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Sacred Smoking
FLORIDA’SBANNER INDIAN BANNER HERITAGE BANNER TRAIL •• BANNERPALEO-INDIAN BANNER ROCK BANNER ART? • • THE BANNER IMPORTANCE BANNER OF SALT american archaeologySUMMER 2014 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 SACRED SMOKING $3.95 $3.95 SUMMER 2014 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 12 HOLY SMOKE ON BY DAVID MALAKOFF M A H Archaeologists are examining the pivitol role tobacco has played in Native American culture. HLEE AS 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SALT BY TAMARA STEWART , PHOTO BY BY , PHOTO M By considering ethnographic evidence, researchers EU S have arrived at a new interpretation of archaeological data from the Verde Salt Mine, which speaks of the importance of salt to Native Americans. 25 ON THE TRAIL OF FLORIDA’S INDIAN HERITAGE TION, SOUTH FLORIDA MU TION, SOUTH FLORIDA C BY SUSAN LADIKA A trip through the Tampa Bay area reveals some of Florida’s rich history. ALLANT COLLE ALLANT T 25 33 ROCK ART REVELATIONS? BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Can rock art tell us as much about the first Americans as stone tools? 38 THE HERO TWINS IN THE MIMBRES REGION BY MARC THOMPSON, PATRICIA A. GILMAN, AND KRISTINA C. WYCKOFF Researchers believe the Mimbres people of the Southwest painted images from a Mesoamerican creation story on their pottery. 44 new acquisition A PRESERVATION COLLABORATION The Conservancy joins forces with several other preservation groups to save an ancient earthwork complex. 46 new acquisition SAVING UTAH’S PAST The Conservancy obtains two preserves in southern Utah. 48 point acquisition A TIME OF CONFLICT The Parkin phase of the Mississippian period was marked by warfare. -
19Th Century Tobacco Spreads Around the World As a Commercial Crop
86 87 BCE –19th Century Tobacco spreads around the world as a commercial crop. 6000 BCE 1493 Circa 1600 1633 1700s 1769 1800 1862 Americas First cultivation of the Christopher Columbus and his crew India Tobacco is fi rst introduced. Turkey Death penalty is imposed for Africa/Americas African slaves are New Zealand Captain James Canada Tobacco is fi rst grown US First federal tobacco tax tobacco plant. return to Europe from the Americas smoking. forced to work in tobacco fi elds. Cook arrives smoking a pipe, and commercially. is introduced to help fi nance the 1600s is promptly doused in case he is Civil War. with the fi rst tobacco leaves and Europe Snuff becomes the most Circa 1 BCE China Philosopher Fang Yizhi 1634 a demon. 1833 seeds ever seen on the continent. popular mode of tobacco use. points out that long years of smoking China Qing dynasty decrees a UK Phosphorus friction matches are Americas Indigenous Americans A crew member, Rodrigo de Jerez, is 1876 “scorches one’s lung.” smoking ban, during which a violator introduced on a commercial scale, Korea Foreign cigarettes and HISTORY begin smoking tobacco and using seen smoking and is imprisoned by Circa 1710 1771 is executed. The ban is not to protect France A French offi cial is making smoking more convenient. matches are introduced. tobacco enemas. the Inquisition, which believes he is Russia Peter the Great encourages 1603 health, but to address the inequality condemned to be hanged for Americas Huron Indian myth: possessed by the devil. his courtiers to smoke tobacco Japan Use of tobacco is well- of trade with Korea. -
Tobacco Control in Argentina: Pending Tasks to Protect Women´S Health
TOBACCO CONTROL IN ARGENTINA: PENDING TASKS TO PROTECT WOMEN´S HEALTH UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN th Pre-sessional Working Group for the 65 session (7 – 11 March 2016) STATE PARTY CONSIDERED: ARGENTINA I. REPORT FILED BY: This report was filed by FIC Argentina: Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina (Argentine Interamerican Heart Foundation), FUNDEPS (Foundation for the Development of Sustainable Policy) and the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University. FIC ARGENTINA’s mission is to promote changes in public policies in order to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs, such as cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, etc.). FIC – Argentina is an affiliate of the Interamerican Heart Foundation, an organization with a trajectory of over 20 years. Within the field of the prevention of NCDs, FIC Argentina takes different action lines to promote the design and implementation of tobacco control, healthy eating and physical activity policies with a human rights perspective. Furthermore, it also develops a variety of activities and projects to raise awareness of the importance of these measures with the final objective of protecting the right to health. The Foundation for the Development of Sustainable Policies (FUNDEPS) is a non-profit organization based in Argentina, whose work is aimed towards the development of a fairer, more equitable and inclusive society, promoting a sustainable development, respectful of human rights, through advocacy in public policies at the local, national an international levels. To achieve these goals, FUNDEPS promotes the empowerment of community stakeholders in the development process through training, lobbying, policy & research, strategic litigation and cooperation. -
Tobacco and the Developing World July 2019
ASH Fact sheet: Tobacco and the Developing World July 2019 SUMMARY • Around 1.1 billion people aged 15 and over smoke, with 80% living in LMICs (low and middle income countries). Tobacco growing and consumption have become concentrated in the developing world where the health, economic, and environmental burden is heaviest and likely to increase. • Evidence shows that the number of smokers in LMICs has been rising and is likely to continue rising without the enforcement of stringent tobacco controls. Adolescent smoking is also considerably high in LMICs, over four times the level in the UK. • The health burden of smoking is disproportionately high in the developing world. By 2030, it is estimated that tens of millions of people in the developing world would have died from tobacco consumption. The majority of child deaths from second-hand smoke also occur in Africa and South-East Asian alone. • Smoking in the developing world has been shown to reinforce poverty as already deprived smokers spend less on healthcare, children’s education, food, and clothes. • Almost all tobacco farming now takes place in low and middle-income countries. This causes massive environmental damage such as mass deforestation and air pollution, and the industry’s poor safety practices leave tobacco farmers – many of which are children – prone to developing serious life-threatening illnesses. • Transnational tobacco companies have been shown to target women and children in developing countries. They also undermine efforts to curb the harms of tobacco through litigation -
Smoking Susceptibility As a Predictive Measure of Cigarette and E-Cigarette Use Among Early Adolescents
Susceptibility to smoking in Argentina and Mexico ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL Smoking susceptibility as a predictive measure of cigarette and e-cigarette use among early adolescents Paola Morello, MD, MPH,(1) Adriana Pérez, MSc,(1) Sandra Noemí Braun, MD,(1) James F Thrasher, PhD,(2) Inti Barrientos, MBA,(3) Edna Arillo-Santillán, MSc,(3) Raúl Mejía, MD, PhD.(1) Morello P, Pérez A, Braun SN, Thrasher JF, Morello P, Pérez A, Braun SN, Thrasher JF, Barrientos I, Arillo-Santillán E, Mejía R. Barrientos I, Arillo-Santillán E, Mejía R. Smoking susceptibility as a predictive measure Susceptibilidad a fumar como medida of cigarette and e-cigarette use among predictiva del consumo de cigarros early adolescents. y cigarros electrónicos en adolescentes. Salud Publica Mex. 2018;60:423-431. Salud Publica Mex. 2018;60:423-431. https://doi.org/10.21149/9193 https://doi.org/10.21149/9193 Abstract Resumen Objective. To assess the validity of a standard measure of Objetivo. Evaluar la validez de una medida estándar de smoking susceptibility for predicting cigarette and e-cigarette susceptibilidad para predecir el consumo de cigarros con- use in a sample of early adolescents in Argentina and Mexico. vencionales y electrónicos en una muestra de adolescentes Materials and methods. A school-based longitudinal de Argentina y México. Material y métodos. Entre 2014 survey was conducted in 2014-16 among secondary students. y 2016 se realizó una encuesta longitudinal en alumnos de We analyzed students who were never smokers of regular secundarias. Se analizaron los alumnos no fumadores y que no cigarettes or e-cigarettes at baseline and who completed both habían probado cigarrillos electrónicos en la encuesta basal y surveys. -
INVOLUNTARY SMOKING Pp1189-1230-Mono2-Section 1.Qxd 30/04/2004 11:24 Page 1190 Pp1189-1230-Mono2-Section 1.Qxd 30/04/2004 11:24 Page 1191
pp1189-1230-mono2-Section 1.qxd 30/04/2004 11:24 Page 1189 INVOLUNTARY SMOKING pp1189-1230-mono2-Section 1.qxd 30/04/2004 11:24 Page 1190 pp1189-1230-mono2-Section 1.qxd 30/04/2004 11:24 Page 1191 1. Composition, Exposure and Regulations 1.1 Composition 1.1.1 Secondhand smoke During smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes and other tobacco products, in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by smokers, a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone. Once released, this stream (also known as the sidestream smoke) is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which both smokers and nonsmokers are exposed. A small additional contribution to the smoke issues from the tip of the cigarette and through the cigarette paper during puffing and through the paper and from the mouth end of the cigarette between puffs (IARC, 1986; NRC, 1986; US EPA, 1992). Thus, secondhand tobacco smoke is composed of aged exhaled mainstream smoke and diluted sidestream smoke. Secondhand tobacco smoke contains a variable proportion of exhaled mainstream smoke ranging from 1 to 43% (Baker & Proctor, 1990). Because of its rapid dilution and dispersion into the indoor environment, secondhand tobacco smoke acquires different physicochemical properties to those of mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke and the concentrations of the individual constituents are decreased. The principal physical change is a decrease in the proportion of smoke constituents found in the particulate phase as opposed to the vapour phase of the smoke. -
The Long Tobacco Road: a History of Smoking from Ritual to Cigarette
The Long Tobacco Road: A History of Smoking from Ritual to Cigarette Humans first came into contact with tobacco plants about 18,000 years ago when migrant Asiatic people first crossed the Bering Strait and spread across the continents known today as the Americas, where tobacco is native. The 18,000- year-old evolution of humans’ relationship with tobacco has seen wide dissemination both of the plant’s cultivation and of the practice of smoking, a kind of physiological stimulation long sought-after, but only relatively recently reviled—and only very recently understood at a chemical level. In fact, aside from its social aspect, tobacco has been celebrated for its medicinal and ritualistic characteristics throughout most of its history. Even to the present day, smoking—particularly that of the ubiquitous cigarette—remains pervasive in many cultures, “so commonplace as to appear a natural act” instead of, say, a bad habit (Gately 2001). But landmark scientific research begun in the 1940s detected a possible correlation between the rise in cigarette smoking and the rise in cases of lung cancer. Their conclusions would have a profound impact on the culture and politics of tobacco manufacture and advertising—and while some of the smoking public has heeded their warnings, others have been more reluctant. Lung cancer may be a troubling reality, but what of that “perfect type of perfect pleasure,” as Oscar Wilde put it? (Parker-Pope 2001). Pre-Columbian Tobacco There are 64 species of the genus Nicotiana but only two, rustica and tabacum, are used by the modern tobacco industry. The widespread cultivation of these species began as far back as 5000 B.C., and their genetic origin is the Andes Mountains near Peru or Ecuador. -
Traditional Use of Tobacco Among Indigenous Peoples in North America
Literature Review Traditional Use of Tobacco among Indigenous Peoples of North America March 28, 2014 Dr. Tonio Sadik Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 1. Overview This literature review arises as one part of the Chippewas of the Thames1 First Nation’s (CoTTFN) engagement with the Province of Ontario regarding tobacco issues and related First Nation interests (the “Tobacco Initiative”). The specific focus of this review is on existing academic literature pertaining to the traditional use of tobacco by indigenous peoples in North America. For the purposes of this review, traditional use refers to those uses of tobacco by indigenous peoples2 that may be distinct from the contemporary commercial use of tobacco, that is, recreational smoking. Most current knowledge about tobacco is dominated by the history of European and Euro- American tobacco use, despite the fact that the growing and harvesting of tobacco by indigenous peoples predates the arrival of Europeans (Pego, Hill, Solomon, Chisholm, and Ivey 1995). Tobacco was first introduced to Europeans shortly after Columbus’ landfall in the Americas in 1492, and was likely the first plant to have been domesticated in the so-called New World. Generally speaking, indigenous peoples of North America had four uses for tobacco: for prayers, offerings, and ceremonies; as medicine; as gifts to visitors; and as ordinary smoking tobacco.3 The traditional use of tobacco can in many cases be traced back to the creation stories of a respective indigenous nation. Although the meanings associated with such stories vary, tobacco is consistently described for its sacred elements: to bring people together; for its medicinal or healing properties; or as an offering. -
The Use of Tobacco
Available online at www.annclinlabsci.org 178 Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 40, no. 2, 2010 A Note from History: The Use of Tobacco Steven I. Hajdu1 and Manjunath S. Vadmal2 1 Westlake Village, California 2 Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Keywords: tobacco, nicotine, smoking, cigarettes, bronchiogenic carcinoma, history of medicine There is no written record in reference to tobacco in the throat, and mental depression. Decanted prior to the 15th century. However, it is generally liquor of boiled tobacco was used internally to treat acknowledged that indigenous Americans used indigestion, aches in the belly, and urinary tobacco as a medicine and smoked tobacco. In obstruction. Ashes of burned tobacco were mixed 1492, Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) and his with hog grease and applied as an ointment to crew, when returning to Europe from the Americas, ulcerated skin, warts, and dermal cancer. Smoking brought the first tobacco leaves and seeds into tobacco was claimed to improve body odor and to Europe. In 1560, Jean Nicot (1530-1600), French prevent the plague. Persons of all ages and classes diplomat and importer, introduced tobacco in smoked excessively during the great epidemics. France and Portugal. By the end of the 16th Smoking tobacco was believed to calm the nerves century, tobacco use had became a custom among and relieve anxiety by purging the brain. Smoke fashionable people in Europe and tobacco was blown into the ear cured earache and when applied being exported to India, China, and Japan [1,2]. to the anus relieved constipation and bloody Tobacco is an annual plant belonging to the discharge. -
1. Production, Composition, Use and Regulations
pp051-120-mono1-Section 1.qxd 29/04/2004 11:06 Page 53 1. Production, Composition, Use and Regulations 1.1 Production and trade 1.1.1 History The common tobacco plants of commerce had apparently been used for millenia by the peoples of the Western hemisphere before contact with Europeans began in 1492. The plants were cultivated by native Americans in Central and South America. Tobacco often had religious uses as depicted in Mayan temple carvings (Slade, 1997). The start of the spread of tobacco from the Americas to the rest of the world invariably seems to date back to 11 October 1492, when Columbus was offered dried tobacco leaves at the House of the Arawaks, and took the plant back with him to Europe (IARC, 1986a). Presumably, the technique of smoking was picked up at the same time. The plant was named ‘nicotiana’ after the French ambassador to Portugal, who is said to have introduced it to the French court. The tobacco grown in France and Spain was Nicotiana tabacum, which came from seed that originated in Brazil and Mexico. The species first grown in Portugal and England was Nicotiana rustica, the seed coming from Florida and Virginia, respectively (IARC, 1986a). Although claims were made that tobacco had been used earlier in China, no convin- cing documentation for this exists, but it is clear from Table 1.1 (IARC, 1986a) that tobacco was used widely and that a number of early societies discovered the effects of a self-administered dose of nicotine independently of each other, which implies that the plant was widely distributed, at least throughout the Americas. -
JAMES F. THRASHER [email protected] (803)777-4862 EDUCATION
JAMES F. THRASHER [email protected] (803)777-4862 EDUCATION PhD University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill May 2005 Health Behavior & Health Education School of Public Health MS State University of New York, Buffalo May 2000 Epidemiology MA State University of New York, Buffalo May 1994 Cultural Anthropology BA University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill May 1990 Psychology CURRENT POSITIONS & AFFILIATIONS Associate Professor 2012-present Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior 915 Greene Street, Discovery I, Room 534D Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 USA Deputy Director, Global Health Initiatives 2016-present Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Researcher and Visiting Professor 2003-present Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Av. Universidad #655, Col. Sta. Ma. Ahuacatitlán Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100 México Research Affiliate 2007-present Walker Institute of International and Area Studies University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Research Affiliate 2008-present Center for Research in Nutrition & Health Disparities University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA JF THRASHER Faculty Affiliate 2008-present Prevention Research Center University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Affiliate Researcher 2012- present Hollings Cancer Center, Cancer Prevention and Control Program Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Adjunct Associate Professor 2012- present Department of Public Health & Health Systems University of -
Scientific Programme Monday, 05 March 2018
WCTOH 2018 - 17th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, 7 - 9 March, 2018, Cape Town, South Africa Scientific Programme Monday, 05 March 2018 Page 1 / 138 WCTOH 2018 - 17th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, 7 - 9 March, 2018, Cape Town, South Africa Scientific Programme Workshop (WS) 09:00 - 17:00 Bluebell Youth Pre-Conference Workshop 07:00-08:00 REGISTRATION 08:30- 08:40 Setting the scene MCs Youth Program (Dr Helene Rossinot & Tanga Twal) WELCOMING AND OPENING GUEST SPEAKER 08:40- 08:50 Dr Inge Kleinhans, President of Youth Committee 08:50-09:00 Dr Flavia Senkubuge, WCTOH 2018 Conference President SCIENTIFIC PANEL DISCUSSION 1 09:00-10:00 Led by Prof. Marty Otañez, Professor in the Anthropology Department, University of Colorado Denver Co-chairs: Babatunde Odugbemi and Dr Joy Quah (Youth committee) Video of real life stories Topics for discussion: •Advocacy and empowermen skills for the youth •Moving forward : implementing endgame proposals 10:00- 10:30 TEA BREAK GUEST SPEAKER 10:30-11:00 Speaker: Deputy Minister of health South Africa Dr Mathume Joseph Phaahla Chair: Langa Twala (Youth Committee) SCIENTIFIC PANEL DISCUSSION 2 11:30-12h30 Led by Prof Lekan Ayo-Yusuf, Deputy Vice Chancellor, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University in Johannesburg Co-chairs: Lynn Ong and Ayobagmide Yuzzuf Faloye (Youth Committee) Topic: Insight into the scientific research field regarding the tobacco industry and current breakthroughs 12:00- 13:00 LUNCH BREAK (and writing of a statement and declaration to be delivered at the welcoming of the main conference , Youth Committee) YOUTH EMPOWERMENT AND SKILLS SESSION 13:00- 14:30 Led by Dr.