DOCSLIB.ORG

Study on Analytical Characteristics of Nicotiana Tabacum L., Cv. Solaris

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study on Analytical Characteristics of Nicotiana Tabacum L., Cv. Solaris www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Study on analytical characteristics of Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Solaris biomass for potential uses in nutrition and biomethane production Antonella Fatica 1*, Francesco Di Lucia2, Stefano Marino1, Arturo Alvino1, Massimo Zuin3, Hayo De Feijter2, Boudewijn Brandt2, Sergio Tommasini2, Francesco Fantuz4 & Elisabetta Salimei 1 In order to limit the smoking tobacco sector crisis, a new non-GMO Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Solaris was proposed as oil seed crop. Residues of oil extraction were successfully used in swine nutrition. The aim of this study was to explore the full potential of this innovative tobacco cultivar as multitasking feedstock non interfering with the food chain. In the triennium 2016–2018, samples from whole plant, inforescence and stem-leaf biomass were collected in three experimental sites and analysed for chemical constituents, including fbre fractions, sugars and starch, macro-minerals and total alkaloids. The KOH soluble protein content and the amino-acid profle were also investigated as well as the biochemical methane potential. All the analyses were performed according to ofcial methods and results were compared with values reported in literature for conventional lignocellulosic crops and agro-industry residues. The average protein content, ranging from 16.01 to 18.98 g 100 g−1 dry matter respectively for stem-leaf and whole plant samples, and their amino-acid profle are consistent with values reported for standard grass plant. These fndings suggest the potential use of cv. Solaris in industrial food formulations. Moreover, considering the average content of both fbre available for fermentations (72.6% of Neutral Detergent Fibre) and oils and fats (7.92 g 100 g−1 dry matter), the whole plant biomass of cv. Solaris showed good attitude to anaerobic fermentation, confrmed by the biochemical methane potential of whole plant (168 Nm3 t−1 organic matter). Similarly, results allow to defne the cv. Solaris biomass as a good quality forage apt to ensiling for its chemical composition. The low total alkaloids content of cv. Solaris, in average 0.3 g 100 g−1 dry matter, was previously reported not to afect growth performances and welfare traits of dairy heifers. These are the frst results showing the multitasking potential use of cv. Solaris biomass, that could allow the recovery of tobacco cultivation know-how especially in marginal areas. Te European Nicotiana tabacum L. cultivation has decreased considerably in recent years because restriction of subsidies1 and smoking tobacco production is reported to account for about 219,243 tons2. Italy is the largest tobacco producer in the European Union, with an amount of 21% of the total European tobacco production2. However, in Italy the crisis of the sector is particularly serious, with a reduction of both the production (from 110,000 tons in the 2007 to 46,060 in the 2017) and the cultivated areas, reduced from 32,000 hectares in 2007 to 14,548 hectares in 20172. Tobacco cultivation in Italy is concentrated in Campania, Umbria, Veneto and Toscana regions, where a strong cultivation know-how is available in terms of both technique and agricultural machinery. 1Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente, Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco De Sanctis, 1, Campobasso, 86100, Italy. 2Sunchem BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 3Agronomist Consultant, Pordenone, Italy. 4Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy. *email: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2019) 9:16828 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53237-8 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Figure 1. Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Solaris (lef) with reduced size and elevated number of fowers compared to traditional cultivar of smoking tobacco (right). In order to limit the crisis afecting the tobacco sector in Italy, thanks to 15 years of research, a new cultivar of Nicotiana tabacum L. was developed for maximizing the production of seeds with high content of oil used as bio- fuel or biomass source1. Tis cultivar, named Solaris, is a non-GMO developed and patented as “energy tobacco” (PCT/IB/2007/053412)3,4, registered in 119 countries and granted in over 75 countries, including USA, all Africa, EuroAsia, Italy, Russia and Australia. Te genetic improvement was addressed to a sustainable industrial “no food” culture, having no competition with plants produced as food for humans or animals. Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Solaris compared with smoking tobacco varieties contains low levels of nicotine and maximizes the production of fowers/seeds, reducing leaf growth (Fig. 1). Te industrial uses of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Solaris as energy biomass were frstly reported by Grisan and colleagues1 that tested the tobacco Solaris cultivation as sustainable bioenergy chain in North and Central Italy. Te cold-press extraction from seeds showed that the content of oil, used as jet biofuel, in tobacco seeds is around 38–40% and the oil cake coproduct may be useful as a high protein and energy feed for livestock4. So, given the chemical and nutritional characteristics, the cake obtained from the extraction of oil from tobacco seeds, was successfully introduced in piglets’ diet5. Te strategy proposed by Grisan and colleagues1 included two seed harvests: the frst plant apexes collections carried out from the end of July to the frst decade of August (80–90 days afer transplanting), and the second seed harvest carried out in the second half of October (140–150 days afer transplanting) when, on the other hand, the environmental conditions can be critical. Consistently with its strong vegetative capacity and its short cultivation cycle (80–90 days the frst harvest)1, the Solaris tobacco biomass has been here investigated following an alternative strategy, i.e. 50–60 days afer the frst collection of the plant apexes (seeds), the total biomass harvesting may occur within the same vegetative sea- son. Te large amounts of biomass harvested afer the frst seed collection could be used in other sectors, such as for biomethane production6, animal nutrition or food industry, consistently with a circular supply chain (circular economy) approach. Te aspects related to alternative uses of biomass from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Solaris are at the moment unknown, therefore, aiming to contribute to the advances of knowledge on this innovative culture and its poten- tialities, the goal of the present trial was to study the chemical characteristics, including amino acid profle and mineral content, and the potential biomethane production of cv. Solaris biomass. Results were then compared with literature data on conventional plant materials used as source of biomass for nutrition, i.e. animal feeding and food supplement, and biomethane production. Materials and Methods Te study on Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Solaris biomass has been carried out during the three-year period 2016– 2018 in three sites located in Vicenza (45°17′25.4″N 11°30′09″E), Chieti (42°10′0″N 14°20′0″E) and Perugia (42°59′0″N 12°25′0″E) provinces, adopting conventional farming techniques of the areas1. Te scalar collections of ffeen cv. Solaris tobacco samples were made in years 2016, 2017, 2018 for Vicenza province, in 2017 for Chieti province and in 2018 for Perugia province. Data on thermal-pluvio-metric conditions were collected by weather stations located in Vicenza, Chieti and Perugia provinces, near the study areas. Data were provided by ARPA Veneto7, HORT@ Agrometeorological Network8 and Regional Hydrographic Service9, respectively for Vicenza, Chieti and Perugia province. As depicted in Fig. 2(a–c), in the three years study the average temperature ranged monthly from 13.6 °C to 26.1 °C during the cultivation period (May–October), when total rainfalls ranged from 2.8 to 140.2 mm. Te feld experiment was carried out in each year and site in randomized blocks with three replications. Each plot was 50 m2 for a total surface of 600 m2. Tobacco plants were transplanted afer tillage carried out by plough- ing (moldboard plow - depth of 50 cm) and followed by secondary harrowing in order to reduce the clod size. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were distributed based on the soil analysis, in total were distributed 120 kg SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2019) 9:16828 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53237-8 2 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Figure 2. Termal-pluvio-metric diagrams for 2016, 2017 and 2018 about Vicenza7 (a), Chieti8 (b) and Perugia9 (c) province. of N, 60 kg of P2O5, 70 kg of K2O by fertigation system. Insecticide products (z-cypermethrin) were buried on the ground to prevent attacks of terricolous cutworms in the transplantation stage. During the season, fungicide treatments (cooper and metalaxil) and insecticide (indoxacarb) treatments were carried out to protect the matur- ing capsules from fungal disease and bollworm. In order to compare the efect of plant density, the transplant was performed mechanically on May, with two transplanting densities, i.e. 3.6 and 4.8 plants per m2. Te plants were arranged in rows 90 cm apart and the dis- tance between the plants on the row was 31 cm and 23 cm, respectively for the 3.6 and 4.8 plants per m2 density. Te herbicide treatment was performed the day afer the transplant using a clomazone based product. Drip irrigation (about 180 m3 ha−1 per watering) was adopted and the total amount ranged from about 1000 m3 ha−1 (6 waterings) to about 1450 m3 ha−1 (8 waterings), according to weather conditions and practices in use by local farmers. Te seed harvest was carried out manually by cutting the plant apexes (mature capsules) from the end of July to the frst decade of August (80–90 days afer transplanting). Te seeds collected were weighted and seed yield recorded.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Molecular Farming: a Viable Platform for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production
    plants Review Plant Molecular Farming: A Viable Platform for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production Balamurugan Shanmugaraj 1,2, Christine Joy I. Bulaon 2 and Waranyoo Phoolcharoen 1,2,* 1 Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-2-218-8359; Fax: +66-2-218-8357 Received: 1 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 4 July 2020 Abstract: The demand for recombinant proteins in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity is increasing steadily, which is attracting global attention for the development of new recombinant protein production technologies and the engineering of conventional established expression systems based on bacteria or mammalian cell cultures. Since the advancements of plant genetic engineering in the 1980s, plants have been used for the production of economically valuable, biologically active non-native proteins or biopharmaceuticals, the concept termed as plant molecular farming (PMF). PMF is considered as a cost-effective technology that has grown and advanced tremendously over the past two decades. The development and improvement of the transient expression system has significantly reduced the protein production timeline and greatly improved the protein yield in plants. The major factors that drive the plant-based platform towards potential competitors for the conventional expression system are cost-effectiveness, scalability, flexibility, versatility, and robustness of the system. Many biopharmaceuticals including recombinant vaccine antigens, monoclonal antibodies, and other commercially viable proteins are produced in plants, some of which are in the pre-clinical and clinical pipeline.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Constituents in Leaves and Aroma Products of Nicotiana Rustica L
    International Journal of Food Studies IJFS April 2020 Volume 9 pages 146{159 Chemical Constituents in Leaves and Aroma Products of Nicotiana rustica L. Tobacco Venelina T. Popovaa*, Tanya A. Ivanovaa, Albena S. Stoyanovaa, Violeta V. Nikolovab, Margarita H. Dochevab, Tzveta H. Hristevab, Stanka T. Damyanovac, and Nikolay P. Nikolovb a Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria b Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria c Angel Kanchev University of Russe, Razgrad Branch, 3 Aprilsko vastanie blvd., 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria *Corresponding author [email protected] Tel: +359-32-603-666 Fax: +359-32-644-102 Received: 4 May 2018; Published online: 18 April 2020 Abstract Nicotiana rustica L. (Aztec tobacco) is the only Nicotiana species, except common tobacco (N. tabacum L.), which is cultivated for tobacco products. The leaves of N. rustica, however, accumulate various specialized metabolites of potential interest. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evalu- ate certain classes of metabolites (by HPLC and GC-MS) in the leaves, the essential oil (EO), concrete and resinoid of N. rustica. Three pentacyclic triterpenes were identified in the leaves (by HPLC): betulin (252.78 µg g−1), betulinic (182.53 µg g−1) and oleanolic (69.44 µg g−1) acids. The dominant free phen- olic acids in the leaves (by HPLC) were rosmarinic (4257.38 µg g−1) and chlorogenic (1714.40 µg g−1), and conjugated forms of vanillic (3445.71 µg g−1), sinapic (1963.11 µg g−1) and syringic (1784.96 µg g−1).
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practices User Guides-Health Equity in Tobacco Prevention and Control
    User Guides Health Equity in Tobacco Prevention and Control Acknowledgements This guide was produced by the Center for Public Health Systems Science (CPHSS) at the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis. Primary contributors: Laura Brossart, Sarah Moreland-Russell, Stephanie Andersen, Anne Shea, Heidi Walsh, Sarah Schell, Laura Bach, Jennifer Cameron, Anneke Mohr, Laura Edison, Megan Multack, Susan Vorkoper Valued input was provided by: Stephen Babb, Diane Beistle, Rebecca Bunnell, Gloria Bryan, Kevin Collins, Shanna Cox, Monica Eischen, John Francis, Bridgette Garrett, Carissa Holmes, Brian King, Brick Lancaster, Rod Lew, Tim McAfee, Jane Mitchko, Jeannette Noltenius, Janet Porter, Gabbi Promoff, Coletta Reid, Brenda Richards, William Robinson, Robert Rodes, Anna Schecter, Scout, Karla Sneegas, Anne Sowell Valued input for the case studies was provided by: Bob Gordon, California LGBT Tobacco Education Partnership Janae Duncan, Utah Tobacco Prevention and Control Program Other contributions: Photograph on page 12 from the collection of Stanford University (tobacco.stanford.edu) Photograph on page 14 courtesy of Jóvenes de Salud Photograph on page 15 courtesy of Counter Tobacco Photograph on page 22 courtesy of Oklahoma State Department of Health Photograph on page 32 courtesy of the Jefferson County Department of Health and the Health Action Partnership Photograph on page 34 courtesy of the LGBT Tobacco Education Partnership, California Table of Contents Guide to the Reader .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of the Solanaceae
    TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana Benthamiana
    Journal of Visualized Experiments www.jove.com Video Article Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana Juan Du1,2, Hendrik Rietman1, Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers1 1 Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University 2 Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University Correspondence to: Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers at [email protected] URL: https://www.jove.com/video/50971 DOI: doi:10.3791/50971 Keywords: Plant Biology, Issue 83, Genetics, Bioengineering, Plants, Genetically Modified, DNA, Plant Immunity, Plant Diseases, Genes, Genome, Plant Pathology, Effectoromics, Agroinfiltration, PVX agroinfection, potato, Nicotiana benthamiana, high-throughput, functional genomics Date Published: 1/3/2014 Citation: Du, J., Rietman, H., Vleeshouwers, V.G. Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana. J. Vis. Exp. (83), e50971, doi:10.3791/50971 (2014). Abstract Agroinfiltration and PVX agroinfection are two efficient transient expression assays for functional analysis of candidate genes in plants. The most commonly used agent for agroinfiltration is Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a pathogen of many dicot plant species. This implies that agroinfiltration can be applied to many plant species. Here, we present our protocols and expected results when applying these methods to the potato (Solanum tuberosum), its related wild tuber-bearing Solanum species (Solanum section Petota) and the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition to functional analysis of single genes, such as resistance (R) or avirulence (Avr) genes, the agroinfiltration assay is very suitable for recapitulating the R-AVR interactions associated with specific host pathogen interactions by simply delivering R and Avr transgenes into the same cell.
    [Show full text]
  • (PVY) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Compared to Other Sources of Resistance
    agronomy Article Resistance Response of the Recently Discovered Species Nicotiana mutabilis to Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Compared to Other Sources of Resistance Anna Depta * , Teresa Doroszewska and Anna Czubacka Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 Str., 24-100 Puławy, Poland; [email protected] (T.D.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Nicotiana mutabilis is a recently discovered species within the genus Nicotiana. The aim of the present study was to evaluate its resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Molecular analysis was performed to detect the Va gene determining susceptibility to PVY and the SCAR marker associated with resistance to TSWV. Resistance tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions through artificial inoculation with one TSWV and two PVY isolates. In order to confirm the presence of the viruses in plants, DAS-ELISA tests were performed using antibodies against PVY and TSWV. The results indicated the absence of the PVY susceptibility gene and the presence of the TSWV resistance gene in the genome of N. mutabilis. This species was considered tolerant to the two PVY isolates tested because, despite the positive DAS-ELISA results, the infected plants showed vein clearing and chlorotic spots but no vein necrosis. As a result of TSWV inoculation, N. mutabilis showed a hypersensitive response; however, after four months, 30% of the inoculated Citation: Depta, A.; Doroszewska, T.; Nicotiana Czubacka, A. Resistance Response of plants showed systemic infection. This species extends the genetic variation in the genus the Recently Discovered Species and, because of its tolerance to PVY and partial resistance to TSWV, it may be a potential source of Nicotiana mutabilis to Potato virus Y resistance to these viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • ALKALOIDS in CERTAIN SPECIES and INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS of NICOTIANA» Although It Has Been Known for Many Years That the Main Al
    ALKALOIDS IN CERTAIN SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF NICOTIANA» By HAROLD H. SMITH, assistant geneticist, Division of Tobacco Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, and CLAUDE R. SMITH, formerly chemist. Division of Insecticide Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agri- cultural Research Administration^ United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION Although it has been known for many years that the main alkaloid in the cultivated species Nicotiana tabacum L. and N. rustica L. is nicotine (C10H14N2), comparatively little analytical chemical work has been done on the wild species of Nicotiana. In 1934 Shmuk (lay stated that N, glauca contained an alkaloid other than nicotine that was not identified. The following year Smith (18) identified the principal alkaloid in this species as anabasine,beta-pyridyl-a'-piperi- dine. Concurrently, Shmuk and Khmura (17) reported that certain other species of Nicotiana contained alkaloids whose picrates had melting points different from that of nicotine, but again they were not identified. iV. sylvestris and crosses of this species with iV. tabacum were discussed in some detail. In 1937 Smith (19) determined the main alkaloid in Nicotiana sylvestris to be nornicotine (C9H12N2), and at approximately the same time Shmuk (16) reported: It is known that alcaloids differing in chemical structure are contained in different species of Nicotiana; thus, N. tabacum, N, rustica, N. alata, N. Langs- dor ffii all contain nicotine; N. sylvestris and N. Rusbyi [N, tomentosiformis Goodsp.] contain an alcaloid belonging to the secondary bases—^probably nornicotine, while N. glauca contains anabasine. Nicotine has been found also in Nicotiana attenuata (1), N, suave- olens (13) j and N.
    [Show full text]
  • TOBACCO: Historical Background, Plant Introduction & Toxicological Overview
    TOBACCO: Historical background, Plant Introduction & toxicological overview Dr Krishnadutt Chavali Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS Raipur • Tobacco was used by ancient people for both healing and blessings. • Used as a smudge… to ward off pests when the people went out to hunt and gather • Given as a gift when welcoming guests to the community and as an offering to those requested to pray or share their wisdom. In Ayurveda, tobacco is used as Ayurvedic medicine in Scorpion bite and as an antidote in poisoning by Strychnine The Plant • Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica are the commercially cultivated plants for their tobacco. • Indian tobacco refers to Lobelia inflata. • Belongs to the Solanaceae family (nightshade group of plants) • Tobacco is the most widely produced non‐ food crop in the world. The Plant • Originally a native of America but now grown all over India • Contains two active principles –Nicotine and Nicotianine • Duboisia Hopwoodii (Solanaceae) growing in Australia contains Piturine, a volatile alkaloid acting exactly like Nicotine Tobacco can be consumed in the forms of smoking, chewing, dipping or sniffing. Many people use smokeless tobacco products, such as snuff and chewing tobacco in the form of Gutkha, Khaini, Mawa, Pan masala etc. Cigarette smoking is the most popular method of using tobacco which contains more than 4000 toxic chemicals & 60 carcinogens. Nicotine • Very toxic and exists in all parts of the tobacco plant, especially in the leaves. • Colourless, volatile, hygroscopic, oily, natural liquid alkaloid, turning brown and resinous on exposure to air • Has a burning acrid taste and a penetrating disagreeable odour. Nicotine • More addictive than cocaine and heroine • First stimulates and then represses the vagal and autonomic ganglia and the cerebral and spinal centres.
    [Show full text]
  • Host List of Plants Susceptible to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (Tswv)
    630 US ISSN 0271-9916 August 1987 RESEARCH EXTENSION SERIES 078 HOST LIST OF PLANTS SUSCEPTIBLE TO TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS (TSWV) J. J. Cha, R. F. L. Mau, w. C. Mitchell, D. Gonsalves, and L. S. Yudin HITAHR COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII The Library of Congress has catalogued this serial publication as follows: Research extension series / Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agri­ culture and Human Resources.-[Honolulu, Hawaii]: The Institute, [1980- v. : ill. ; 22 cm. Irregular. Title from cover. Separately catalogued and classified in LC before and including no. 044. ISSN 0271-9916 = Research extension series - Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 1. Agriculture-Hawaii-Collected works. 2. Agricul­ ture-Research-Hawaii-Collected works. I. Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. II. Title: Research extension series - Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources S52.5.R47 630'.5-dc19 85-645281 AACR 2 MARC-S Library of Congress [8506] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank M. Barut. H. Bridgman. J. Lee. S. Matsubara. and J. Palos for their able assistance. Investigations were supported in part by the USDA/CSRS Special Grants Program in Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture No. 58-9AHZ-O-546 and Grant 84-1 from the State of Hawaii Governor's Agricultural Coordinating Committee. THE AUTHORS J. J. Cho is an associate plant pathologist. University of Hawaii. Maui County Research. R. F. L. Mau is an associate specialist in entomology. University of Hawaii at Manoa. w. C. Mitchell is a retired entomologist, University of Hawaii at Manoa. D.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco) and Its Human Use in Pleistocene North America
    First Evidence for Nicotiana (Tobacco) and its Human Use in Pleistocene North America Daron Duke ( [email protected] ) Far Western Anthropological Research Group https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-013X Eric Wohlgemuth Far Western Anthropological Research Group Karen Adams Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Angela Armstrong-Ingram Far Western Anthropological Research Group Sarah Rice HazAir D. Young Far Western Anthropological Research Group Article Keywords: Cultigens, Domestication Paths, Wishbone Site, Preservation Context, Hearth-side Activities, Deep-time Human Use, Plant Intoxicants Posted Date: January 27th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-139445/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 First Evidence for Nicotiana (Tobacco) and its Human Use in Pleistocene North America 2 Daron Duke1*, Eric Wohlgemuth2, Karen R. Adams3, Angela Armstrong-Ingram2, Sarah K. 3 Rice1, D. Craig Young4 4 1Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Desert Branch, Henderson, NV, USA 5 2Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, CA, USA 6 3Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO, USA 7 4Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Great Basin Branch, Carson City, NV, USA 8 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 9 10 Summary. Current studies on cultigens emphasize the protracted and intimate human 11 interactions with wild species that defined paths to domestication and, for certain plants, 12 profoundly impacted humanity1,2. Tobacco (Nicotiana) is one such plant. Tobacco arguably has 13 had more impact on global patterns in history than any other psychoactive substance, but how 14 deep its cultural ties trace back is widely debated. Adding to the puzzle is whether the 15 distribution of tobacco in North America occurred naturally or if humans themselves were 16 responsible for its expansion across the continent3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Model System for Tissue Culture Interventions and Genetic Engineering
    Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol 3, April 2004, pp 171-184 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)-A model system for tissue culture interventions and genetic engineering T R Ganapathi', P Suprasanna', P S Rao' and V A Bapat'? IPlant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India 2lndo-American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt Ltd, Bangalore 560 070, India Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has become a model system for tissue culture and genetic engineering over the past several decades and continues to remain the 'Cinderella of Plant Biotechnology', An ill vitro culture medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), based on the studies with tobacco tissue cultures, has now been widely used as culture medium formulation for hundreds of plant species. Studies with tobacco tissue culture have shed light on the control of ill vitro growth and differentiation. Further, induction of haploids, microspore derived embryos and selection of mutant cell lines, have been achieved successfully. Tobacco has also been employed for the culture and fusion of plant protoplasts, providing invaluable information on way to explore the potential of somatic hybridization in other crops. Optimization of genetic transformation, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, has been central to the cascade of advances in the area of transgenic plants. Developments in the field of molecular farming for the expression and/or production of recombinant proteins, vaccines and antibodies are gaining significance for industrial use and human healthcare. Keywords: genetic transformation, molecular farming, plant biotechnology, plant cell and tissue culture, recombinant proteins, tobacco IPC Code: lnt. CI.7 A 01 H 4/00, 5/00, A 61 K 35174,35176,39/002,39/02,39/12; C 12 N 15/00, 15/01, 15/05, 15/08, 15/09 Introduction fusion and plant genetic engineering, which have Advances in plant biotechnology have made a shown tremendous potential for application in crop significant impact in the area of in vitro culture, improvement.
    [Show full text]
  • An Essay on Ecosystem Availability of Nicotiana Glauca Graham Alkaloids: the Honeybees Case Study Konstantinos M
    Kasiotis et al. BMC Ecol (2020) 20:57 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-020-00325-3 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access An essay on ecosystem availability of Nicotiana glauca graham alkaloids: the honeybees case study Konstantinos M. Kasiotis1* , Epameinondas Evergetis2*, Dimitrios Papachristos3, Olympia Vangelatou2, Spyridon Antonatos3, Panagiotis Milonas4, Serkos A. Haroutounian2 and Kyriaki Machera1 Abstract Background: Invasive plant species pose a signifcant threat for fragile isolated ecosystems, occupying space, and consuming scarce local resources. Recently though, an additional adverse efect was recognized in the form of its secondary metabolites entering the food chain. The present study is elaborating on this subject with a specifc focus on the Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) alkaloids and their occurrence and food chain penetrability in Mediter- ranean ecosystems. For this purpose, a targeted liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC– ESI–MS/MS) analytical method, encompassing six alkaloids and one coumarin derivative, utilizing hydrophilic interac- tion chromatography (HILIC) was developed and validated. Results: The method exhibited satisfactory recoveries, for all analytes, ranging from 75 to 93%, and acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. Four compounds (anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, and scopoletin) were identifed and quantifed in 3 N. glauca fowers extracts, establishing them as potential sources of alien bio-molecules. The most abundant constituent was anabasine, determined at 3900 μg/g in the methanolic extract. These extracts were utilized as feeding treatments on Apis mellifera honeybees, resulting in mild toxicity documented by 16–18% mortality. A slightly increased efect was elicited by the methanolic extract containing anabasine at 20 μg/mL, where mortality approached 25%. Dead bees were screened for residues of the N.
    [Show full text]