sign in sign up
<<
Home , Bond Street (cigarette), History of tobacco, Jean Nicot, Kretek, Nicotiana, Nicotiana rustica

users were warned they risked the Baroness de Dudevant, likely before 1900 1929 CHAPTER nasal cancers. to have been the first woman to was extremely rare. Germany Fritz Lickint of Dresden HISTORY OF smoke in public (in ). published the first formal statisti- 32 1769 1901–02 cal evidence of a lung cancer- Captain James Cook tobacco link, based on a case series 1847 Imperial Tobacco Com- arrived a pipe, and was England Philip Morris Esq, a showing that lung cancer sufferers 6000 BCE - 2009 CE pany Limited (ITL) and British promptly doused in case he was a and importer of fine were likely to be smokers. American Tobacco (BAT) were demon. , opened a shop in London 6000 BCE 1633 founded. selling hand-rolled Turkish First cultivation of the penalty imposed . tobacco . for smoking. 1771 1903 French official was Brazil Tobacco company Souza condemned to be hanged for circa 1 BCE 1634 1854 Cruz founded. admitting foreign tobacco into England Philip Morris began Americas Indigenous Americans China Qing Dynasty decreed the country. making his own cigarettes. Old began smoking and using tobacco a smoking ban during which Bond Street soon became the 1913 . a violator was executed. This center of the retail tobacco USA Birth of the “modern” ciga- was not to protect health, but to 1788 rette: RJ Reynolds introduced the Australia Tobacco arrived with trade. Americas Huron Indian myth: “In address the inequality of trade Camel brand. the First Fleet, eleven ships which ancient times, when the land was with Korea. sailed from England carrying barren and the people were starv- 1858 mostly convicts and crew. China Treaty of Tianjin allowed 1915 ing, the Great Spirit sent forth a 1650s cigarettes to be imported into Japan Cancer was induced in labo- woman to save humanity. As she South Africa China duty-free. ratory animals for the first time by traveled over the world every- European settlers grew tobacco applying coal to rabbits’ skin at 1936 where her right hand touched the and used it as a of currency. Tokyo University. Germany Fritz Lickint first used soil, there grew potatoes. And 1862 the term “Passivrauchen” (passive everywhere her left hand touched 1560 1604 1692 and 1717 USA First federal tobacco tax smoking) in Tabakgenuss und was introduced to help finance the 1921 the soil, there grew corn. And in Africa Portuguese and Spanish England King James I wrote Korea Bans on smoking in Cho- Gesundheit. Civil War. Korea Korea Ginseng Corpora- the place where she had sat, there traders introduced tobacco to A Counterblaste to Tobacco. son introduced to reduce fire risk. grew tobacco.” tion became Korea Tobacco and Africa. “Smoking is a custom loathsome Ginseng (KTG) and a monopoly 1939 to the eye, hateful to the nose, circa 1710 1876 was formed. USA Tobacco companies found 1492 harmful to the brain, dangerous Korea Foreign cigarettes and price-fixing. 1560 Peter the Great to the lungs, and in the black, matches were introduced. and his France Diplomat , Lord encouraged his courtiers to 1924 crew returned to Europe from of Villemain, introduced tobacco stinking fume thereof nearest smoke tobacco and drink coffee, Philip Morris introduced 1939 the Americas with the first from . Queen Catherine resembling the horrible Stygian 1880s which was seen as fashionable 1795 as a women’s cigarette USA Drs. Alton Ochsner and tobacco leaves and seeds ever de Medici used it to treat her smoke of the pit that is bottom- England Richard Benson and and pro-European. Sammuel Thomas von as “mild as May.” Michael DeBakey first reported seen on the continent. A crew migraines. less.” William Hedges opened a tobac- Soemmering reported cancers of the association of smoking and member, Rodrigo de Jerez, was conist shop near Philip Morris in the lip in pipe smokers. lung cancer. seen smoking and imprisoned by 1600s 1700s London. 1924 1577 Africa/Americas African slaves the Inquisition, which believed he China Philosopher Fang Yizhi Reader’s Digest published “Does Europe European doctors recom- forced to work in tobacco fields. 1947 was possessed by the devil. pointed out that long years of 18th century Tobacco Injure the Human Body,” mended tobacco as a cure for 1881 Canada Dr. Norman Delarue smoking “scorches one’s lung.” was the most popular mode the beginning of a Reader’s Digest toothache, falling fingernails, USA First practical cigarette- compared 50 patients with lung 1719 of tobacco use. campaign to make people think Early 1500s worms, halitosis, lockjaw, and making machine patented by cancer with 50 patients hospital- France Smoking was prohibited before starting to smoke. Middle East Tobacco introduced cancer. 1608–1609 James Bonsack. It could produce ized with other diseases. He in many places. when the Turks took it to Egypt. Japan Ban on smoking intro- 1800 120,000 cigarettes a day, each discovered that over 90 percent of 1592–1598 duced to prevent fires. Canada Tobacco first grown machine doing the work of 48 1929 the first group—but only half of commercially. people. Production costs plum- 1530–1600 Korea The Japanese Army intro- 1753 USA Edward Bernays mounted the second—were smokers, and Botanist Carolus Lin- meted, and—with the invention China Tobacco introduced via duced tobacco into Korea. 1612 a “freedom march” of smoking confidently predicted that by 1950 naeus named the plant of the safety match a few decades Japan or the Philippines. Americas Tobacco first grown 1833 debutantes/fashion models who no one would be smoking. and describes two spe- later—cigarette-smoking began walk down Fifth Avenue in New circa 1600 commercially. UK Phosphorus friction matches cies, and nicotiana introduced on a commercial scale, its explosive growth. York during the Easter parade 1950 1558 India Tobacco first introduced. tabacum. dressed as Statues of Liberty Europe Tobacco plant brought to making smoking more convenient. USA The link between smoking 1614 and holding aloft their Lucky Europe. Attempts at cultivation circa 1890s and lung cancer was confirmed. A 1603 England 7,000 tobacco shops Strike cigarettes as “torches of failed. 1761 cigarette, the landmark article “Tobacco smok- Japan Use of tobacco well- opened with the first sale of 1840 freedom.” England First study of the effects France Frederic Chopin’s mistress, kretek, invented. ing as a possible etiologic factor established. Virginia tobacco. 90 of tobacco by Dr. John Hill; snuff 91 1950-1995 in bronchogenic carcinoma” by E. 1954 1967 1976 Promotions) was formed, 1988 1991 1994 L. Wynder and Evarts Graham re-facing tobacco and alcohol USA The Marlboro cowboy was USA First World Conference on USA Shimp v. New Jersey Bell First WHO World No Tobacco International Network USA Cigarette executives testified was published in The Journal of billboards. created for Philip Morris by Chi- Tobacco or Health held in Telephone Co. filed the world’s Day, subsequently an annual Towards Smoke-free Hospitals before Congress that in their opin- the American Medical Association. cago ad agency Leo Burnett. New York. first lawsuit regarding second- event on May 31, with different inaugurated, aiming to give ion was not addictive. The same issue featured a full- hand smoke. The office worker 1981 annual themes and awards of healthy environment to hospital page ad for Chesterfields with the 1954 1969 was granted an injunction to Japan Professor Takeshi commemorative medals. staff and patients. 1994 actress Gene Tierney and golfer ensure a smoke-free area in her Hirayama (1923–1995) published USA Research USA Surgeon General’s Report Society for Research on Nicotine Ben Hogan; the journal accepted workplace. the first report linking passive Committee (TIRC) placed a confirmed the link between mater- 1989 and Tobacco founded. tobacco ads until 1953. smoking and lung cancer in the nationwide two-page ad: “A frank nal smoking and low birth weight. Asia The Asia Pacific nonsmoking wives of men who statement to cigarette smokers.” 1977 Association for the Control 1994 The Martignacco Project smoked. 1971 of Tobacco (APACT) was USA Confidential internal tobacco community prevention trial 1957 UK ASH UK established the established by Dr. David Yen industry documents leaked to resulted in a reduction of Vatican Pope Pius XII suggested first national 1983 of the John Tung Founda- Professor Stan Glantz. that the Jesuit order give up organization. coronary heart disease. Europe ERC Group plc, an inde- tion, Taiwan, China. smoking. pendent market research group, 1977 published first European Tobacco 1994 1971 1990 Austria First TABEXPO held USA First Great American Market Report. 1958 USA Cigarette manufacturers first GLOBALink inaugurated, the in Vienna. TABEXPO stages Smokeout held nationally, during 1992 USA Tobacco Institute formed. agreed to put health warnings on international interactive website exhibitions and congresses for the which smokers quit smoking on Tobacco Control journal founded advertisements. This agreement 1984 and marketplace founded by the international tobacco industry. the third Thursday of November. by the British Medical Journals 1960 was later made law. was first International Union Against introduced. Cancer for the international group. This was the first 1951 USA Framingham Heart Study international peer-reviewed 1994 found cigarette smoking increased 1978 tobacco-control community. UK Dr. and Prof. 1972 journal on tobacco control, and International Non Governmental the risk of heart disease. Australia The three-year commu- 1985 Austin Bradford Hill conducted Marlboro became the bestselling in 2004, the journal had the Coalition Against Tobacco nity study North Coast Healthy USA Lung cancer surpassed the first large-scale case control cigarette in the world. 1990 highest impact factor of all in the (INGCAT) founded. Lifestyle Programme showed a breast cancer as number-one study on the link between smok- 1962 International Network of substance abuse field. significant reduction in smoking. cancer killer of women. ing and lung cancer. UK First Report of the Royal Col- Women Against Tobacco 1994 (INWAT) formed. lege of Physicians of London on 1978 1992 First international “Quit &Win” Smoking and Health. by 1985 1953 USA A Roper Report prepared for Northern Ireland, UK First con- campaign. 73 percent of the world’s 1990 USA Tobacco executives met in the Tobacco Institute concluded ference on women and tobacco tobacco was grown in developing China Chinese Association New York City to find a way to 1963 that the nonsmokers’ rights move- initiated by the UICC (Interna- 1994 deal with recent scientific data countries. on Smoking and Health tional Union Against Cancer), the World Tobacco and Tobacco Journal ment was “the most dangerous Canada Research for pointing to the health hazards of inaugurated. Ulster Cancer Foundation, and International, tobacco industry development to the viability of International Tobacco Control cigarettes. the Health Promotion Agency of trade journals, first published. the tobacco industry that has yet 1987 (RITC) inaugurated, with a major USA Smoke-free Educational Northern Ireland. occurred.” 1991 focus on developing countries. 1950s 1964 Services founded, advocating the UK International Agency on right of all employees to work Tobacco and Health (IATH) China State monopoly takes USA First US Surgeon General’s 1979 1993 1994 control of the tobacco business, in a safe, healthy, smoke-free formed to act as an information USA Environmental Protection report on smoking and health USA Tobacco Control Resource USA State of Mississippi filed and foreign tobacco companies left environment. and advisory service for the Agency (EPA) declared cigarette announced that smoking caused Center and its Tobacco Products first lawsuit by a health author- China. BAT, almost half of whose least-developed countries. smoke a Class-A carcinogen. lung cancer in men. 1972 Liability Project were formed. ity for reimbursement of money revenues came from China, was 1988 International Association for expended to treat smokers with especially hurt. First WHO report on the effects 1991 1965 the Study of Lung Cancer was 1979 1993 smoking-caused illnesses. It ended of . Realization that chemicals in South Africa Tobacco Products WHO established the inaugurated. The Freedom Organization for the with an out-of-court settlement. cigarette smoke switch on a gene Control Amendment Act passed. 1954 International Agency for Research Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco USA St. Louis factory worker Ira that makes lung cells vulnerable on Cancer (IARC) based in Lyons, 1974 (FOREST) formed. 1988 1995 C. Lowe filed the first product USA Framingham Heart Study to the chemicals’ cancer-causing France. France Joe Camel was born—used 1993 USA Smokescreen.org (later liability action against a tobacco found cigarette smoking properties. in French poster campaign for Europe European Network on Smoke-free.net) was inaugurated. company on behalf of her smoker 1979 increased the risk of stroke. Camel cigarettes. Young People and Tobacco Focusing on the right to breathe husband, who died from cancer. 1965 Australia Activist group (ENYPAT) founded. clean air, this was the first Web- The tobacco company won. UK Cigarette advertising on TV BUGAUP (Billboard Utilising was banned. Graffitists Against Unhealthy based advocacy site that enabled 92 93 1995-2009 visitors to send faxes directly to 1995 1998 1999 act as supportive base for govern- 2003 2004 with $125 million donation from their elected officials. Mainly used ment and nongovernment tobacco Michael Bloomberg, mayor of USA “Marlboro Man” David Australia Tobacco Control Super- USA US Justice Department sued Treatobacco web-based database Myriad Editions created interactive by Americans, but also by 10,000 control workers and advocates. New York City. McLean died of lung cancer. site website inaugurated, enabling the tobacco industry to recover and educational resource for Internet mapping of The Tobacco international participants. exploration of internal, previously billions of government dollars treatment of tobacco dependence Atlas launched by Global Tobacco 1996 private tobacco industry docu- spent on smoking-related health- 2001 established by the Society Research Network, Johns Hopkins 2008 1995 USA First ments, and providing access to a care, accusing cigarette makers of USA A new report, Clearing the for Research on Nicotine and University. The Global Smokefree Partnership wide range of information relevant “fraud and deceit.” Italy The Bellagio statement on guideline, issued by the Public Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco. formed to promote effective smoke- tobacco and sustainable develop- Health Service, Federal to smoking prevention and control , from the 2004 free air policies worldwide. ment was issued by members of Government. in Australia. Institute of (IOM) was 2000 2003 WHO’s “Code of practice retreat at Rockefeller Foundation’s released. Framework Convention Alliance The Global Network of on tobacco control for health 2008 Bellagio Study and Conference 1998 1997 (FCA) of NGOs formed to Pharmacists Against Tobacco professional organizations” The first WHO MPOWER report Centre. USA Master Settlement Europe European Network for support the WHO Framework 2001 launched. launched. on the global status of the tobacco Agreement among Attorneys Smoking Prevention (ENSP) Convention on Tobacco Control WHO published Tobacco & the epidemic published. 1995 General of 46 states and five (FCTC) and related protocols. created. Rights of the Child. 2004 2004 International Council of Nurses territories with tobacco companies Ireland Workplace smoking ban, IARC Monograph on Tobacco 2008 (ICN) published position to settle lawsuits. 2000 1997 2001 including pubs and restaurants, Smoke and Involuntary Smoking Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation statement on tobacco. USA First Luther L. Terry Scotland, UK Doctors and Philip Morris implemented. Exactly one year released, conclusively refuting pledges $125 million to global 1999 Awards for contributions to Tobacco: Tobacco Control released a report to the after the ban, cigarette sales had extensive tobacco industry tobacco control. Michael USA Network for Accountabil- tobacco control. 1995 Resource Centre (TCRC) formed government that concluded that declined by 18 percent. disinformation. ity of Tobacco Transnationals Bloomberg pledges an additional USA Federal Drug Administra- by the European Forum Medi- smokers save the state money— (NATT) founded by Infact, made $250 million to the Bloomberg tion declared cigarettes to be cal Associations (EFMA). The 2000 by dying early. up of environmental, consumers, 2004 2004 Global Initiative, bringing total “drug delivery devices.” Restric- TCRC is based at the British human rights, and corporate Global Partnerships for Tobacco First general textbook for health India Complete ban on tobacco outlay to $500 million over seven tions were proposed on market- Medical Association in Edin- accountability organizations Control founded by Essential 2002 professionals on tobacco published: advertising and promotions came years, 2006–2013. ing and sales to reduce smoking burgh, and works in partnership working together to forge new Action to help support and TobaccoPedia, the online tobacco Tobacco: Science, Policy and Public into effect. by young people. with national medical associa- ground in international law to strengthen international tobacco encyclopedia, was inaugurated. Health. tions across Europe. prevent life-threatening abuses control activities at the grassroots 2005 by transnational corporations. level. 2002 2004 1997 World Dental Federation (FDI) USA Global Tobacco Research Europe The EU Commission launches Tobacco or Oral Health USA Congress passed a bill 1999 2000 Network founded by the Institute published the ASPECT publication. prohibiting the Departments of International Tobacco Evidence for Global Tobacco Control at report, Tobacco or Health in State, Justice, and Commerce from Global Youth Tobacco Surveys Network (ITEN) established, Johns Hopkins University. the European Union: Past, promoting the sale or of (GYTS) commenced. 2005 with the goal of expanding Present and Future, the first tobacco. WHO Framework Convention on global research. comprehensive overview of 1999 2002 Tobacco Control (FCTC) came tobacco control in the 25 EU 2009 World Bank report: Curbing the WHO published the first edition of into force, using international 1998 2000 member countries plus Norway, Third edition of The Tobacco Epidemic: Governments and the The Tobacco Atlas. law to reduce tobacco use. This Studies confirmed the Iceland, and Switzerland. Atlas published by the American Rockefeller Foundation convention was initiated by Ruth harmfulness of smoking fewer Economics of Tobacco Control. Cancer Society and World Lung International Health Research Roemer in 1993. 1990s than 10 cigarettes a day. 2002 Foundation. Awards for “Trading Tobacco USA Fogarty International Centre, 2004 Cigars became fashionable again. 1999 for Health” in selected ASEAN Uganda Environment Minister Sweden Swedish International National Institutes of Health, 2006 1998 countries. allocated funding for tobacco Kahinda Otafiire announced a ban Development Cooperation Agency Second edition of The Tobacco Atlas Shafey, Eriksen, Ross, Mackay THE on smoking in restaurants, educa- “If there is anything you want to know about tobacco,- Bill Gates you 1995 WHO’s Tobacco-free Initiative research projects. can find it in The Tobacco Atlas.” is a valuable resource that illustrates (Sida) first supported tobacco published by Americanbacco Cancer Atlas tional institutions, and bars. “The To Forces International (Fight (TFI) was established. why tobacco is the world's leading agent of preventable TOBACCO 2000 death - and how we can stop it from- killing Michael one Bloomberg billion.” THIRD EDITION control projects. Society in print and online at www ATLASED Ordinances and Restrictions to South Africa Tobacco Products COMPLETELY REVISED AND UPDAT .tobaccoresearch.net/atlas. 2003 Tobacco — the only consumer product proven to kill more than half of its regular users — is responsible for about 6 million deaths Control and Eliminate Smoking), THE TOBACCO ATLAS 1998 Control Amendment Act came 2004 worldwide every year. World Medical Association One hundred million people were killed by tobacco in the 20th century. an ostensibly grassroots pro- 1999 into effect, strictly regulating Unless effective measures are implemented to prevent young people Canada Non-Smokers’ Rights from smoking and to help current smokers quit, tobacco will kill 1 billion United Nations Foundation first UK Britain’s royal family launched “The Doctors’ people in the 21st century. tobacco organization smoking and advertising. 2006 The latest edition of this groundbreaking atlas gives shape and meaning Association, founded in 1974, the to statistics about tobacco use and control. Full-color maps and graphics funded a tobacco control project. illustrate in a clear and accessible format the wide range of tobacco Manifesto for Global Tobacco Third Edition ordered the removal of its seal issues, revealing similarities and differences between countries,. and unaffiliated with the tobacco Bloombergexposing Global the behavior of the tobaccoInitiative industry. It also examines to Control.” first such association, celebrated its solutions and predicts the future course of the epidemic of approval and royal crest from : industry, established. Reduce TobaccoTopics include Use Marketingin low- and Buying influence Dr. Omar Shafey 30th anniversary. Health education and quitting Dr. Michael Eriksen 2001 Prevalence and consumption Legal regulations and litigation Gallaher’s Benson and Hedges Youth and secondhand smoking Dr. Hana Ross Religion middle-incomeHealth risks andcountries mortality launched The Framework Convention on Dr. Judith Mackay Economic costs of tobacco Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Tobacco Control Growing tobacco The future of the epidemic cigarettes by 2000. Global trade and taxation Alliance (SEATCA) formed to The tobacco industry 94 Bar Code 95