dried leaves of palm or maize. In 1541, the Cuban cigar appeared in Spain. The first person known to have grown tobacco in Europe was Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal. He introduced tobacco and tobacco smoke at the royal court of Paris, where Catherine de Medici and her son, King Charles IX, used it to treat migraine headaches (Jeffers and Gordon, 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th Century Tobacco Spreads Around the World As a Commercial Crop
    86 87 BCE –19th Century Tobacco spreads around the world as a commercial crop. 6000 BCE 1493 Circa 1600 1633 1700s 1769 1800 1862 Americas First cultivation of the Christopher Columbus and his crew India Tobacco is fi rst introduced. Turkey Death penalty is imposed for Africa/Americas African slaves are New Zealand Captain James Canada Tobacco is fi rst grown US First federal tobacco tax tobacco plant. return to Europe from the Americas smoking. forced to work in tobacco fi elds. Cook arrives smoking a pipe, and commercially. is introduced to help fi nance the 1600s is promptly doused in case he is Civil War. with the fi rst tobacco leaves and Europe Snuff becomes the most Circa 1 BCE China Philosopher Fang Yizhi 1634 a demon. 1833 seeds ever seen on the continent. popular mode of tobacco use. points out that long years of smoking China Qing dynasty decrees a UK Phosphorus friction matches are Americas Indigenous Americans A crew member, Rodrigo de Jerez, is 1876 “scorches one’s lung.” smoking ban, during which a violator introduced on a commercial scale, Korea Foreign cigarettes and HISTORY begin smoking tobacco and using seen smoking and is imprisoned by Circa 1710 1771 is executed. The ban is not to protect France A French offi cial is making smoking more convenient. matches are introduced. tobacco enemas. the Inquisition, which believes he is Russia Peter the Great encourages 1603 health, but to address the inequality condemned to be hanged for Americas Huron Indian myth: possessed by the devil. his courtiers to smoke tobacco Japan Use of tobacco is well- of trade with Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Satire and the Corpus Mysticum During Crises of Fragmentation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Body Satyrical: Satire and the Corpus Mysticum during Crises of Fragmentation in Late Medieval and Early Modern France A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in French and Francophone Studies by Christopher Martin Flood 2013 © Copyright by Christopher Martin Flood 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Body Satyrical: Satire and the Corpus Mysticum during Crises of Fragmentation in Medieval and Early Modern France by Christopher Martin Flood Doctor of Philosophy in French and Francophone Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Jean-Claude Carron, Chair The later Middle Ages and early modern period in France were marked by divisive conflicts (i.e. the Western Schism, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Protestant Reformation) that threatened the stability and unity of two powerful yet seemingly fragile social entities, Christendom and the kingdom of France. The anxiety engendered by these crises was heightened by the implicit violence of a looming fragmentation of those entities that, perceived through the lens of the Pauline corporeal metaphor, were imagined as corpora mystica (mystical bodies). Despite the gravity of these crises of fragmentation, ii each met with a somewhat unexpected and, at times, prolific response in the form of satirical literature. Since that time, these satirical works have been reductively catalogued under the unwieldy genre of traditional satire and read superficially as mere vituperation or ridiculing didacticism. However, when studied against the background of sixteenth- century theories of satire and the corporeal metaphor, a previously unnoticed element of these works emerges that sets them apart from traditional satire and provides an original insight into the culture of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Tobacco
    Available online at www.annclinlabsci.org 178 Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 40, no. 2, 2010 A Note from History: The Use of Tobacco Steven I. Hajdu1 and Manjunath S. Vadmal2 1 Westlake Village, California 2 Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Keywords: tobacco, nicotine, smoking, cigarettes, bronchiogenic carcinoma, history of medicine There is no written record in reference to tobacco in the throat, and mental depression. Decanted prior to the 15th century. However, it is generally liquor of boiled tobacco was used internally to treat acknowledged that indigenous Americans used indigestion, aches in the belly, and urinary tobacco as a medicine and smoked tobacco. In obstruction. Ashes of burned tobacco were mixed 1492, Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) and his with hog grease and applied as an ointment to crew, when returning to Europe from the Americas, ulcerated skin, warts, and dermal cancer. Smoking brought the first tobacco leaves and seeds into tobacco was claimed to improve body odor and to Europe. In 1560, Jean Nicot (1530-1600), French prevent the plague. Persons of all ages and classes diplomat and importer, introduced tobacco in smoked excessively during the great epidemics. France and Portugal. By the end of the 16th Smoking tobacco was believed to calm the nerves century, tobacco use had became a custom among and relieve anxiety by purging the brain. Smoke fashionable people in Europe and tobacco was blown into the ear cured earache and when applied being exported to India, China, and Japan [1,2]. to the anus relieved constipation and bloody Tobacco is an annual plant belonging to the discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • French Protestantism, 1559-1562
    FRENCH PROTESTANTISM, 1559-1562 FRENCH PROTESTANTISM, 15^^9-1562 BY CALEB GUYER KELLY A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Board of University Studies of The Johns Hopkins University in Conformity with the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1916 Baltimore 1918 Copyright 1918 by THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. PA. CONTENTS Pagb Preface , vii Chapter I. Social and Economic Forces 9 Chapter II. The Resources of the Huguenots ... 38 Chapter III. The Organization of the Calvinists.. 69 Chapter IV. The Reform at Its Height 88 Chapter V. Friends and Foes at Home and Abroad 118 Chapter VI. Guise or Valois ? 137 Chapter VII. The Arsenal of Protestantism 163 Bibliographical References 179 Index 183 PREFACE The brief period between 1559 and 1562, interlacing the reigns of Henry II and of two of his sons, Francis II and Charles IX, was momentous in the history of French " Protestantism. Consequently studies in diplomacy and la " haute politique of that epoch of four years have been vigorously pursued, but the social and economic questions have been inadequately treated. Indeed, much of the real nature of the reign of Henry II and of the growth of the Reform during his incumbency is obscure. Nothing like " " (lie Catalogue des Actes du roi Frangois Ier as yet exists for the reign of Henry II. Therefore it has seemed to the writer eminently desirable to begin an investigation of the development of Protestantism through the operation of social and economic forces, particularly among the indus trial and working classes. The economic activity of the Huguenots reveals one of the aspects of their social life, and their commerce forms one of the great chapters in world history.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicotine and Vaping
    Insert your logo here Nicotine and Vaping December 11, 2019 1 Objectives Develop an understanding of the history of tobacco Review the pharmokinetic and pharmacodynamics effects of nicotine Demonstrate negative effects nicotine has on health Describe e-cig and current vaping trends Insert your logo here 2 Insert your logo here 3 Insert your logo here Tobacco: still the leading cause of preventable death in the United States 4 Insert your logo here History 5 1st Peoples of Pre-Columbian Americas Known use of tobacco/nicotine Native Americans cultivated and smoked in pipes Medicinal and ceremonial Christopher Columbus- brought it back to Europe Didn’t “get into it” until mid-16th century France’s Jean Nicot Insert your logo here 6 History Continued… 1556- France 1558- Portugal 1559- Spain 1565- England 1612- Commercial crop in Virginia: John Rolfe Colony’s largest export Slavery Insert your logo here 7 History Continued… How it was used: Pipe, chewing, and snuff Cigars early 1800s Cigarettes not popular until after civil war (although were around in the 1600s) Late 1880s 1st cigarette making machine Insert your logo here 8 History Continued… 1930s- correlation between cancer and smoking 1944- American Cancer Society warnings 1950s- Tobacco industry research council= made it “healthier again” 1960s- Surgeon general “smoking and health” risks emphasized 1971- Broadcast advertising banned 1995- Clinton- FDA to regulate more Insert your logo here 9 Nicotine Causes Psychostimulant Potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid Nightshade plant family Relaxation
    [Show full text]
  • MONOGRAPH of TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM) Kamal Kishore
    Indian Journal of Drugs, 2014, 2(1), 5-23 ISSN: 2348-1684 MONOGRAPH OF TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM) Kamal Kishore Department of Pharmacy, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly-243006, U.P., India *For Correspondence: ABSTRACT Department of Pharmacy, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly- The use of tobacco dates back to the ancient civilizations of the Americas, 243006, U.P., India where it played a central role in religious occasions. The peoples smoked tobacco in cigars and pipes and chewed it with lime, for its pleasurable euphoriant effects. In the 16 th century, Europeans spread the use of tobacco in Email: [email protected] North America, while the Spanish bring it into Europe. In the 1559, Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, wrote about the medicinal properties of Received: 02.01.2014 tobacco and sent seeds to the French royal family, and promoted the use Accepted: 22.03.2014 throughout the world. Because of his great work on tobacco plant, his name Access this article online was given to its genus, Nicotiana , and its active principle, nicotine. The Materia Medica of India provides a great deal of information on the Ayurveda, folklore Website: practices and traditional aspects of therapeutically important natural products www.drugresearch.in tobacco one of them. Tobacco is processed from the leaves of plants in the Qui ck Response Code: genus i.e. Nicotiana. Nicotine tartrate used as a pesticide as well as in medicines. It is commonly used as a cash crop in countries like India, China, Cuba and the United States. Any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family is called tobacco.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Power at the French Court, 1483-1563
    GENDERING THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN WORLD Broomhall (ed.) Women and Power at the French Court, 1483-1563 Court, French the at Power and Women Edited by Susan Broomhall Women and Power at the French Court, 1483-1563 Women and Power at the French Court, 1483–1563 Gendering the Late Medieval and Early Modern World Series editors: James Daybell (Chair), Victoria E. Burke, Svante Norrhem, and Merry Wiesner-Hanks This series provides a forum for studies that investigate women, gender, and/ or sexuality in the late medieval and early modern world. The editors invite proposals for book-length studies of an interdisciplinary nature, including, but not exclusively, from the fields of history, literature, art and architectural history, and visual and material culture. Consideration will be given to both monographs and collections of essays. Chronologically, we welcome studies that look at the period between 1400 and 1700, with a focus on any part of the world, as well as comparative and global works. We invite proposals including, but not limited to, the following broad themes: methodologies, theories and meanings of gender; gender, power and political culture; monarchs, courts and power; constructions of femininity and masculinity; gift-giving, diplomacy and the politics of exchange; gender and the politics of early modern archives; gender and architectural spaces (courts, salons, household); consumption and material culture; objects and gendered power; women’s writing; gendered patronage and power; gendered activities, behaviours, rituals and fashions. Women and Power at the French Court, 1483–1563 Edited by Susan Broomhall Amsterdam University Press Cover image: Ms-5116 réserve, fol.
    [Show full text]
  • Jean Nicot Pijpen Van De Firma Gambier
    Jean Nicot pijpen van de firma Gambier Arthur van Esveld In de catalogus van 1894 nam Gambier een aantal pijpen op van het ‘Jean Nicot’ type (Afb. 1). Dit type pijp was populair onder rokers en werd door meerdere pijpenfabrieken gemaakt. Zo zijn er voorbeelden bekend uit het Westerwald, van de firma Wilhelm Klauer und Söhne en Theo Lamp & Co uit Höhr, maar ook in de Belgische Maasstreek maakten pijpenfabrieken de Jean Nicot pijpen, zoals Felix Wingender uit Chokier. Afb. 1. Jean Nicot pijp. Gambier, Givet. De populariteit van deze pijpen zal vooral te maken hebben gehad met de naamgeving. Jean Nicot stond bekend als de man die, in de tweede helft van de zestiende eeuw, de tabak introduceerde in Frankrijk. Jean Nicot (Nîmes, 1530 - Parijs, 4 mei 1600) was ambassadeur van Frankrijk in Portugal. Hij stuurde in 1560 het in Amerika ontdekte geneeskrachtige wondermiddel tabak naar koningin Catharina de Medici, om haar van haar hoofdpijn af te helpen. Naar Jean Nicot is de tabaksplant Nicotiana en later de stof nicotine vernoemd. Afb. 2. Jean Nicot tabaksetiket. Er zijn vele voorbeelden bekend waaruit blijkt de naam van deze diplomaat populair was bij rokers. Zo zijn er sigarenbandjes en etiketten op tabaksverpakkingen met zijn beeltenis (Afb. 2). De Jean Nicot pijpen die door de verschillende bedrijven gemaakt zijn, hebben over het algemeen een licht naar voren hellende of horizontaal geplaatste bolle kop met een stompe spoor als hiel. Het zijn in alle gevallen steelpijpen met een rechte steel en een afgeplat mondstuk met knoop. Zoals gezegd zagen we de Jean Nicot pijpen bij Gambier voor het eerst in de catalogus van 1894.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Tobacco and Its Use
    Burden of Tobacco ? ! chapter 1 THE HISTORY OF TOBACCO AND ITS USE What does this Chapter tell us? • Tobacco has been used worldwide for • Governments worldwide have been hundreds of years. trying to regulate tobacco use for • The ill-effects of tobacco have been centuries. documented since the early 1600s. “But this same poyson, steeped India weede X In head, hart, lunges, do the soote and cobwebs breede With that he gasp’d, and breath’d out such a smoke That all the standers by were like to choke.” 1601 – Samuel Rowlands 7 ? Burden of Tobacco ! • 1719: Smoking is prohibited in France. Exceptions: the Franche-Comt, Flanders and 4 The word nicotine comes from Alsace. Nicotiana, the botanical name for the • 1791: London physician John Hill reports cases tobacco plant, named for Jean Nicot in which use of snuff caused nasal cancers.4 (c.1530 – 1600). He was the French • 1800: In Canada, tobacco begins to be ambassador to Portugal, who introduced 4 tobacco to France by sending tobacco commercially grown in Southern Ontario. seeds as a gift to the French court • 1830s: First organized anti-tobacco in 1560.3 movement in United States begins as part of the temperance movement. Tobacco use is considered to dry out the mouth “creating a The tobacco plant is believed to have been used morbid or diseased thirst” that only liquor by American inhabitants as far back as 1 BCE could quench.4 (before the commonX era). Documentation about • 1856 – 1857: A running debate in England the effects of tobacco and efforts to reduce its use among readers about the health effects of date back for centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    INTRODUCTION French ambassadors in England Anglo-French relations in the early modern period can be understood through a rich range of cultural artefacts and purely historical sources. Among the latter, the reports of French visitors, and especially of the resident ambassadors, have always featured prominently, though perhaps excessively pillaged for information on the inner politics of the country they were observing. Essentially devised to maintain a sort of dialogue between their masters, they provide sometimes very oblique insights into their host country.1 The reports of Imperial and Spanish ambassadors (summarized in the great series of Calendars2)havein many ways shaped our understanding of high politics in the period but no equivalent was undertaken for French archives. However, the French publication of the despatches of Jean du Bellay, Charles de Marillac, and Odet de Selve have thrown a crucial light on Anglo- French relations in the first half of the sixteenth century.3 Meanwhile, the 1550s is clearly dominated by the extensive archives of the Noailles brothers during their embassies between 1553 and 1559.4 1For an example, see D. Potter, ‘Jean du Bellay et l’Angleterre, 1527–50’, in Loris Petris, P.Galand, O. Christin, and C. Michon (eds), Actes du Colloque Jean du Bellay (Neuchatel,ˆ 2014), pp. 47–66. 2G.A. Bergenroth, P. de Gayangos, M.A.S. Hume, and R. Tyler (eds), Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere (1485–1558), 13 vols (London, 1862–1954); M.A.S. Hume (ed.), Calendar of Letters and State Papers Relating to English Affairs Preserved Principally in the Archives of Simancas, 4 vols (London, 1892–1899).
    [Show full text]
  • An Insight Into Tobacco – a Narrative Review T
    Review Article An insight into tobacco – A narrative review T. Sarumathi1*, Krishnan Mahalakshmi2, Raghavendra Jayesh3, Sindhu Poovannan4 ABSTRACT The epidemic of tobacco use is one of the greatest threats to global health. Tobacco use in smoked and smokeless forms has a potentially significant and negative impact on oral health. Effect of local and systemic outcome of tobacco use on oral health depends on method, frequency, and duration of use and is dose dependent. Tobacco-induced oral diseases contribute significantly to the global oral disease burden. Health professionals should be aware of oral problems associated with tobacco use and should also play an active role in prevention and control of tobacco-induced lesions due to their direct contact with patients who are at increased risk. Counseling on smoking cessation and smoking prevention programs should be an integral component of medical and dental teaching and practice. The present article provides a compilation about tobacco and its history, composition, metabolism, effects on general and oral health, and tobacco cessation. KEY WORDS: Cessation, Oral health, Smokeless tobacco, Smoking, Tobacco INTRODUCTION Tobacco was introduced in India by the Portuguese and British promoted cigarettes to expand their Tobacco is obtained from a plant of genus “Nicotiana” industry. American Indians were probably the first to from the potato family. Tobacco plants originated smoke, chew, and snuff tobacco as early as the 1400s. in the mainlands between North America and South A hollow Y-shaped piece of pipe was used to inhale America. Cultivation of tobacco dates back to at least powdered tobacco by placing the forked ends into 5000 years.
    [Show full text]