Del Marketing Ecológico Al Greenwashing

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Del Marketing Ecológico Al Greenwashing ciencias económicas 16.01 / enero–junio / 2019 / páginas 9–37 / Investigación Del marketing ecológico al greenwashing: una mirada en escenarios comerciales colombianos e internacionales From Ecological Marketing to Greenwashing: a Look at Colombian and International Commercial Scenarios Do marketing ecológico ao greenwashing (lavagem verde): uma visão dos cenários comerciais colombianos e internacionais Campo Elías López–Rodríguez Luz Adriana Arévalo Corporación Universitaria Minuto Universidad ECCI, Bogotá, Colombia. de Dios (UVD), Bogotá, Colombia. E–mail: [email protected] E–mail: [email protected] Resumen Fecha de recepción: 13/11/2018 El acercamiento hacia las tendencias actuales del marketing ecológico Fecha de aceptación: 06/06/2019 por parte de las organizaciones del siglo XXI debe ser una prioridad en su direccionamiento estratégico y, más aún, con el alto grado de responsabi- lidad que las empresas deben evidenciar en sus actividades comerciales y operativas en beneficio del medio ambiente y de la sociedad. Sin embargo, ha venido apareciendo un fenómeno que está perjudicando no solo a los consumidores, sino también a las empresas, su branding y a la marca país, y es el denominado greenwashing. Desde lo anterior y por medio de un estudio de caso, en este artículo se analiza el comportamiento de organizaciones que han evidenciado prácticas tanto de marketing ecoló- gico como de greenwashing, afectando tanto positiva como negativa- mente a los consumidores, a las empresas y a la sociedad en general Palabras clave desde un escenario comercial colombiano y otro de carácter internacional. • Marketing ecológico Los resultados aportan elementos de juicio tanto a la academia como al • Greenwashing • Consumo responsable sector productivo desde el paralelo entre lo que el marketing ecológico y el • Mercados sostenibles greenwashing significan para la sociedad y la industria contemporánea. 9 ciencias económicas 16.01 / enero–junio / 2019 / páginas 9–37 / Investigación Abstract The approach to the current trends in ecological marketing must be a priority for the strategic direction of 21st century organizations, especially with the high degree of responsibility that companies should demonstrate in their commercial and operative activities for the benefit of the environ- ment and society. However, there is a phenomenon that is damaging not only consumers but also companies, their branding and the country brand: it is called greenwashing. Based on this and through a case study, this article analyzes the behavior of organizations that have carried out prac- tices of both ecological marketing and greenwashing, with both positive and negative effects on consumers, companies and society in general, from the Keywords perspective of a Colombian commercial scenario and another international • Ecological marketing one. The results provide elements to judge the academia as well as the • Greenwashing • Responsible consumption productive sector regarding what ecological marketing and greenwashing • Sustainable markets mean for society and for the contemporary industry. Resumo A aproximação às tendências atuais do marketing ecológico pelas organi- zações do século XXI deve ser uma prioridade em sua direção estratégica, e ainda mais, com o alto grau de responsabilidade que as empresas devem demonstrar em suas atividades comerciais e operacionais em benefício do meio ambiente e da sociedade. Porém, tem surgido um fenômeno que está prejudicando não só os consumidores, mas também às empresas, sua marca e a marca país, o chamado greenwashing (lavagem verde). A partir do exposto e através de um estudo de caso, neste artigo analisa-se o comportamento de organizações que têm demonstrado práticas tanto de marketing ecológico quanto de greenwashing, afetando tanto positiva quanto negativamente os consumidores, às empresas e à sociedade em geral desde um cenário comercial colombiano e outro de caráter interna- Palavras-chave cional. Os resultados fornecem elementos de julgamento, tanto para a • Marketing ecológico academia quanto para o setor produtivo, a partir do paralelo entre o que o • Greenwashing • Consumo responsável marketing ecológico e o greenwearsing significam para a sociedade e para • Mercados sustentáveis a indústria contemporânea. 10 López–Rodríguez y Arévalo / Del marketing ecológico... 1. Introducción cias teóricas de estos dos temas principales, para Entre las diferentes estrategias que pueden llevar a posteriormente analizarlos desde la metodología cabo las organizaciones para la gestión de la protec- del estudio de caso, en el que se decidió involucrar ción medioambiental, desde sus objetos sociales se algunas organizaciones reconocidas en las cuales resalta el marketing ecológico, que desde la perspec- se han evidenciado prácticas de marketing ecoló- tiva de Beltrán, Lobera, y Morales (2009) se puede gico exitosas, y de otro, actividades de greenwas- visualizar en dos enfoques: el social y el empresarial. hing que han generado controversias afectando no En el enfoque social, el marketing ecológico es una sólo a la industria sino también a las economías de parte del marketing social; en este sentido, es un los países involucrados. conjunto de actuaciones llevadas a cabo por institu- De esta forma, el presente estudio persigue ciones sin fines de lucro (administraciones, grupos mostrar hojas de ruta no tradicionales en las cuales ecologistas, asociaciones de consumidores, etcé- desaparezcan las prácticas nocivas de greenwas- tera) para difundir ideas y comportamientos desea- hing dando paso al mejoramiento del desempeño bles respecto del ambiente entre los ciudadanos y ambiental por parte de las organizaciones desde los distintos agentes. Y en el enfoque empresarial, el verdadero marketing ecológico, no sólo como el marketing ecológico es aplicado por aquellas estrategias de desarrollo corporativo para micro, empresas que adoptan un enfoque de marketing pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas, sino social para comercializar productos ecológicos. En como una labor que beneficia a la sociedad y a la los últimos tiempos se escucha constantemente economía de los países. hablar acerca del deterioro medioambiental del cual es víctima el planeta y del cual se responsabiliza a 1.1. Evolución de la producción todos los que, de una u otra forma, hacen vida sobre y consumo sostenible en el ámbito el mismo (Castellano y Soto, 2014). internacional Sin embargo, ha emergido detrás de la sombra de La posición que desde las instituciones guber- una apropiada práctica de marketing ecológico lo que namentales y organismos internacionales, así se conoce como el greenwashing, actividad que ha como desde un sector considerable de científicos, generado diversos riesgos no solo para las empresas académicos y actores sociales se ha venido mani- sino también para los consumidores. Rodríguez y festando en torno a la necesidad apremiante de Hernández (2009) mencionan que el principal riesgo cambiar globalmente los paradigmas de producción para una empresa desde el greenwashing es la y consumo por otros más eficientes y menos conta- pérdida de confianza por parte de los consumidores minantes, obedece a un proceso histórico que ha donde los buenos productos pagan las consecuencias evolucionado de manera importante en las últimas y sufren pérdida de su participación en el mercado. décadas y que ha permitido posicionar el tema Por lo anterior, el presente estudio tiene como ambiental en las agendas internacionales. principal objetivo el analizar los factores que Este proceso histórico tuvo un impulso importante intervienen en el desarrollo de las estrategias de entre los años 1960 y 1970, periodo en el que la temá- marketing ecológico y de greenwashing en esce- tica ambiental comienza a ser tratada por académicos narios comerciales regionales e internacionales. de diferentes disciplinas, quienes identificaron que Para ello, se presentará la relación de una serie varias de las causas relacionadas con diferentes enfer- de antecedentes que analizan la evolución de la medades y desastres naturales tenían un origen antró- producción y consumo sostenible tanto en el ámbito pico y se relacionaban con la contaminación del agua, nacional como internacional; asimismo, una revi- aire y suelo. Entre estos intelectuales se destacan sión bibliográfica resaltando las principales tenden- Rachel Carson con su libro Silent Spring (1960), Kennet 11 ciencias económicas 16.01 / enero–junio / 2019 / páginas 9–37 / Investigación E. Boulding (1966) con su tesis de anticrecimiento y el Desarrollo (CNUMAD) la cual publicó en 1987 el «The economics for the Coming Spaceship Earth», Paul «Informe Brundtland» que acuñaría el término Desa- y Anne Ehrlich (1970) con Population, Resources and rrollo Sostenible y que es toda «actividad que satis- Environment, Barry Commoner (1971) con su obra The face las necesidades de presente sin comprometer Closing Circle y en el mismo año Jean Dorst a través de la capacidad de las generaciones futuras para satis- su libro Avant que la nature meure. facer sus propias necesidades» (Brundtland, 1987). Siguiendo esta tendencia, en 1972 el Grupo de En 1992 se llevó a cabo en Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) Roma conformado por empresarios, economistas, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el biólogos y sociólogos publicó «Los límites del creci- Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, más conocida como miento», un informe que a partir de los resultados de la «Cumbre de la Tierra», que contó con la participa- una modelación advertía que, de persistir las tenden-
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