EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 13, 2279-2283 (2019)

Characteristic of water sources in Malang, based on the diversity, community structure, and the role of herpetofauna as bioindicator

Bagus Priambodo 1*, Hamri Permana 2, Farid Akhsani 1, Sri Endah Indriwati 1, Sansareeya Wangkulangkul 3, Sri Rahayu Lestari 1, Fatchur Rohman 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, INDONESIA 2 Graduate Student of Biology Education, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, INDONESIA 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, THAILAND *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract The existences of water sources have some great benefit for the human and the environment. Unfortunately, increasing human activities such as industrial activities, land-use conversion as agricultural areas, and tourist attractions are negatively affect water sources. Several water sources in Malang are reported to have decreased in quantity and quality. To conserve the water sources, the first step to overcome the decline is to examine the ecosystem with the biological indicator such as herpetofauna. We expected that each water source has specific characteristics of herpetofauna composition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate some water source characters based on the presence of herpetofauna as a bioindicator of an ecosystem. We have explored 2 water sources (Sumber Kendedes & Sumber Waras) by Visual Encounter Survey method to collect the data. We found 10 of Reptiles (Including in 6 Families; Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Elapidae, Agamidae, and Varanidae) and 5 species of (Including in 4 Families; Ranidae, Rhacophoridae, Dicroglossidae, and Bufonidae). Based on the H’ index, both water sources are categorized as a moderate level of diversity. chalconota is the most common species and dominated in both areas. Thus, C. chalconota can be an indicator that the population is in suitable habitat and supports its growth. The number of individuals is higher than the number of reptile individuals, illustrating the good condition of the ecosystem. The similar invention of Xenochrophis piscator and Bungarus candidus were occurred in both locations, point out the specific characters of the water source. The presence of an aquatic environment in water source makes and fish are well-distributed. Hence, those two snakes mainly feed on frog and fish, as the main predator. Besides, the existence of C. chalconota in the aquatic ecosystem also be a character of a water source, especially in Malang.

Keywords: aquatic ecosystem, bioindicator, herpetofauna, water source

Priambodo B, Permana H, Akhsani F, Indriwati SE, Wangkulangkul S, Lestari SR, Rohman F (2019) Characteristic of water sources in Malang, based on the diversity, community structure, and the role of herpetofauna as bioindicator. Eurasia J Biosci 13: 2279-2283.

© 2019 Priambodo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

INTRODUCTION sources from the degradation, the first step we can do was to determine the ecosystem quality. The water availability from water sources provides The interactions of physical, chemical, and biological many advantages for people and the environment aspect in the aquatic ecosystem were inconvenient and around it. According to the infrastructure development difficult to measure. Consequently, to provide qualitative and increasing population, it is necessary to maintain the information to evaluate the ecological resource, we quality and quantity of water sources, to ensure the might use the biological indicators (Philips and Rainbow availability for the supply of various types of needs 1993). Biological indicators of the aquatic and terrestrial (ESDM 2007). ecosystem areas have been widely known (Burger and Generally, the degradation of water quality and Gochfeld 2001). Organisms that could be used to be quantity is caused by human activities, such as industrial activity, and habitat alteration to be a tourist spot (Effendi 2003). Effendi (2003) explained that those activities cause disturbances, damage, and affect all living things Received: March 2019 who need water sources. In order to preserve the water Accepted: September 2019 Printed: December 2019

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 13: 2279-2283 (2019) Priambodo et al. bioindicators include microbes, plants, and (Burger and Gochfeld 2001). The presence of Herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles) in an ecosystem can be used to determine the environmental conditions (Wilson and McCranie 2003). Ecologically, herpetofauna has an important role as first consumers and the predators (Iskandar 1998). Especially amphibians are very sensitive to the environmental changes so it could help to monitor the ecosystem damage (Stebbins and Cohen 1997). The declining population and diversity of herpetofauna represent habitat alteration, climate change, disease, and species introduction (Beebee and Griffiths 2005, Gardner et al. 2007). Based on those facts, quantifying the condition of the water source ecosystem and the pattern of herpetofauna diversity is urgently required. Therefore, We aim to determine characters of water sources based on the community structure of herpetofauna as bioindicators.

METHODS This research was conducted at two Water Sources, including Sumber Kendedes in Singosari District (7° 8819442’ S , 112° 651523’ E, ± 500 m above sea level) and Sumber Waras in Lawang District (7° 844208’ S , 112° 6895819’ E, ± 400 m above sea level), Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. Visual Encounter Survey or exploration method was used to Fig. 1. The images at the field. The species information (from the left to right & from the top down): Chalcorana collect the data based on visual discovery. We have chalconota, Duttaprhynus melanostictus, Polypedates performed a community structure analyses which leucomystax, Fejervarya cancrivora, Draco volans, includes Diversity Index (H’), Important Value Index Cyrtodactylus sp., Ahaetulla prasina, and Varanus salvator (Dominance Index), and Evenness Index (E). To measure the community structure we need to 1.5 ≤ H ‘≥ 3,5 : moderate level of diversity calculate the data then obtain the Density (Di), Relative H ‘> 3.5 : high level of diversity Density (RDi), Frequency (Fi), and Relative Frequency Evenness Index was used to find out the evenness (RFi) (Krebs 1989). of each species in a community that’s found (Pielou RDi = Di/ΣD 1975). This index was calculated with the following RDi: Relative Density formula: Di: Density E = H’/ln S ΣD: Total Density E: evenness index RFi = Fi/ΣF H’: diversity index RFi: Relative Frequency ln: natural logarithm Fi: Frequency S: number of species ΣF: Total Frequency Important Value Index = RDi + RFi RESULTS RDi: Relative Density RFi: Relative Density The use of water sources for washing and tourist To gain the Diversity Index (H’), We used a Shannon- destination might affect the diversity of fauna, especially Wiener (Krebs 1989) with the following formula : herpetofauna. Our observation reveals that in total, we H’ = - Σ Pi ln Pi found 5 Amphibians (Table 1) and 10 Reptiles Species H’: Diversity Index (Table 2). The Amphibians found were Ranidae Pi: the proportion of the first species in the total ( & nicobariensis), sample Dicroglossidae (Fejervarya cancrivora), and Bufonidae Ln Pi: natural logarithm of Pi (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Whereas the Reptiles H’ Categories: found in this study are as follows: Gekkonidae (Gekko H ‘<1.5: low level of diversity gecko, Cyrtodactylus sp. & Hemydactylus frenatus),

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Table 1. List of Amphibians at both water sources scores (Table 3) meaning there is a dominating species Species Family Individuals in both locations. Duttaphrynus melanostictus Bufonidae 14 Chalcorana chalconota Ranidae 58 According to the evenness index, the important value Hylarana nicobariensis Ranidae 4 index shows appropriate results that there is a species Fejervarya cancrivora Dicroglossidae 1 that dominate the ecosystem. Chalcorana chalconota

Polypedates leucomystax Rhacophoridae 5 (will be mentioned with C. Chalconota hereinafter) was observed to be the most common species at both Table 2. List of Reptiles at both water sources Species Family Individuals locations. the dominance percentage of C. Chalconota Bronchocela jubata Agamidae 9 were 62.3% and 40.48% for Kendedes Water Source Draco volans Agamidae 1 and Waras Water Source, respectively ( ). After C. Eutropis multifasciata Scincidae 4 Fig. 2 Gecko gekko Gekkonidae 5 Chalconota, the most frequently encountered species Hemidactylus frenatus Gekkonidae 18 were Hemidactylus frenatus and Duttaprhynus Cyrtodactylus sp. Gekkonidae 5 Bungarus candidus Elapidae 3 melanostictus. Xenochrophis piscator Colubridae 6 Ahaetulla prasina Colubridae 1 DISCUSSION

Varanus salvator Varanidae 1 Two observed water sources were categorized at a Table 3. Diversity Index (H’) and Evenness Index (E) moderate level of diversity (H’). Gray (1981) showed that Location Diversity Evenness the low diversity index value at an area can be caused Sumber Kendedes 1,7 0.7 by the unequal number of individuals of each species

Sumber Waras 2,1 0.8 (Gray 1981). Our finding shows appropriate results to Grey (1981), indicate that the number of individuals was Scincidae (Eutropis multifasiciata), Colubridae unequal. (Xenochrophis piscator & Ahaetulla prasina), Elapidae Although the results of the diversity index indicate a (Bungarus candidus), Agamidae (Draco volans & moderate level, the density of amphibian individuals was Bronchocela jubata), Varanidae (Varanus salvator). higher than the number of reptiles individuals, Both water sources, Sumber Kendedes and Sumber characterizing the stable ecosystem (Muslim 2017). Waras showed the same results of H’, and categorized In the other hand, others factor that cause the decline at a moderate level with 1.7 & 2.1 scores respectively of the diversity and amphibian abundances was the ( ). Meanwhile, the evenness showed 0.7 – 0.8 Table 3 presence of fish. Holdbrook and Dorn (2016) suggest

Fig. 2. Important Value Index percentage at Sumber Kendedes and Sumber Waras

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 13: 2279-2283 (2019) Priambodo et al. that fish are negatively affect to the number of amphibian Therefore, C.chalconota population was continually individuals and the herpetofaunal diversity (Holdbrook increased and dominating these areas. and Dorn 2016). They also found that fishless wetlands The dominancy of C. Chalconota and Similar had higher herpetofaunal species richness and anuran discovery of Xenochrophis piscator and Bungarus abundance than wetlands with more fish (Holdbrook and candidus at both locations, point out the specific Dorn 2016). characters of the water source based on the presence of The existence of dominating species might affect the herpetofauna, especially in Malang. diversity and the evenness. The most common species was Chalcorana chalconota (White-lipped frog; CONCLUSIONS Schlegel,1837). C. chalconota is the Least Concerned The diversity of herpetofauna was at a moderate species (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2018), level, and there is a dominating species namely and widely distributed in Southern Sumatra, Java, Bali, Chalcorana chalconota. The herpetofauna community Thailand, and Malaysia (American Museum of Natural structure describes the condition of the water source History 2019). The population of C. chalconota were in ecosystem. Based on the community structure of suitable habitat and supports their growth. The dominant herpetofauna in Sumber Kendedes and Sumber Waras, species in a community might influence the We were determined a decreasing quality of water establishment of new species more than the species sources. It is because of anthropogenic activities, such (Gilbert et al. 2009). The large population of this species as washing and transformation of the water source as a shows that there are few predators. tourist attraction. However, the ecosystem was in stable The top predator in this area was Xenochrophis condition because the number of amphibian individuals piscator (The checkered keelback) and Bungarus was higher than the number of reptile individuals. candidus (Malayan krait). Those two species, mostly feed on fish, arthropods, and frog (Hossian 2016). In the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS aquatic environment, especially in Sumber Kenedes and Sumber Waras are well-filled by the fish. Thus, makes This research was funded by PNBP Universitas the top predators are more attracted to prey fish. Negeri Malang 2019. We thank to our research member, namely “Banyu Bening” that support the data collection.

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