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Komposisi Jenis Katak (Anura) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Palung, Kalimantan Barat

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Komposisi Jenis Katak (Anura) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Palung, Kalimantan Barat Protobiont (2018) Vol. 7 (3) : 97 –110 Komposisi Jenis Katak (Anura) di Taman Nasional Gunung Palung, Kalimantan Barat 1 1 1 Margie Surahman , Junardi , Tri Rima Setyawati 1Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Tanjungpura, l. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, email korespondensi: [email protected] Abstract The population of frogs in Gunung Palung National Park is indicating a decline due to habitat degradation and hunting. The aim of this research is to determine the species of Anura at five habitat with using Complete Species Inventories (CSI) method combined with Time Search method. The study found 27 Anura species included in 6 families namely Megophryidae (Megophrys nasuta), Bufonidae (Ansonia sp. and A. spinulifer), Microhylidae (Microhyla malang, and M. perparva), Ranidae (Meristogenys jerboa, M. whiteheadi and Staurois guttatus), Dicroglossidae (Limnonectes leporinus and L. kuhlii), and Rhacophoridae (Kurixalus appendiculatus, Rhacophorus sp., R. gauni, and R. pardalis). Kata kunci: Anura, Hutan Kerangas, Gunung Palung, Habitat. PENDAHULUAN menurunnya populasi katak akibat rusaknya keseimbangan ekosistem dan hilangnya habitat Taman Nasonal Gunung Palung (TNGP) yang potensial bagi kehidupan katak. Hal ini pernah merupakan salah satu kawasan konservasi yang terjadi di kawasan TNGP pada tahun 2010. Menurut terdapat di Kalimantan Barat. Taman Nasional Rifanjani (2015) TNGP telah mengalami penurunan terletak di Kabupaten Kayong Utara dengan luas kerapatan hutan sebesar 29,25%. total 90.000 Ha, yang menjadi pusat penelitian flora dan fauna, yaitu Cabang Panti. Ancama lain yang dapat menurunkan populasi katak adalah perburuan. Perburuan yang dilakukan Cabang Panti (CP) memiliki luas total 2100 Ha masyarakat di sekitar kawasan umumnya dilakukan dengan 8 tipe habitat yang berbeda, yaitu habitat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari seperti hutan rawa gambut, habitat rawa air bening, aluvial, untuk kosumsi dan perdagangan. Katak memiliki batu berpasir dataran rendah, granit dataran rendah, nilai ekonomis bagi beberapa masyarakat lokal granit dataran tinggi, pegunungan (Knott, 1999) dan yaitu sebagai sumber protein hewani dan sebagai hutan kerangas (Data primer, 2016). Heterogenitas pakan hewan peliharaan. Menurut Kusrini (2008) habitat yang tinggi tersebut akan memengaruhi pengambilan anggota jenis katak dari alam secara diversitas jenis fauna yang ada di dalamnya, salah langsung untuk konsumsi memberikan sumbangan satunya adalah Amfibi atau katak (Ordo Anura). besar terhadap penurunan populasi katak di alam seperti Limnonectes macrodon. Tujuan dari Katak merupakan salah satu komponen ekosistem penelitian ini untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis yang memiliki peran penting sebagai bioindikator katak pada setiap tipe habitat di Cabang Panti (CP), lingkungan dan biokontrol populasi, seperti Taman Nasional Gunung Palung (TNGP). Leptobrachium hassetlii. Populasi katak pada habitat alaminya sering terganggu oleh aktivitas BAHAN DAN METODE antropogenik salah satunya deforestasi hutan. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian Deforestasi hutan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan November tentunya akan merusak keseimbangan ekosistem hingga Desember 2016, di Kawasan Cabang Panti, dan dapat menurunkan keanekaragaman katak pada Taman Nasional Gunung Palung, Kabupaten kawasan tersebut. Menurut Bawono & Kayong Utara. Identifikasi dan pengolahan data Mashdurohatun (2011), deforestasi hutan akibat dilaksanakan di Stasiun Penelitian Cabang Panti, penebangan liar dapat menyebabkan penurunan Kabupaten Kayong Utara dan Laboratorium keragaman flora dan fauna pada habitat tersebut. Zoologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Penebangan liar termasuk ancaman serius bagi Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA), Universitas keberadaan katak yang akan berdampak pada Tanjungpura, Pontianak. 97 Protobiont (2018) Vol. 7 (3) : 97 –110 senter, termometer, kertas pH (pH universal), Deskripsi Lokas termohigrometer, meteran, bola pimpong, Cabang Panti memiliki sebuah sungai yaitu Sungai stopwatch, spidol/tipp-ex, botol sampel, karet dan Air Putih yang mengalir melewati tujuh habitat alat tulis. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam mulai dari hutan gunung (hulu) sampai rawa gambut penelitian ini adalah alkohol 70%, kapas/tisu dan (hilir), kecuali kerangas. Hutan di Cabang Panti formalin 4%. termasuk hutan primer karena tidak ditemukan tumbuhan penutup lantai hutan kecuali hutan Metode Penelitian kerangas. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 5 habitat di Cabang Panti, yaitu habitat rawa air tawar (Stasiun I), Alat dan Bahan habitat kerangas (Stasiun II), habitat alluvial Alat - alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini (Stasiun III), habitat batu berpasir (Stasiun IV), dan adalah GPS Garmin Etrex, kamera, peta, gunting, habitat granit dataran rendah (Stasiun V) (Gambar tali rafia/pita, jangka sorong Mitutoyo absolute 1). digimatic, plastik packing, sarung tangan lateks, Tabel 1. Lokasi Habitat Stasiun Penelitian Ketinggian Stasiun Habitat Titik Koordinat (mdpl) I Rawa Air Tawar (Freshwater Swamp) 01°12′54,9′′ LS 110°06′12,5′′ BT 53 II Kerangas (Kerangas) 01°13′40,2′′ LS 110°06′07,3′′ BT 44 III Alluvial (Alluvial Bench) 01°13′28,8′′ LS 110°06′12,7′′ BT 47 IV Batu Berpasir Dataran Rendah (Low land stone) 01°13′07,7′′ LS 110°06′16,9′′ BT 53 V Granit Dataran Rendah (Lowland Granite) 01°13′09,8′′ LS 110°06′42,4′′ BT 107 Keterangan : LS (Lintang Selatan) dan BT (Bujur Timur) Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan tisu yang telah dibasahi formalin 4% selama Complete Species Inventories (CSI) (Heyer et al., 48 jam. Sampel dicuci dengan air mengalir dan 1994) yang dipadukan dengan metode Time Search direndam dalam alkohol 70%. Sampel kemudian (Kusrini, 2008). Metode ini dilakukan dengan diidentifikasi menggunakan buku Inger & Stuebing melakukan pencarian di sekitar perairan dan (1999) dan Iskandar (1998), dengan memperhatikan dibatasi selama 4 jam terhitung mulai pukul 18.00 karakter dan data morfologi tubuh, seperti Snout WIB. Pengulangan dilakukan hingga tidak ada Vent Length (SVL), panjang tungai belakang, penambahan jenis pada setiap lokasi sampling. panjang tungkai depan dan panjang kepala. Preparasi dilakukan dengan menyuntikkan formalin 4% pada bagian ventral kemudian tubuhnya ditutupi 98 Protobiont (2018) Vol. 7 (3) : 97 –110 Gambar 1. Peta Stasiun Penelitian di Cabang Panti Taman Nasional Gunung Palung HASIL individu terdiri atas 27 jenis yang termasuk dalam enam famili, yaitu: Megophryidae (tiga jenis), Komposisi dan Morfometri Jenis Bufonidae (enam jenis), Microhylidae (tiga jenis) Jenis-jenis Anura yang ditemukan di Kawasan Ranidae (enam jenis), Dicroglossidae (tiga jenis) Cabang Panti, Taman Nasional Gunung Palung dan Rhacophoridae (enam jenis). yang dilaksanakan selama 15 hari berjumlah 308 Tabel 2. Komposisi Anura Di Stasiun Cabang Panti, Taman Nasional Gunung Palung Keberadan Individu Jenis Status S I S II S III S IV S V Megophryidae Leptolalax gracillis NT - - - + + Leptobrachium abbotti LC - - - - + Megophrys nasuta LC - - - - + Bufonidae Ansonia sp. DD - - - - + A. longidigita NT - - - + - A. spinulifer NT - - - + + Ingerophrynus divergens LC + - + + + Phrynoidis asper LC + - - - - Pseudobufo subasper LC - - + - - Microhylidae Microhyla berdmorei LC + - + - - M. malang DD - + + - - M. perparva NT + + + - - 99 Protobiont (2018) Vol. 7 (3) : 97 –110 Lanjutan Tabel 2. Komposisi Anura Di Stasiun Cabang Panti, Taman Nasional Gunung Palung Keberadaan Individu Jenis Status S I S II S III S IV S V Ranidae Chalcorana megalonesa LC + + + + - Meristogenys jerboa VU - - + + + M. whiteheadi NT - - - - + Pulcharana baramica LC + + + + - P. signata LC + - + - - Staurois guttatus LC - - - + + Dicrogolssidae Limnonecetes kuhlii LC - - - + + L. leporinus LC + - + + + L. paramacrodon NT - - + - - Rhacophoridae Kurixalus appendiculatus LC + + - - - Polypedates colletti LC - + - + - P. macrotis LC + - + + + Rhacophorus sp. DD + - - - - R. gauni NT - - - + - R. pardalis LC - - + - + Keterangan: (*) Paling Banyak, (**) Paling Sedikit, dan (S) stasiun. Kategori Status Konservasi Menurut IUCN (2008) yaitu Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC) dan Data Deficient (DD). Parameter morfometri Anura yang diukur (SVL), panjang tungkai depan, dan panjang meliputi panjang kepala, Snout Vent Lenght tungkai belakang (Tabel 3). Tabel 3. Morfometri Anura di Cabang Panti, Gunung Palung Jenis SVL (mm) PTB (mm) PTD (mm) PK (mm) Asp. 22.77 (SD ± 0) 36.46 (SD ± 0) 17.59 (SD ± 0) 7.47 (SD ± 0) Al 39,92 - 56,96 (SD ± 9,77) 66,05 - 97,34 (SD ± 17,96) 33,08 - 51,76 (SD ± 9,65) 11,87 - 18,26 (SD ± 3,35) As 34,12 - 40,54 (SD ± 3,59) 58,03 - 66,78 (SD ± 4,75) 30,74 - 34,75 (SD ± 2,21) 11,47 - 12,06 (SD ± 0,30) Cm 30,29 - 50,93 (SD ± 8,57) 63,10 - 110,91 (SD ± 17,48) 24,59 - 35,00 (SD ± 4,09) 12,29 - 18,39 (SD ± 2,26) Id 33,00 - 34,92 (SD ± 5,36) 52,70 - 56,00 (SD ± 7,02) 27,90 - 29,00 (SD ± 3,20) 10,69 - 11,00 (SD ± 0,68) Ka 32,86 - 35,19 (SD ± 1,15) 48,86 - 56,56 (SD ± 2,88) 16,56 - 23,67 (SD ± 2,98) 12,49 - 14,72 (SD ± 0,89) La 35.42 (SD ± 0) 54.95 (SD ± 0) 21.96 (SD ± 0) 14.65 (SD ± 0) Lg 18,11 - 35,77 (SD ± 9,58) 26,46 - 66.78 (SD ± 21,41) 10,09 - 34,75 (SD ± 13,63) 6,05 - 12,06 (SD ± 3,23) Lk 30,10 - 52,35 (SD ± 9,55) 49,87 - 85,25 (SD ± 14,54) 21,68 - 47,72 (SD ± 9,57) 10,44 - 23,13 (SD ± 4,94) Ll 29,17 - 144,00 (SD ± 41,62) 44,68 - 235,00 (SD ± 60,24) 17,61 - 70,00 (SD ± 21,61) 13,05 - 62,00 (SD ± 16,49) Lp 22,00 - 33,67 (SD ± 24,81) 39,00 - 58,41 (SD ± 13,67) 12,00 - 19,96 (SD ± 15,37) 8,00 12,84 (SD ± 5,87) Mn 122.13 (SD ± 0) 118.91 (SD ± 0) 78.52
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