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Metempsychosis (Tanasukh) in Mulla Sadra's Thought*
METEMPSYCHOSIS (TANASUKH) IN MULLA SADRA'S THOUGHT* Shigeru KAMADA** I The idea of metempsychosis (tanasukh)(1) with its complicated manifesta- tions appeared in the various aspects of Islamic thought and gave rise to heated controversies on its position in the Islamic framework among Muslim scholars. The idea can be divided into two types.(2) The first is that on its separation from a body one's soul takes a different form by its new at- tachment to another body of a higher or a lower species according to one's conduct in the life just ended. This type is found in Indian and Greek thought, which may be termed as metempsychosis in a general sense. The second is that the divine soul permeates through and indwells in all or particular existents in the physical world, which may be termed as metempsychosis in a special sense. The latter type of the metempsychosis often finds its expression in extreme Shi'te thought (ghulat) and Islamic mysticism, the manner in which it appears is that the Imam inherits a spark of the divine light (nur ilahi) through his preceding prophets or Imams from the first prophet Adam, or embodies Divinity through the incarnation (hulul) of the divine spirit in him.(3) The idea of incarnation gave birth to a series of incarnationists condemned among Islamic mystics.(4) The main purpose of this paper is to clarify Mulla Sadra's concept of metempsychosis. Mulla Sadra (d. 1050/1640) was a mystic philosopher in Safavid Iran.(5) First we would like to survey the common understanding of metempsychosis in Islam before our reading of Mulla Sadra's text. -
Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : the Role of Al-Azhar, Al-Medina and Al-Mustafa Masooda Bano Editor
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eCommons@AKU eCommons@AKU Exploring Muslim Contexts ISMC Series 3-2015 Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Masooda Bano Editor Keiko Sakurai Editor Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc Recommended Citation Bano, M. , Sakurai, K. (Eds.). (2015). Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Vol. 7, p. 242. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc/9 Shaping Global Islamic Discourses Exploring Muslim Contexts Series Editor: Farouk Topan Books in the series include Development Models in Muslim Contexts: Chinese, “Islamic” and Neo-liberal Alternatives Edited by Robert Springborg The Challenge of Pluralism: Paradigms from Muslim Contexts Edited by Abdou Filali-Ansary and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed Ethnographies of Islam: Ritual Performances and Everyday Practices Edited by Badouin Dupret, Thomas Pierret, Paulo Pinto and Kathryn Spellman-Poots Cosmopolitanisms in Muslim Contexts: Perspectives from the Past Edited by Derryl MacLean and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past Edited by Sarah Bowen Savant and Helena de Felipe Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: Shariah and Legal Pluralism Arskal Salim Shaping Global Islamic Discourses: The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Edited by Masooda Bano and Keiko Sakurai www.euppublishing.com/series/ecmc -
Transnational Sufism from Below: Charismatic Counselling and The
This article was downloaded by: [Statsbiblioteket Tidsskriftafdeling] On: 17 March 2014, At: 11:10 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK South Asian Diaspora Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsad20 Transnational Sufism from below: charismatic counselling and the quest for well-being Mikkel Ryttera a Department of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Published online: 29 Nov 2013. To cite this article: Mikkel Rytter (2014) Transnational Sufism from below: charismatic counselling and the quest for well-being, South Asian Diaspora, 6:1, 105-119, DOI: 10.1080/19438192.2013.862103 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2013.862103 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. -
Reason and Rationality.Qxp Reason and Rationality
Reason and Rationality in the Qur’an by ibrahim kalin THE ROYAL ISLAMIC STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE AMMAN Reason and Rationality in the Qur’an by ibrahim kalin THE ROYAL ISLAMIC STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE AMMAN krm monograph series no.10 Kalam Research & Media P.O. Box 78000, Abu Dhabi, UAE Tel: +971 (2)4475195 Fax: +971 (2)4475194 www.kalamresearch.com [email protected] Text © June 2015. Ibrahim Kalin. All rights reserved. Monograph Design © Kalam Research & Media. January 2016. All rights reserved. This monograph edition is published in collaboration with The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, Amman, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the author. The views expressed by the author in the KRM Monograph Series do not necessarily reflect those of Kalam Research & Media or its Advisory Board. Cover Image © Sohail Nakhooda /Kalam Research & Media Design by Sohail Nakhooda at Kalam Research & Media, Dubai. Typesetting by Integra, India. Printed in the UAE. Contents Foreword by Paul A.-Hardy v reason and rationality in the qur’an Introduction 1 The Modern Context: The Enlightenment Reason 3 Ratio and Intellectus 6 The Ontological Ground of Qur’anic Rationality 7 Reason and Thinking in Context 10 The Vocabulary of Thinking in the Qur’an 12 Reason, Heart, and the Human Conscience 13 Reason, Existence, and the Universe 17 Rationality and Morality 21 Rationality as Coherence 23 Conclusion: Is Return to Reason Still Possible? 24 About the Author 27 Foreword by Paul-A. -
Existence and Essence in Mulla Sadra's Ontology
Philosophy Study, July 2019, Vol. 9, No. 7, 399-407 doi: 10.17265/2159-5313/2019.07.003 D D AV I D PUBLISHING Existence and Essence in Mulla Sadra’s Ontology Muhammad Kamal The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia This paper examines the relationship between existence and essence in Mulla Sadra’s ontology. It analyses his arguments against the possibility of a real distinction between existence and essence of the existing entities in the world, which is advocated by Ibn Sina, and then explicates how Mulla Sadra after rejecting Ibn Sina’s notion of the real distinction interprets the ontological difference between reality and the possible world by reflecting on his doctrines of the principality of existence (asālat al-wujūd) and the gradation of the reality of existence (tashkīk al-wujūd), rather than existence-essence dichotomy. Keywords: ontology, existence, essence, accidentality of existence, unity, multiplicity Introduction Perhaps the most prominent doctrine in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy is that of the principality of “existence”. 1 This doctrine is a clear departure from another metaphysical position of Suhrawardi’s essentialism and Muslim Aristotelian Neo-Platonist thinkers, such as Ibn Sina (980-1037). Contrary to Suhrawardi (1154-1191), Mulla Sadra rejects the idea of the non-reality of existence and this rejection, as described by him, is the outcome of a mystical experience or a spiritual journey from the dark abode of illusion to the vision of the truth. Mulla Sadra’s ontology, henceforth, can be rightly understood in opposition to Suhrawardi’s metaphysical position, in which the principality of essence has become its salient feature. -
Sadra's Interpretation of Change
Open Journal of Philosophy 2013. Vol.3, No.1, 55-62 Published Online February 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojpp) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2013.31009 Dressing after Dressing: Sadra’s Interpretation of Change Muhammad Kamal Asia Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Email: [email protected] Received October 22nd, 2012; revised November 25th, 2012; accepted December 10th, 2012 This paper deals with the doctrine of transubstantial change advocated by Mulla Sadra in which sub- stances as well as accidents are thought to be in constant and gradual change. Against Aristotle’s doctrine of accidental change, Mulla Sadra argues that no stable ground can bring about change and since sub- stance is renewable it cannot carry identity of a changing existent. Here we investigate whether identity is possible or not. If it is possible then what becomes a ground for establishing identity of changing sub- stances. Keywords: Ontology; Existence; Essence; Change; Substantial Change; Accidental Change; Identity and Difference Sadra’s Ontology Contrary to Suhrawardi’s ontological position, Mulla Sadra does not accept the idea that “Existence” is unreal or that it is a While Muslim Peripatetic thinkers under the influence of mental concept. For him, “Existence” is an objective reality and Aristotle accepted change in accidents, Mulla Sadra insisted on the principle of all things. Its reality encompasses the lowest change in substance. For him, change in accidents is thinkable and the highest. At the highest it is the existence of the Nece- when substance undergoes change and transformed. Here I ssary Being. -
Causality and Freedom 2012
FREEDOM AND CAUSALITY IN CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC & WESTERN PHILOSOPHY Mohsen Mohammadi Araghi CAUSALITY AND FREEDOM 2012 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 3 PART (1) THE BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY .................... 22 1. CAUSE ................................................................................................................................................... 26 2. NECESSITY OR THE NECESSITY OF EXISTENCE .............................................................. 32 3. FREEDOM ........................................................................................................................................... 35 A BRIEF HISTORY of ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATES ................................................... 39 1. Divine Essence Monotheism (Unity In God’s Essence) .................................................. 43 2. Divine Attribute Monotheism (Unity In God’s Attributes) ........................................... 44 3. Divine Act Monotheism (Unity Of Divine Act) .................................................................... 48 PART (2) FREEWILL AND CAUSALITY in THE CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY .................................................................................................................................................... 66 A. THE THEORY OF NECESSITY ......................................................................................................... -
Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals:Shared Knowledge and Connective Systems Francis Robinson the Boundaries of Modern Nation-States An
.. Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals:Shared knowledge and connective Systems Francis Robinson The boundaries of modern nation-states and the blinkered view of area studies scholarship have tended to obscure both important areas of shared experience and significant systems of connection between the Middle East and South Asia. If this is true of the structural characteristics of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires, of the ways in which their local, regional and imperial systems were articulated, and if this is also true of their commercial organisation and techniques of trade, this is no less true of the content of their systems of formal learning, of the nature of their major sources of esoteric understanding, and of the ways in which they were linked by the connective systems of learned and holy men. By comparing the curriculums taught in the madrasas of the three empires up to the end of the seventeenth century we will aim to reveal the differing balances maintained between the transmitted subjects (`ulum-i naqliyya/manqulat) and the rational subjects (`ulum-i `aqliyya/ma`qulat). We will also examine the extent to which madrasas adopted the same texts, and even used the same commentaries and annotations. That there were shared texts and commentaries was a consequence of the travels of scholars throughout the region. Often they journeyed in search of knowledge, but they did so too in search of both patrons to sustain their work and safety from oppression. The paths they 2 followed were the channels along which ideas came to be shared; the centres at which they congregated were the places from which ideas were broadcast. -
ANNALES DU PATRIMOINE Revue Académique Consacrée Aux Domaines Du Patrimoine
ANNALES DU PATRIMOINE Revue académique consacrée aux domaines du patrimoine N° 04 / 2005 © Annales du patrimoine - Université de Mostaganem (Algérie) Revue ANNALES DU PATRIMOINE Directeur de la revue Mohammed Abbassa Comité Consultatif Larbi Djeradi Mohamed Kada Slimane Achrati Mohamed Tehrichi Abdelkader Henni Abdelkader Fidouh Edgard Weber Hadj Dahmane Zacharias Siaflekis Amal Tahar Nusair Correspondance Pr Mohammed Abbassa Directeur de la revue Annales du patrimoine Faculté des Lettres et des Arts Université de Mostaganem (Algérie) Email [email protected] Site web http://annales.univ-mosta.dz ISSN : 1112 - 5020 La revue paraît en ligne une fois par an Les opinions exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs Revue Annales du patrimoine N° 4 - 2005 Sommaire Le soufisme d'Occident dans le miroir du soufisme d'Orient Eric Geoffroy 05 Le Shaykh Ahmad Ibn Idris face aux juristes Wahhabites Abd al Wadoud Yahya Gouraud 17 L'héritage spirituel chez Massignon et Schuon Dr Patrick Laude 29 Rencontre entre intellectualité et sainteté Shaykh Abd al Wahid Pallavicini 45 René Guénon et le renouvellement de la spiritualité islamique Ahmad Abd al Qouddous Panetta 53 L'héritage spirituel d'Ibn Arabi Abd as Sabour Turrini 61 3 Revue Annales du patrimoine N° 4 - 2005 Le soufisme d'Occident dans le miroir du soufisme d'Orient Eric Geoffroy Université de Strasbourg, France Un aperçu historique nous aidera à apprécier le rôle actuel du soufisme en Occident. Le facteur le plus tangible de la pénétration progressive du soufisme est paradoxalement le colonialisme, en particulier français. Celui-ci, qui a pris toute son ampleur au cours du XIXe siècle, a coïncidé avec l'émergence d'une idéologie positiviste, et d'une civilisation de plus en plus mécaniste et matérialiste. -
The Rise and Role of Tariqa Among Muslims in Singapore
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS THE RISE AND ROLE OF TARIQA AMONG MUSLIMS IN SINGAPORE – THE CASE OF THE NAQSHBANDI HAQQANI HANISAH BINTE ABDULLAH SANI (B. Soc. Sci. (Hons.)), NUS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF MALAY STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 For Abah and Mak, with love… TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Theosophic………………………………………… 4 1.2.2 Hagiographic……………………………………….. 5 1.2.3 Ethnographic……………………………………….. 6 1.2.4 Sociological…………………………………………. 7 1.3 Significance……………………………………………………11 1.4 Methodology & Framework…………………………………...15 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Sufism pre-16th century………………………………………..22 2.2 Sufism from the 16th to 19th centuries…………………………25 2.3 Sufism from the 19th to 20th centuries…………………………29 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Sufism today…………………………………………………..35 3.2 Tariqa Naqshbandi……………………………………………36 3.3 The Naqshbandiyya in the Malay world……………………….39 3.4 Tariqa Naqshbandi Haqqani…………………………………..40 3.5 Tariqa Naqshbandi Haqqani Singapore………………………..43 3.4.1 Levels of membership………………………………..45 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 Tariqas as social movements…………………………………...49 4.2 Rise in world spiritualities……………………………………..52 4.3 Framing tariqa post 9/11 4.3.1 Struggle for the “soul of Islam”……………………....60 4.3.2 Discourses and gatekeepers…………………………..62 4.3.3 Religious Rehabilitation Group (RRG)……………….64 4.3.4 United against a common enemy……………………..68 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Authority and -
Tarihten Günümüze Sûfî-Siyaset İlişkileri
TARİHTEN GÜNÜMÜZE SÛFÎ-SİYASET İLİŞKİLERİ ENSAR NEŞRİYAT TİC. A.Ş. ® Eserin basım hakkı Ensar Neşriyat’a aittir. ISBN : 978- Sertifika No: 17576 İSLÂMÎ İLİMLER ARAŞTIRMA VAKFI Milletlerarası Tartışmalı İlmî Toplantılar Dizisi: 28 Tartışmalı İlmî Toplantılar Dizisi: 97 Kitabın Adı Tarihten Günümüze Sûfî-Siyaset İlişkileri Koordinatörler: Salih ÇİFT– Vejdi BİLGİN Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Editörler: Salih ÇİFT–Takyettin KARAKAYA Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayına Hazırlayan: İsmail KURT İslâmî İlimler Araştırma Vakfı Kapak Tasarım: Halil YILMAZ Ensar Neşriyat Baskı: Çınar Mat. Yay. San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. 100. Yıl Mahallesi Matbaacılar Caddesi Ata Han No.: 34/5 Bağcılar / İstanbul, 0212 628 96 00 Sertifika No: 12683 1. Basım Eylül 2020 / 1000 adet basılmıştır. İletişim Adresi: Ensar Neşriyat Tic. A.Ş. Düğmeciler Mah. Karasüleyman Tekke Sok. No: 7 Eyüpsultan / İstanbul Tel: (0212) 491 19 03 - 04 – Faks: (0212) 438 42 04 www.ensarnesriyat.com.tr – [email protected] TARİHTEN GÜNÜMÜZE SÛFÎ-SİYASET İLİŞKİLERİ Milletlerarası Tartışmalı İlmî Toplantı 01-03 Kasım 2019 Tayyare Kültür Merkezi - Bursa İstanbul 2020 ® Bu kitap İslâmî İlimler Araştırma Vakfı tarafından yayına hazırlanmış olup tebliğlerin ilmî ve fikrî muhteva ile dil bakımından sorumluluğu tebliğ sahiplerine, te’lif hakları İSAV’a, aittir. Toplantıyı Tertipleyenler: I- BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ Fethiye Mah., Kırlangıç Sok. 2B, 16140 Nilüfer / Bursa Telefon: (0224) 243 10 66 – 243 15 70 e–posta: [email protected] II- İSLÂMÎ İLİMLER ARAŞTIRMA VAKFI(İSAV) Kıztaşı, Kâmil Paşa Sokak, No. 5; Fatih–34080/İstanbul Tel: +90 (0212) 523 54 57 – 523 74 36 Faks: 523 65 37 Web Sitesi: http://www.isavvakfi.org – isav.org.tr e–posta: [email protected] – [email protected] KÜTÜPHANE BİLGİ KARTI: Tarihten Günümüze Sûfî-Siyaset İlişkileri / editör: Salih Çift, Takyettin Karaka- ya, İstanbul, Ensar Neşriyat, 2020, 720 s., 16x23,5 cm. -
5Adr Al-Din Al-Shirazi Was One of the Most Intellectually Inde
Hierarchies of Knowing in Mulla Sadra's Commentary on the Usul al-kafi M a r i a M a s s i D a k a k e adr al-Din al-Shirazi was one of the most intellectually inde pendent philosophers of his time. Though influenced by many , well-developed strands of thought in Islamic intellectual his 5tory—the Peripatetic and Illuminationist schools of philosophy, as well as a number of different mystical traditions, including those of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and Ibn al-cArabi—he was able to create a synthetic whole that did not merely reconcile these divergent perspectives, but rather used them as reference points for his own mystico-philosophical perspective. Mulla Sadra, however, unlike most of the mystical and philosophical thinkers who influenced his thought, was an Imami Shi i. Despite the struggles he may have had with some of the Shi i authorities of his day, the nature of which con tinue to be a matter of scholarly debate,1 he embraced the principal doctrines of the Imami school of thought, and revered the Imams as infallible sources of spiritual guidance. In this article, I explore the relationship between Mulla Sadras metaphysics of knowledge and his own Shi i confessional views through an analysis of his commentary on a major work of Shi i canonical tradition—Kulayni’s Usul al-kafi—with a particular emphasis on his commentary on the chapter entitled, “ The Superiority of Knowledge” (Fadl alJ ilm). Before turning to his commentary, however, it is useful to pres ent some of the key questions about Sadras life and thought that complicate our understanding of his adherence to the Imami Shf! school, and explain how our reading of his commentary on the Usul al-kafi might help us answer them.