The Effect of Aqueous Leave Extract of Nicotiana Tabacum (Tobacco) on Some Reproductive Parameters and Micro-Anatomical Architec
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Plant Molecular Farming: a Viable Platform for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production
plants Review Plant Molecular Farming: A Viable Platform for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production Balamurugan Shanmugaraj 1,2, Christine Joy I. Bulaon 2 and Waranyoo Phoolcharoen 1,2,* 1 Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-2-218-8359; Fax: +66-2-218-8357 Received: 1 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 4 July 2020 Abstract: The demand for recombinant proteins in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity is increasing steadily, which is attracting global attention for the development of new recombinant protein production technologies and the engineering of conventional established expression systems based on bacteria or mammalian cell cultures. Since the advancements of plant genetic engineering in the 1980s, plants have been used for the production of economically valuable, biologically active non-native proteins or biopharmaceuticals, the concept termed as plant molecular farming (PMF). PMF is considered as a cost-effective technology that has grown and advanced tremendously over the past two decades. The development and improvement of the transient expression system has significantly reduced the protein production timeline and greatly improved the protein yield in plants. The major factors that drive the plant-based platform towards potential competitors for the conventional expression system are cost-effectiveness, scalability, flexibility, versatility, and robustness of the system. Many biopharmaceuticals including recombinant vaccine antigens, monoclonal antibodies, and other commercially viable proteins are produced in plants, some of which are in the pre-clinical and clinical pipeline. -
Chemical Constituents in Leaves and Aroma Products of Nicotiana Rustica L
International Journal of Food Studies IJFS April 2020 Volume 9 pages 146{159 Chemical Constituents in Leaves and Aroma Products of Nicotiana rustica L. Tobacco Venelina T. Popovaa*, Tanya A. Ivanovaa, Albena S. Stoyanovaa, Violeta V. Nikolovab, Margarita H. Dochevab, Tzveta H. Hristevab, Stanka T. Damyanovac, and Nikolay P. Nikolovb a Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria b Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria c Angel Kanchev University of Russe, Razgrad Branch, 3 Aprilsko vastanie blvd., 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria *Corresponding author [email protected] Tel: +359-32-603-666 Fax: +359-32-644-102 Received: 4 May 2018; Published online: 18 April 2020 Abstract Nicotiana rustica L. (Aztec tobacco) is the only Nicotiana species, except common tobacco (N. tabacum L.), which is cultivated for tobacco products. The leaves of N. rustica, however, accumulate various specialized metabolites of potential interest. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evalu- ate certain classes of metabolites (by HPLC and GC-MS) in the leaves, the essential oil (EO), concrete and resinoid of N. rustica. Three pentacyclic triterpenes were identified in the leaves (by HPLC): betulin (252.78 µg g−1), betulinic (182.53 µg g−1) and oleanolic (69.44 µg g−1) acids. The dominant free phen- olic acids in the leaves (by HPLC) were rosmarinic (4257.38 µg g−1) and chlorogenic (1714.40 µg g−1), and conjugated forms of vanillic (3445.71 µg g−1), sinapic (1963.11 µg g−1) and syringic (1784.96 µg g−1). -
Study on Analytical Characteristics of Nicotiana Tabacum L., Cv. Solaris
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Study on analytical characteristics of Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Solaris biomass for potential uses in nutrition and biomethane production Antonella Fatica 1*, Francesco Di Lucia2, Stefano Marino1, Arturo Alvino1, Massimo Zuin3, Hayo De Feijter2, Boudewijn Brandt2, Sergio Tommasini2, Francesco Fantuz4 & Elisabetta Salimei 1 In order to limit the smoking tobacco sector crisis, a new non-GMO Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Solaris was proposed as oil seed crop. Residues of oil extraction were successfully used in swine nutrition. The aim of this study was to explore the full potential of this innovative tobacco cultivar as multitasking feedstock non interfering with the food chain. In the triennium 2016–2018, samples from whole plant, inforescence and stem-leaf biomass were collected in three experimental sites and analysed for chemical constituents, including fbre fractions, sugars and starch, macro-minerals and total alkaloids. The KOH soluble protein content and the amino-acid profle were also investigated as well as the biochemical methane potential. All the analyses were performed according to ofcial methods and results were compared with values reported in literature for conventional lignocellulosic crops and agro-industry residues. The average protein content, ranging from 16.01 to 18.98 g 100 g−1 dry matter respectively for stem-leaf and whole plant samples, and their amino-acid profle are consistent with values reported for standard grass plant. These fndings suggest the potential use of cv. Solaris in industrial food formulations. Moreover, considering the average content of both fbre available for fermentations (72.6% of Neutral Detergent Fibre) and oils and fats (7.92 g 100 g−1 dry matter), the whole plant biomass of cv. -
ALKALOIDS in CERTAIN SPECIES and INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS of NICOTIANA» Although It Has Been Known for Many Years That the Main Al
ALKALOIDS IN CERTAIN SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF NICOTIANA» By HAROLD H. SMITH, assistant geneticist, Division of Tobacco Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, and CLAUDE R. SMITH, formerly chemist. Division of Insecticide Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agri- cultural Research Administration^ United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION Although it has been known for many years that the main alkaloid in the cultivated species Nicotiana tabacum L. and N. rustica L. is nicotine (C10H14N2), comparatively little analytical chemical work has been done on the wild species of Nicotiana. In 1934 Shmuk (lay stated that N, glauca contained an alkaloid other than nicotine that was not identified. The following year Smith (18) identified the principal alkaloid in this species as anabasine,beta-pyridyl-a'-piperi- dine. Concurrently, Shmuk and Khmura (17) reported that certain other species of Nicotiana contained alkaloids whose picrates had melting points different from that of nicotine, but again they were not identified. iV. sylvestris and crosses of this species with iV. tabacum were discussed in some detail. In 1937 Smith (19) determined the main alkaloid in Nicotiana sylvestris to be nornicotine (C9H12N2), and at approximately the same time Shmuk (16) reported: It is known that alcaloids differing in chemical structure are contained in different species of Nicotiana; thus, N. tabacum, N, rustica, N. alata, N. Langs- dor ffii all contain nicotine; N. sylvestris and N. Rusbyi [N, tomentosiformis Goodsp.] contain an alcaloid belonging to the secondary bases—^probably nornicotine, while N. glauca contains anabasine. Nicotine has been found also in Nicotiana attenuata (1), N, suave- olens (13) j and N. -
TOBACCO: Historical Background, Plant Introduction & Toxicological Overview
TOBACCO: Historical background, Plant Introduction & toxicological overview Dr Krishnadutt Chavali Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS Raipur • Tobacco was used by ancient people for both healing and blessings. • Used as a smudge… to ward off pests when the people went out to hunt and gather • Given as a gift when welcoming guests to the community and as an offering to those requested to pray or share their wisdom. In Ayurveda, tobacco is used as Ayurvedic medicine in Scorpion bite and as an antidote in poisoning by Strychnine The Plant • Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica are the commercially cultivated plants for their tobacco. • Indian tobacco refers to Lobelia inflata. • Belongs to the Solanaceae family (nightshade group of plants) • Tobacco is the most widely produced non‐ food crop in the world. The Plant • Originally a native of America but now grown all over India • Contains two active principles –Nicotine and Nicotianine • Duboisia Hopwoodii (Solanaceae) growing in Australia contains Piturine, a volatile alkaloid acting exactly like Nicotine Tobacco can be consumed in the forms of smoking, chewing, dipping or sniffing. Many people use smokeless tobacco products, such as snuff and chewing tobacco in the form of Gutkha, Khaini, Mawa, Pan masala etc. Cigarette smoking is the most popular method of using tobacco which contains more than 4000 toxic chemicals & 60 carcinogens. Nicotine • Very toxic and exists in all parts of the tobacco plant, especially in the leaves. • Colourless, volatile, hygroscopic, oily, natural liquid alkaloid, turning brown and resinous on exposure to air • Has a burning acrid taste and a penetrating disagreeable odour. Nicotine • More addictive than cocaine and heroine • First stimulates and then represses the vagal and autonomic ganglia and the cerebral and spinal centres. -
A Model System for Tissue Culture Interventions and Genetic Engineering
Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol 3, April 2004, pp 171-184 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)-A model system for tissue culture interventions and genetic engineering T R Ganapathi', P Suprasanna', P S Rao' and V A Bapat'? IPlant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India 2lndo-American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt Ltd, Bangalore 560 070, India Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has become a model system for tissue culture and genetic engineering over the past several decades and continues to remain the 'Cinderella of Plant Biotechnology', An ill vitro culture medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), based on the studies with tobacco tissue cultures, has now been widely used as culture medium formulation for hundreds of plant species. Studies with tobacco tissue culture have shed light on the control of ill vitro growth and differentiation. Further, induction of haploids, microspore derived embryos and selection of mutant cell lines, have been achieved successfully. Tobacco has also been employed for the culture and fusion of plant protoplasts, providing invaluable information on way to explore the potential of somatic hybridization in other crops. Optimization of genetic transformation, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, has been central to the cascade of advances in the area of transgenic plants. Developments in the field of molecular farming for the expression and/or production of recombinant proteins, vaccines and antibodies are gaining significance for industrial use and human healthcare. Keywords: genetic transformation, molecular farming, plant biotechnology, plant cell and tissue culture, recombinant proteins, tobacco IPC Code: lnt. CI.7 A 01 H 4/00, 5/00, A 61 K 35174,35176,39/002,39/02,39/12; C 12 N 15/00, 15/01, 15/05, 15/08, 15/09 Introduction fusion and plant genetic engineering, which have Advances in plant biotechnology have made a shown tremendous potential for application in crop significant impact in the area of in vitro culture, improvement. -
An Essay on Ecosystem Availability of Nicotiana Glauca Graham Alkaloids: the Honeybees Case Study Konstantinos M
Kasiotis et al. BMC Ecol (2020) 20:57 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-020-00325-3 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access An essay on ecosystem availability of Nicotiana glauca graham alkaloids: the honeybees case study Konstantinos M. Kasiotis1* , Epameinondas Evergetis2*, Dimitrios Papachristos3, Olympia Vangelatou2, Spyridon Antonatos3, Panagiotis Milonas4, Serkos A. Haroutounian2 and Kyriaki Machera1 Abstract Background: Invasive plant species pose a signifcant threat for fragile isolated ecosystems, occupying space, and consuming scarce local resources. Recently though, an additional adverse efect was recognized in the form of its secondary metabolites entering the food chain. The present study is elaborating on this subject with a specifc focus on the Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) alkaloids and their occurrence and food chain penetrability in Mediter- ranean ecosystems. For this purpose, a targeted liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC– ESI–MS/MS) analytical method, encompassing six alkaloids and one coumarin derivative, utilizing hydrophilic interac- tion chromatography (HILIC) was developed and validated. Results: The method exhibited satisfactory recoveries, for all analytes, ranging from 75 to 93%, and acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. Four compounds (anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, and scopoletin) were identifed and quantifed in 3 N. glauca fowers extracts, establishing them as potential sources of alien bio-molecules. The most abundant constituent was anabasine, determined at 3900 μg/g in the methanolic extract. These extracts were utilized as feeding treatments on Apis mellifera honeybees, resulting in mild toxicity documented by 16–18% mortality. A slightly increased efect was elicited by the methanolic extract containing anabasine at 20 μg/mL, where mortality approached 25%. Dead bees were screened for residues of the N. -
Traditional Use of Tobacco Among Indigenous Peoples in North America
Literature Review Traditional Use of Tobacco among Indigenous Peoples of North America March 28, 2014 Dr. Tonio Sadik Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 1. Overview This literature review arises as one part of the Chippewas of the Thames1 First Nation’s (CoTTFN) engagement with the Province of Ontario regarding tobacco issues and related First Nation interests (the “Tobacco Initiative”). The specific focus of this review is on existing academic literature pertaining to the traditional use of tobacco by indigenous peoples in North America. For the purposes of this review, traditional use refers to those uses of tobacco by indigenous peoples2 that may be distinct from the contemporary commercial use of tobacco, that is, recreational smoking. Most current knowledge about tobacco is dominated by the history of European and Euro- American tobacco use, despite the fact that the growing and harvesting of tobacco by indigenous peoples predates the arrival of Europeans (Pego, Hill, Solomon, Chisholm, and Ivey 1995). Tobacco was first introduced to Europeans shortly after Columbus’ landfall in the Americas in 1492, and was likely the first plant to have been domesticated in the so-called New World. Generally speaking, indigenous peoples of North America had four uses for tobacco: for prayers, offerings, and ceremonies; as medicine; as gifts to visitors; and as ordinary smoking tobacco.3 The traditional use of tobacco can in many cases be traced back to the creation stories of a respective indigenous nation. Although the meanings associated with such stories vary, tobacco is consistently described for its sacred elements: to bring people together; for its medicinal or healing properties; or as an offering. -
1. Production, Composition, Use and Regulations
pp051-120-mono1-Section 1.qxd 29/04/2004 11:06 Page 53 1. Production, Composition, Use and Regulations 1.1 Production and trade 1.1.1 History The common tobacco plants of commerce had apparently been used for millenia by the peoples of the Western hemisphere before contact with Europeans began in 1492. The plants were cultivated by native Americans in Central and South America. Tobacco often had religious uses as depicted in Mayan temple carvings (Slade, 1997). The start of the spread of tobacco from the Americas to the rest of the world invariably seems to date back to 11 October 1492, when Columbus was offered dried tobacco leaves at the House of the Arawaks, and took the plant back with him to Europe (IARC, 1986a). Presumably, the technique of smoking was picked up at the same time. The plant was named ‘nicotiana’ after the French ambassador to Portugal, who is said to have introduced it to the French court. The tobacco grown in France and Spain was Nicotiana tabacum, which came from seed that originated in Brazil and Mexico. The species first grown in Portugal and England was Nicotiana rustica, the seed coming from Florida and Virginia, respectively (IARC, 1986a). Although claims were made that tobacco had been used earlier in China, no convin- cing documentation for this exists, but it is clear from Table 1.1 (IARC, 1986a) that tobacco was used widely and that a number of early societies discovered the effects of a self-administered dose of nicotine independently of each other, which implies that the plant was widely distributed, at least throughout the Americas. -
Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: a Review
plants Review Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: A Review Richard Hanˇcinský 1, Daniel Mihálik 1,2,3, Michaela Mrkvová 1, Thierry Candresse 4 and Miroslav Glasa 1,5,* 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (M.M.) 2 Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia 3 National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia 4 INRAE, University Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; [email protected] 5 Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +421-2-5930-2447 Received: 16 April 2020; Accepted: 22 May 2020; Published: 25 May 2020 Abstract: Plant viruses infecting crop species are causing long-lasting economic losses and are endangering food security worldwide. Ongoing events, such as climate change, changes in agricultural practices, globalization of markets or changes in plant virus vector populations, are affecting plant virus life cycles. Because farmer’s fields are part of the larger environment, the role of wild plant species in plant virus life cycles can provide information about underlying processes during virus transmission and spread. This review focuses on the Solanaceae family, which contains thousands of species growing all around the world, including crop species, wild flora and model plants for genetic research. -
Nicotiana Biotypes and Its Bearing on the Regulation of Flower Formation (Photoperiodism in Plants/Plant Tissue Culture) MANGALATHU S
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 4636-4640, May 1993 Plant Biology Flower-bud formation in explants of photoperiodic and day-neutral Nicotiana biotypes and its bearing on the regulation of flower formation (photoperiodism in plants/plant tissue culture) MANGALATHU S. RAJEEVAN* AND ANTON LANGt MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312 Contributed by Anton Lang, December 31, 1992 ABSTRACT The capacity to form flower buds in thin-layer other photoperiodic biotypes of Nicotiana, with a qual. and a explants was studied in flowering plants of several species, quantitative (quant.) photoperiodic response, and also another cultivars, and lines of Nicohana differing in their response to DNP, Nicotiana rustica. The latter was used because it was photoperiod. This capacity was found in all biotypes examined reported (5) to be recalcitrant to flower formation in vitro, and could extend into sepals and corofla. It varied greatly, explants forming only few flower buds and only after forma- depending on genotype, source tissue and its developmental tion of two leaves. We examined the capacity of the different stage, and composition of the culture medium, particularly the plants to form flower buds in thin-layer explants and its levels ofglucose, auxin, and cytokinin. It was greatest in the two variations; we discuss some of the information research on in day-neutral plants examined, Samsun tobacco and Nicohana vitro flowering provides to our understanding ofthe regulation rustica, where it extended from the inflorescence region down of flower formation in general. the vegetative stem, in a basipetally decreasing gradient; it was least in the two qualitative photoperiodic plants studied, the MATERIALS long-day plantNicotiana silvestis and the short-day plant Mary- AND METHODS land Mammoth tobacco, the quantitative long-day plant Nico- Plants and Growing Conditions. -
A HISTORY of the MEDICINAL USE of TOBACCO 1492 1860* by GRACE G
A HISTORY OF THE MEDICINAL USE OF TOBACCO 1492 1860* by GRACE G. STEWART THE history of the medicinal use of tobacco before the Civil War has apparently not been documented in a single piece of writing. Yet, a review of publications on the subject shows that this plant was long used as orthodox medicine by the members of the medical profession. It seems to me to be a useful endeavour, therefore, to give the medico-historical account of tobacco, since: (1) Tobacco is an American plant, the Indians having presented it to the rest of the world; (2) According to Webster tobacco is America's most famous plant; (3) Tobacco is probably the only plant which was ever used as the panacea of panaceas; (4) Tobacco is now, and has been through- out history, an important product of the State of Maryland; (5) Tobacco was considered to have been one of the God-sent remedies; (6) Tobacco is a subject for controversy at present over the use of the cigarette for pleasure. The hypothesis of medical men that there existed a panacea of panaceas prompted an age-long search for such a remedy. When Western European explorers of America discovered the tobacco plant, this hypothesis was one of the reasons that prompted the European medical men to seize upon the use of tobacco as medicine and subse- quently to persuade themselves that tobacco was the long-sought panacea. Their later experiments with the plant as medicine confirmed the hypothesis ofthe physicians to their own satisfaction over a long period of years.