A Geopolítica Da Rede E a Governança Global De Internet a Partir Da Cúpula Mundial Sobre a Sociedade Da Informação

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A Geopolítica Da Rede E a Governança Global De Internet a Partir Da Cúpula Mundial Sobre a Sociedade Da Informação Universidade de São Paulo MICHÉLE TANCMAN CANDIDO DA SILVA A GEOPOLÍTICA DA REDE E A GOVERNANÇA GLOBAL DE INTERNET A PARTIR DA CÚPULA MUNDIAL SOBRE A SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO SÃO PAULO 2008 MICHÉLE TANCMAN CANDIDO DA SILVA 1 A GEOPOLÍTICA DA REDE E GOVERNANÇA GLOBAL DA INTERNET A PARTIR DA CÚPULA MUNDIAL SOBRE A SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Geografia Humana, da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Geografia. Área de Concentração: Geografia Política Orientador: Dr. José William Vesentini SÃO PAULO 2008 2 MICHÉLE TANCMAN CANDIDO DA SILVA A GEOPOLÍTICA DA REDE E GOVERNANÇA GLOBAL DA INTERNET A PARTIR DA CÚPULA MUNDIAL SOBRE A SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Geografia Humana, da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Geografia. Área de Concentração: Geografia Humana APROVADA em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. José Willian Vesentini Instituição: FFLCH – USP Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr André Roberto Martin Instituição: FFLCH – USP Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. Hindenburgo Francisco Pires Instituição: UERJ Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. Jorge Alberto Silva Machado Instituição: EACH - USP Assinatura:___________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Franco da Silva Instituição: UFF Assinatura:___________________________ 3 Dedico esta tese ao meu marido e amigo Jorge Candido, às minhas filhas Nicolle e Natasha, ao meu filho Ricardo, à minha mãe Mauricette, a minha avó Memê, ao meu avô Zaida (in memorian), meus irmãos, a toda minha família e aos alunos e mestres da Geografia. 4 Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador Dr. José William Vesentini, pelo voto de confiança ao me aprovar no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia Humana da FFLCH, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de minha pesquisa, sempre atencioso quanto aos caminhos que deveria seguir. Ao meu co-orientador e amigo, Prof. Dr. Hindenburgo Francisco Pires, que acompanhou este trabalho desde o início e dividiu seu brilhante conhecimento sobre o tema Governança de Internet, pelo constante incentivo, sempre indicando a direção a ser tomada nos momentos de maior dificuldade, interlocutor interessado em participar de minhas inquietações. Agradeço, principalmente, pela confiança, mais uma vez depositada, no meu trabalho de tese. Ao Professor Dr. Alfredo Pereira de Queiroz Filho e Profa. Dra. Glória da Anunciação Alves, pelas excelentes sugestões por ocasião do Exame de Qualificação. Aos meus alunos da Universo, da UCAM e da Fundação CECIERJ que sempre foram incentivadores para que eu concluísse essa trajetória. Aos Pró-Reitores, Diretores, funcionários e Professores da Universo, pela torcida e compreensão. Ao Profº Dr. Carlos Alberto Franco da Silva, pelas conversas sobre os caminhos a seguir quando fui estudar na USP. Aos amigos “listeiros” da listas de discussão sobre o tema Governança de Internet ([email protected] e da [email protected]). 5 E, especialmente, ao meu marido e amigo Jorge Candido, às minhas filhas Nicolle e Natasha, meu filho Ricardo, minha mãe Mauricette, meus irmãos, minha avó Memê e a toda a minha família que sempre acreditou na conclusão deste trabalho. 6 SILVA, Michéle Tancman Candido da. A GEOPOLÍTICA DA REDE E GOVERNANÇA GLOBAL DA INTERNET A PARTIR DA CÚPULA MUNDIAL SOBRE A SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO. 2008. Tese de doutorado. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. Programa de pós-graduação em Geografia Humana, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008. RESUMO São inúmeros os países que debatem a supervisão política da Internet. Do ponto de vista geográfico, a atual supervisão, pela ICANN, reflete a centralização do poder e do controle mantido por um único país, os EUA. Este fato fragmenta os demais Estados Nacionais que buscam formar uma Governança de Internet multilateral. Uma das questões centrais que buscamos desvendar em nosso trabalho é identificar se há possibilidade de se estabelecer uma Governança Global de Internet capaz de atuar no modelo multistakeholder, ou multilateral, cuja responsabilidade governamental atua com atores da sociedade para um pacto global de Internet onde as correlações de forças se alteram de forma democrática, eqüitativa e equilibrada, igualitária com objetivo de atender as demandas da sociedade global. No intuito de verificar a constituição do modelo de governança da Internet brasileira investigamos a história da implantação da Internet no Brasil, desde instalação das redes acadêmicas não comerciais, no final dos anos 80, à formação do marco regulatório com a criação do Governo Eletrônico em 1995. Até o momento as questões geopolíticas que envolvem a Governança de Internet, a partir de um sistema internacional, demonstram que as propostas atendem a múltiplos interesses e que podem levar a conflitos, porque são de difíceis consensos e também por ser assuntos relacionados à privacidade, padrões de abertura, acesso e conectividade, multilingüismo, spam, acesso ao conhecimento, liberdade de expressão e os “Direitos e Deveres da Internet”. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho se consubstanciou na elaboração de pesquisas, levantamentos bibliográficos, 7 entrevistas e trabalhos de campo que renderam em torno de 60 horas de gravação. Buscamos ainda compreender e efetuar uma reflexão dos conceitos aplicados à Governança, enfatizando que uma Governança mundial é um conceito político- estratégico que revela grandes e difíceis questões que afetam as economias nacionais e a atual ordem mundial, com desdobramentos que irão obviamente provocar mudanças no território dessas economias. A intervenção regulatória é cada vez maior no desenvolvimento das redes de comunicação que têm alcance global. Na geografia, o termo governança quando adicionado às categorias espaço e território remetem as questões e conteúdos relacionados à soberania, à geopolítica, à regulação (ordenamento) e ao controle jurídico da autoridade política estabelecida ou em exercício, que dizem respeito ao “poder para” ou ao “poder sobre”. A transição da Governança unilateral da Internet para uma Governança de Internet multilateral, baseada no modelo multistakeholder, cujo anseio visa estabelecer um novo modelo de Governança formulado por múltiplos atores, de modo transparente e democrático, assentada em princípios de cooperação concebidos de forma compartilhada, teve início a partir da Resolução 56/183 da ONU, em que todos os organismos das Nações Unidas foram convocados para contribuir para a formação da Cúpula Mundial sobre a Sociedade de Informação (CMSI), juntamente com representações da sociedade civil, de organizações não-governamentais e de organizações intergovernamentais. Em seguida a instituição do Internet Fórum Global (IGF). Este novo modelo vem sendo constituído como uma prerrogativa do exercício soberano dos Estados Nacionais, e está em fase de consolidação. Palavras-chave: Geografia. Geopolítica. Internet. Governança da Internet. CMSI – Cúpula Mundial sobre Sociedade da Informação 8 SILVA, Michéle Tancman Candido da. THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE NET AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OF THE INTERNET STARTING FROM THE WORLD SUMMIT ON THE INFORMATION SOCIETY. 2008. Tese de doutorado. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. Programa de pós-graduação em Geografia Humana, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008. ABSTRACT Many countries debate the political supervision of Internet. In the point of view of the Geography, today’s supervision, by ICANN, reflects the centralization of the power and control of one country only, the USA. This fact fragments the other National States that try to form a multilateral internet governance. One of the central questions we try to uncover in our research is to identify if there is any possibility to establish a Global Internet Governance capable to act in the multistakeholder or multilateral model, whose governmental responsibility works with society actors to an internet global pact, where the correlations of power alter in a democratic, equitative and balanced, equalitarian way with the objective of attending the demands of the global society. With aim to verify the establishment of the model of Brazilian Internet governance, it was investigated the history of the implantation of Internet in Brazil, since installation of academic non-commercial networks, in the late 80, and the formation of the regulatory framework with the creation of Electronic Government in 1995. Up to the moment, the geopolitical questions which involve the internet governance, from an international system, show that the proposes answer to multiples interests that can lead to conflicts, due to the fact that they have difficult consensus and also for being related to issues such as privacy, opening patterns, access and connectivity, multilinguism, spam, knowledge access, freedom of expression and “Internet Bill of Rights”. The methodology used in this paper was made up of research elaboration, bibliographical survey, interviews and field work, generating about sixty hours of audio record. We also tried to understand and put 9 into practice a reflection on the concepts of Governance, emphasizing that a Global Governance is a political-strategic concept that reveals huge as well as hard issues that affect national economies and today’s world order, unfolding in a way so as to cause changes in the areas of these economies. The regulatory intervention
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