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Internet... the Final Frontier. Eine Ethnographie. Schlußbericht Des Projekts 'Interaktionsraum Internet. Netzkultur Und Ne View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics econstor www.econstor.eu Der Open-Access-Publikationsserver der ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft The Open Access Publication Server of the ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Helmers, Sabine; Hoffmann, Ute; Hofmann, Jeanette Working Paper Internet... the final frontier: Eine Ethnographie. Schlußbericht des Projekts Interaktionsraum Internet. Netzkultur und Netzwerkorganisation Schriftenreihe der Abteilung Organisation und Technikgenese des Forschungsschwerpunktes Technik-Arbeit-Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, No. FS II 98-112 Provided in cooperation with: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Suggested citation: Helmers, Sabine; Hoffmann, Ute; Hofmann, Jeanette (1998) : Internet... the final frontier: Eine Ethnographie. Schlußbericht des Projekts Interaktionsraum Internet. Netzkultur und Netzwerkorganisation, Schriftenreihe der Abteilung Organisation und Technikgenese des Forschungsschwerpunktes Technik-Arbeit- Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, No. FS II 98-112, http:// hdl.handle.net/10419/49813 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die ZBW räumt Ihnen als Nutzerin/Nutzer das unentgeltliche, The ZBW grants you, the user, the non-exclusive right to use räumlich unbeschränkte und zeitlich auf die Dauer des Schutzrechts the selected work free of charge, territorially unrestricted and beschränkte einfache Recht ein, das ausgewählte Werk im Rahmen within the time limit of the term of the property rights according der unter to the terms specified at → http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen → http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen nachzulesenden vollständigen Nutzungsbedingungen zu By the first use of the selected work the user agrees and vervielfältigen, mit denen die Nutzerin/der Nutzer sich durch die declares to comply with these terms of use. erste Nutzung einverstanden erklärt. Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft zbw Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Schriftenreihe der Abteilung „Organisation und Technikgenese" des Forschungsschwerpunktes Technik-Arbeit-Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung FS II 98-112 Internet... The Final Frontier: Eine Ethnographie Schlußbericht des Projekts „Interaktionsraum Internet. Netzkultur und Netzwerkorganisation" Sabine Helmers, Ute Hoffmann & Jeanette Hofmann Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Fachbereich Umwelt und Gesellschaft, TU Berlin und Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (WZB) Reichpietschufer 50, 10785 Berlin Telefon (030) 25491-0, Fax (030) 25491-684 Das vorliegende Dokument ist die pdf-Version zu einem Discussion Paper des WZB. Obschon es inhaltlich identisch zur Druckversion ist, können unter Umständen Verschiebungen/Abweichungen im Bereich des Layouts auftreten (z.B. bei Zeilenumbrüchen, Schriftformaten und – größen u.ä.). Diese Effekte sind softwarebedingt und entstehen bei der Erzeugung der pdf-Datei. Sie sollten daher, um allen Missverständnissen vorzubeugen, aus diesem Dokument in der folgenden Weise zitieren: Helmers, Sabine; Hoffmann, Ute; Hofmann, Jeanette: Internet...The Final Frontier: Eine Ethnographie. Schlussbericht des Projekts „Interaktionsraum Internet. Netzkultur und Netzwerkorganisation“ Discussion Paper FS-II 98-112. Berlin : Wissenschaftszentrum, Berlin, 1998. URL: http://bibliothek.wz-berlin.de/pdf/1998/ii98-112.pdf Zusammenfassung Das im Herbst 1998 abgeschlossene Forschungsprojekt "Interaktionsraum Internet" hat sich mit den konstitutiven Merkmalen der Netzkultur und Netzwerkorganisation beschäf- tigt. Im Vordergrund des Interesses stand das dynamische Zusammenspiel technischer und gesellschaftlicher Konventionen in der Organisation wie auch im Wandel des Netzes. Die ethnographisch angeleitete Binnenperspektive auf das Internet konzentrierte sich auf drei ausgewählte Bereiche, um Prozesse der Institutionenbildung und die Formen ihrer Transformation zu studieren: die hegemoniale Betriebstechnik der Netzknoten (UNIX), die grundlegende Übertragungstechnik im Netz (das Internet Protokoll IP) und einen populären Kommunikationsdienst (Usenet). Der Schlußbericht des Projekts enthält die Ergebnisse der drei Untersuchungsstränge. Gezeigt wird anhand der Entwicklung in den drei Feldern, daß sich der Wandel des Netzes weder beliebig noch anarchisch vollzieht. Das dezentral organisierte Internet beruht vielmehr auf technisch wie organisatorisch verteilten Formen der Koordination, in denen individuelle Handlungspräferenzen kollektiv definitionsmächtig werden. Abstract The research project "Interaktionsraum Internet", which completed its mission in Autumn 1998, studied the constitutive features of network culture and network organization. Special emphasis was given to the dynamic interplay of technical and social conventions regarding both the Net's organization as well as its change. The ethnographic perspective chosen studied the Internet from the inside. Research concentrated upon three fields of study: the hegemonial operating technology of net nodes (UNIX) the network's basic transmission technology (the Internet Protocol IP) and a popular communication service (Usenet). The project's final report includes the results of the three branches explored. Drawing upon the development in the three fields it is shown that changes that come about on the Net are neither anarchic nor arbitrary. Instead, the decentrally organized Internet is based upon technically and organizationally distributed forms of coordination within which individual preferences collectively attain the power of developing into definitive standards. Inhaltsübersicht Captain's Log 6 I Kulturraum Internet 12 II Regierende Techniken und Techniken des Regierens: Zur Politik im Netz 35 III Hello Usenet - Good-bye? Über das Rauschen eines Mediums 67 "Last Chance for Common Sense": Interaktionsraum Internet in der Zusammenschau 113 Literatur 117 Akronyme und Abkürzungen 117 Anhang 130 3 Inhalt Captain's Log 6 Willkommen in der Netzwelt 6 Grundlinien des Projekts 7 Erkundungen eines Neulands 8 I Kulturraum Internet 12 1 Vom Wissenschaftstempel zum Massenmedium 12 2 Unix - Live Free or Die 13 2.1 Space Travel 14 2.2 Netzwelt im kleinen und Vernetzung mit anderen 16 2.3 Familienzweige 18 2.4 Freie Softwareentwicklung 19 2.5 Der Silberjubilar 20 2.6 Fandom und Unix Kult 23 2.7 Unix User Groups 23 3 Regeln und Ordnungen 26 3. l Symbole der Zugehörigkeit 27 3,2 Maßnahmen zur Regelbekanntmachung und Durchsetzung 29 3.2 Neue gegen alte Regeln 31 4 ... Our continuing mission: To seek out knowledge of C, to explore strange UNIX commands, and to boldly code where no one has man page 4 31 II Regierende Techniken und Techniken des Regierens: Zur Politik im Netz 35 1 "Meta matters" - Die Entwicklung der Forschungsmethoden 37 2 Das Internet vor Skalierungsproblemen 41 2. l Die Konstitution des Netzes: Das Internet Protocol 41 2.2 Die Regulierung des Netzes: Die Internet Engineering Task Force 42 3 Regierende Techniken vor dem Generationswechsel 45 3. l CIDR: Die Behelfslösung 45 3.2 IP next generation: Die gute Architektur zwischen Reform und Revolution 47 3.2.1 Adreßformat I: Semantik 49 3.2.2 Adreßformat II: Adreßlängen 50 3.2.3 Adreßformat III: Raumordnungsprinzipien 51 4 "The Internet way of doing things" - Techniken des Regierens im Netz 53 4. l "Fiddling while the Internet is drowning" - Rettungsversuche statt "rough consensus" 53 4.2 IPV6: Ein neues Ordnungsmodell für das Internet 55 5 "IPv4ever"? 58 5.1 Network Address Translators - Das Netz hilft sich selbst 59 5.2. Dataflows 60 5.3 "IP Written in Stone?" 62 6 "So long, and thanks for all the packets" 65 4 Ill Hello Usenet - Good-bye? Über das Rauschen eines Mediums 67 200 hello, you can post 67 1 Das Medium als Artefakt 68 1.l Der Computer als "neues" Medium 68 1.2 Kommunikationen im und über das Usenet 70 2 "Imminent Death of the Net Predicted!" - Perioden medialer (Un-)Ordnung 71 2.l "Hello Usenet" - Die Gründerjahre 72 2.2 "The Control" - Institutionenbildung 77 2.3 "The sky is falling" - Niedergang? 81 3. "How to do things with words" - Ressourcen der Ordnungsbildung 86 4. "What's in a name ..." - Zur Toponymie des Usenet 89 4.1 "Today we have naming in parts" 89 4.2 "Grouping the Man of Steel" 92 4.3 "Hello, I'd like to have an argument" 95 5 "What about abuse of the network?" - Die Grenzen des Erlaubten 98 5. l "Cyberporn is not a real problem" 98 5.2 "Welcome to news.admin.net-abuse" 99 5.3 "Declaration of Free Speech" 101 @@ BEGIN NCM HEADERS 102 6 "Default Policy" - Handlungsrahmen und -Spielräume 106 205 closing connection - good bye! 111 "Last Chance for Common Sense": Interaktionsraum Internet in der Zusammenschau 113 Transformationsmuster 113 Governanceformen 115 Normalisierungsprozesse 115 Literatur 117 Request For Comments 126 Bookmarks 127 Akronyme und Abkürzungen 128 Anhang Projektgruppe Kulturraum Internet: Veröffentlichungen 1994-1998 130 Inhalt CD-ROM 135 5 Captain's Log Das Internet - unendliche Weiten. Wir schreiben das Jahr Eintausendneunhundertachtund- neunzig. Dies ist der Schlußbericht des Projekts "Interaktionsraum Internet. Netzkultur und Netzwerkorganisation in offenen Datennetzen". Der vorliegende Text wird begleitet von einer CD-ROM. Sie enthält unsere gesammelten Arbeiten im und über das Netz, dokumentiert in Gestalt unseres Webservers (http://duplox.wz-berlin.de). Das Kooperationsprojekt von WZB und TU Berlin wurde in den Jahren 1996-98 von der Volkswagen-Stiftung
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