Ontmoeting Met Twee Soefigroepen in Amsterdam Rond Transnationalisme

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Ontmoeting Met Twee Soefigroepen in Amsterdam Rond Transnationalisme Ontmoeting met twee soefigroepen in Amsterdam rond transnationalisme JanSietse Stilma Masterscriptie Religiewetenschappen Studentnummer 11 020 717 Begeleider: Prof.dr. Gerard A. Wiegers Tweede beoordelaar: dr. Richard L. A. van Leeuwen Amsterdam, 8 december 2016 Inhoud 1. Inleiding 1.1 Motivatie 1.2 Toelichting op de titel 1.3 Onderzoekmethoden bij soefisme 1.4 Vraagstelling en werkwijze 2. Context 2.1 Historische ontwikkeling van soefi-orden 2.2 Soefigroepen in West Europa in de 21e eeuw 3. Schatting van het aantal van soefigroepen in Amsterdam 3.1 Literatuur 3.2 Verzoek om informatie 3.3 Schatting 4. Naqsbandi-Haqqani soefigroep (Amsterdam) 4.1 Bijeenkomsten 4.2 Deelnemers 4.3 Inhoud 4.4 Transnationalisme 5. Roemi soefigroep (Amsterdam) 5.1 Bijeenkomsten 5.2 Deelnemers 5.3 Inhoud 5.4 Transnationalisme 6. Vergelijking van de Naqsbandi-Haqqani en Roemi groep 6.1 Overeenkomsten 6.2 Verschillen 6.3 Bekering 6.4 Actualiteit 7. Slotbeschouwing 8. Samenvatting 9. Bijlagen 10. Nawoord 11. Referenties 2 1. Inleiding 1.1 Motivatie. In een Oosters aandoend gebouw in de duinen van Katwijk zingen en bewegen ruim honderd mannen, vrouwen en rondlopende kinderen. Zij gaan helemaal op in de teksten die de soefi Sheikh Hassan Dyck voordraagt. Vol overgave herhalen zij de teksten wanneer dat wordt aangegeven. De sheikh begeleidt op een klein harmonium ritmisch de teksten en medewerkers bespelen een fluit, gitaar, drums of didgeridoo. Het gaat maar door, Allah-Allah, lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, hoofdstukken uit de Koran en gebeden voor vergeving, vrede en het welzijn van de wereld. Veel deelnemers dragen een witte, groene of paarse tulband. Een deelnemer danst wervelend in het rond, het hoofd gebogen als in vervoering. Er wordt eten met elkaar gedeeld in de pauze. Sheikh Hassan Dyck in de soefi tempel in Katwijk.1 Deze middag in oktober 2014 gaf mij een nieuwe prikkel om me te verdiepen in het soefisme. Ik besloot om de bacheloropleiding Religiewetenschappen, die ik na mijn pensioen had gedaan, te vervolgen met het masterprogramma Islam in de moderne wereld aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. De belangstelling voor religie - en datgene wat je met het oog niet ziet - was altijd al aanwezig. Na een protestantse opvoeding kwam ik als oogarts in ziekenhuizen in Afrika in contact met Afrikaanse religies, Presbyterianen, Lutheranen, Baptisten, Methodisten, Rooms-Katholieken, Anglicanen en natuurlijk moslims. In 2009 leerde ik in het soeficentrum de leer van de soefi Inayat Khan beter kennen en schreef daarover een Bachelor scriptie.2 Dat bracht mij op de vraag: wat doen en denken soefi’s van de islam? Toen ik mij voor het antwoord op deze vraag in de literatuur ging verdiepen, bleek dat er bij moslims die in Nederland wonen uitgebreid onderzoek is verricht naar tal van verschillende onderwerpen zoals de samenstelling, gewoontes, praktijken, integratie, moskeebezoek, begrafenisrituelen, ethiek en de rol van imams en salafisme.3 Deze onderzoeken zijn verricht door universiteiten, het Sociaal Cultureel 1 Bron https://sufipathoflove.com/activiteiten-met-sheikh-hassan-2/ bezocht 22 juli 2016 2 Stilma 2012 3 Boender 2007; Beck en Wiegers 2008, Maliepaard 2012, AIVD 2009, 2015; Heuts 2014; Kadrouch 2014 3 Planbureau, veiligheidsdienst en overheid. Opvallend is dat er weinig onderzoek is verricht naar moslim soefigroepen in Nederland, terwijl er wel soefigroepen bekend zijn.4 De doelstelling van deze masterscriptie is om twee Amsterdamse soefigroepen anno 2016 te beschrijven en te analyseren vanuit het perspectief van het transnationalisme. Daarnaast zal een schatting gemaakt worden van het totale aanbod van soefigroepen in Amsterdam. Daarmee hoop ik dat er meer begrip zal komen voor deze bijzondere groep van moslims. 1.2 Toelichting op de titel De betekenis van de woorden soefi en soefisme kent veel omschrijvingen. Een kleine samenvatting hiervan is nodig voor een wetenschappelijk onderzoek om het onderwerp af te grenzen en te duiden. Het omschrijven van het begrip soefisme. Velen vinden woorden tekort schieten omdat soefisme gaat over het geheim, het hart of het pad dat gezocht en ervaren moet worden. De soefi Rumi (d. 1273)5 zei al dat woorden niet toereikend zijn om de werkelijkheid te bevatten. Zijn uitspraak sluit aan op de Koran, waarin staat: ‘Zeg: Als de zee inkt was voor de woorden van mijn Heer, dan zou de zee uitgeput raken voordat de woorden van mijn Heer uitgeput raakten’.6 Als soefi meesters een antwoord geven, dan komt het antwoord vaak in de vorm van een Japanse ko’an, een opzettelijke paradox die bedoeld is om de luisteraar te prikkelen, om discussie op te roepen of om te zoeken naar de waarheid voorbij de rationele kennis. Enkele voorbeelden uit Mystical dimensions of Islam: ‘Sufism is not achieved by much praying and fasting, but it is the security of the heart and the generosity of the soul’ (Junayd, d. 910); ‘Sufism is to find joy in your heart when grieve comes’ (Roemi, d. 1273); ‘Sufism is the heart’s being pure from the pollution of discord’ (Hujwiri, d. 1071); ‘One mustard seed of love is better than seventy years of worship’ (Yahyā, d. 871).7 De in 2014 overleden sheikh Nazim volgt de oude meesters: ‘Sufism is the way of purifying the heart from bad manners and characteristics under the guidance of a Sheikh’.8 Wetenschappelijk omschrijving van soefisme. Het aantal studies over soefisme en islam is flink toegenomen in de twintigste eeuw.9 Het woord ‘mystical’ komt veel voor in de titels van de boeken en dit past bij de opvatting waarin soefisme gezien wordt als ‘de mystieke dimensie van de islam‘. Trimingham gebruikt als omschrijving van een soefi: ‘Anyone who believes that it is possible to have direct experience of God and who is prepared to go out of his way to put himself in a state whereby he might be able to do this’.10 Ernst citeert veel definities van soefisme en concludeert dat het begrip soefisme eigenlijk een ‘teaching tool’ is waarvan de invulling afhangt van de tijd en situatie.11 Het begrip soefisme is volgens hem voortgekomen uit de behoefte van 4 Landman 1992; Venhorst 2009 5 De d. staat voor het jaar van overlijden 6 Soerat 18:109 naar Leemhuis 1989 7 Schimmel 1975, pp. 3-23 8 https://sufipathoflove.com/sufism/ bezocht 29 juli 2016 9 Nicholson 1911; Arberry 1966; Triminhgham 1971; Gilsenan 1973; Schimmel 1975, 1992; Chittick 1998.1994,2002; Sells 1996; Ernst 1992, 1997; Knysh 2000 10 Trimingham 1971, p. 1 11 Ernst 1997, p. 24 4 de religiewetenschap om verschijnselen te beschrijven en te vergelijken, maar dit verschilt van de benadering van soefi’s zelf. Islamitische kritiek op het soefisme.12 Als Gilsenan in 1964 soefigroepen in Egypte wil onderzoeken bezoekt hij uiteraard de prestigieuze en gezaghebbende Al-Azhar universiteit in Caïro: ‘Yet the sheikhs of the great Islamic University assured me that these brotherhoods had nothing to do with Islam and that I was not only waisting my time but giving a false impression at all of what true religion is.’13 Arberry schrijft in 1950 over soefigroepen: ‘In many places, it is true, the Sufi orders continued to attract the ignorant masses, but no man of education would care to speak in their favour.14 De orthodox reformistische stroming, waartoe al-Afghani (d. 1897), Rashid Rida (d. 1935) en al-Banna (d. 1949) behoren, vindt de soefi’s niet-islamitisch vanwege hun mystieke ideeën en folkloristische praktijken.15 In Turkije zijn de soefi-orden verboden in 1925 en in Saudi-Arabië kun je anno 2016 als soefi in de gevangenis belanden omdat je afwijkt van de Wahhabitische interpretatie van de islam. Het begrip soefi-orden en soefi groepen Het ontstaan en de ontwikkeling van soefi-orden heeft een lange geschiedenis en is uitvoerig beschreven door onder andere Trimingham, Schimmel en Ernst.16 In het eerste stadium is er sprake van een eenvoudig huis (khānaqāh) waar de leerlingen bijeen zijn met hun meester voor gebed, het lezen van de Koran en het herhalen van teksten. Uit de vroege periode zijn tien regels bekend om het samenleven te reguleren.17 Deze huizen werden talrijker en groter met een aparte gebedsruimte, binnentuin, gastenkamers en keuken. Later waren deze khānaqā’s verbonden met een mausoleum, zoals bijvoorbeeld van de overleden sheikh Baibars al-Gāshankir in Caïro (1310), waar ruimte was voor 400 soefi’s. Belangrijke leiders (sheiks) ontwikkelden een specifieke lijn van het spirituele pad of een school voor begeleiding van de leerlingen (tariqa). Vier hoofdrichtingen ontstaan in elfde tot veertiende eeuw CE: de Qadiri orde, de Suhrawardi orde, de Chishti orde en de Naqshbandi orde. Inhoudelijk zijn er verschillende accenten op onder andere wervelende dans (Mevlavi), muziek (Chishti), stiltemeditatie of het overwinnen van het ego (Naqshbandi). Voor de soefi’s is de lijn of ketting van spirituele afkomst van de leider (silsila) erg belangrijk. Deze lijn is niet genetisch bepaald, al komt een sheikh wel vaak uit bepaalde families. Hiërarchie, gebaseerd op spirituele kwaliteiten van de leider en gehoorzaamheid aan de leider, vaak begonnen met een eed van gehoorzaamheid (bai’a) vormen een kenmerkend onderdeel van de soefi-orden. Het spirituele pad naar Allah kan alleen gevolgd worden onder leiding van een meester. Al-Sanusi inventariseert in 1859 40 soefi-orden over de gehele wereld.18 De soefi-orden hebben enkele algemene eigenschappen: respect en gehoorzaamheid aan een sheikh die een spirituele band heeft met voorgangers tot aan de profeet Mohammed; een zekere vorm van inwijding; overgave aan Allah; overwinning of het vermorzelen van het ego; liefde tot de medemens en verschillende rituelen 12 Massington 2016, De Jong en Radtke 1999, Radtke 2015 13 Gilsenan 2012, p. 53 14 Van Bruinessen in Masud 2012, p. 134 15 Malik, 2006, p. 10 16 Trimingham 1971 Schimmel 1975; Ernst 1997, pp.
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