Representation in Chronological Order of the Evolution and Development of Products and Artifacts Related to Mountaineering and H
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Moüjmtaiim Operations
L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot. -
Correspondence
234 CORRESPONDENCE CORRESPONDENCE . ' St. John's School, Leatherhead, Surrey Sep~ember 28, 1955. ·The Editor, the ALPINE JouRNAL. · SIR, I was much impressed by the somewhat unusual article which appeared in the May number of the A.J. entitled ' The Technique of Artificial Climbing.' At first glance it was not easy to decide· which way up some of the illustrations were meant to be. Now, Sir, while I have great respect for the achievements of the exponents of this technique, I would humbly suggest that the article in question is somewhat out of place in the ALPINE JOURNAL and would better grace the pages of an engineering journal. The methods of the ' Hammer ·and Nail Co.' to quote the words of our pre-war Editor, Lt.-Col. E. L. Strutt, are alien to the traditions of the Alpine Club and to British mountaineering generally. It used to be a point of honour never to sully the face of a British climb with a piton. Let me quote the instance of the Munich climb. The visiting party of Germans in the middle 'thirties found it necessary to insert one piton in that remarkably steep and exposed face. The climb was promptly repeated by a British party who took out the piton ! Mountaineering is a sport and not a form of war. A sport is governed by a set of rules which allows each side a fair chance. Why must we use ' all out ' methods in mountaineering ? Why not let the mountain win sometimes ? The occasional piton for security perhaps, for roping off, or when caught by bad weather, but 'tension' climbing no ; etriers no ! . -
Chapter 4 Member States of the European Union and The
CHAPTER 4 membeR StAteS oF tHe EuroPean UnioN and tHe EuroPean EcoNomic AReA 4.1 Austria ............................................. 18 4.15 Latvia .............................................. 50 4.2 belgium ........................................... 20 4.16 lithuania ......................................... 52 4.3 Cyprus ............................................. 24 4.17 luxembourg ................................... 55 4.4 Czech Republic ............................... 26 4.18 Malta ............................................... 59 4.5 denmark ......................................... 29 4.19 Netherlands ..................................... 61 4.6 estonia ............................................. 31 4.20 Norway ............................................ 64 4.7 Finland ............................................ 33 4.21 Poland .............................................. 66 4.8 France.............................................. 35 4.22 Portugal ........................................... 69 4.9 Germany ......................................... 37 4.23 Slovakia ........................................... 71 4.10 Greece .............................................. 39 4.24 Slovenia ........................................... 74 4.11 Hungary .......................................... 41 4.25 Spain ................................................ 76 4.12 Iceland ............................................. 43 4.26 Sweden ............................................. 81 4.13 Ireland ............................................ -
1 Mountains and Their Climatological Study
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68158-2 - Mountain Weather and Climate, Third Edition Roger G. Barry Excerpt More information 1 MOUNTAINS AND THEIR CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is the aim of this book to bring together the major strands of our existing knowledge of weather and climate in the mountains. The first part of the book deals with the basic controls of the climatic and meteorological phenomena and the second part with particular applications of mountain climatology and meteor- ology. By illustrating the general climatic principles, a basis can also be provided for estimating the range of conditions likely to be experienced in mountain areas of sparse observational data. In this chapter we introduce mountain environments as they have been perceived historically, and consider the physical characteristics of mountains and their global significance. We then briefly review the history of research into mountain weather and climate and outline some basic considerations that influence their modern study. 1.1.1 Historical perceptions The mountain environment has always been regarded with awe. The Greeks believed Mount Olympus to be the abode of the gods, to the Norse the Jotunheim¨ was the home of the Jotuns, or ice giants, while to the Tibetans, Mount Everest (Chomo Longmu) is the ‘‘goddess of the snows.’’ In many cultures, mountains are considered ‘‘sacred places;’’ Nanga Parbat, an 8125 m summit in the Himalaya, means sacred mountain in Sanskrit, for example. Conspicuous peaks are associated with ancestral figures or deities (Bernbaum, 1998) – Sengem Sama with Fujiyama (3778 m) in Japan and Shiva-Parvati with Kailas (6713 m) in Tibet – although at other times mountains have been identified with malevolent spirits, the Diablerets in the Swiss Valais, for example. -
1967, Al and Frances Randall and Ramona Hammerly
The Mountaineer I L � I The Mountaineer 1968 Cover photo: Mt. Baker from Table Mt. Bob and Ira Spring Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office, Seattle, Wash., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during March and April by The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington, 98111. Clubroom is at 719Y2 Pike Street, Seattle. Subscription price monthly Bulletin and Annual, $5.00 per year. The Mountaineers To explore and study the mountains, forests, and watercourses of the Northwest; To gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region; To preserve by the encouragement of protective legislation or otherwise the natural beauty of North west America; To make expeditions into these regions m fulfill ment of the above purposes; To encourage a spirit of good fellowship among all lovers of outdoor life. EDITORIAL STAFF Betty Manning, Editor, Geraldine Chybinski, Margaret Fickeisen, Kay Oelhizer, Alice Thorn Material and photographs should be submitted to The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington 98111, before November 1, 1968, for consideration. Photographs must be 5x7 glossy prints, bearing caption and photographer's name on back. The Mountaineer Climbing Code A climbing party of three is the minimum, unless adequate support is available who have knowledge that the climb is in progress. On crevassed glaciers, two rope teams are recommended. Carry at all times the clothing, food and equipment necessary. Rope up on all exposed places and for all glacier travel. Keep the party together, and obey the leader or majority rule. Never climb beyond your ability and knowledge. -
Recco® Detectors Worldwide
RECCO® DETECTORS WORLDWIDE ANDORRA Krimml, Salzburg Aflenz, ÖBRD Steiermark Krippenstein/Obertraun, Aigen im Ennstal, ÖBRD Steiermark Arcalis Oberösterreich Alpbach, ÖBRD Tirol Arinsal Kössen, Tirol Althofen-Hemmaland, ÖBRD Grau Roig Lech, Tirol Kärnten Pas de la Casa Leogang, Salzburg Altausee, ÖBRD Steiermark Soldeu Loser-Sandling, Steiermark Altenmarkt, ÖBRD Salzburg Mayrhofen (Zillertal), Tirol Axams, ÖBRD Tirol HELICOPTER BASES & SAR Mellau, Vorarlberg Bad Hofgastein, ÖBRD Salzburg BOMBERS Murau/Kreischberg, Steiermark Bischofshofen, ÖBRD Salzburg Andorra La Vella Mölltaler Gletscher, Kärnten Bludenz, ÖBRD Vorarlberg Nassfeld-Hermagor, Kärnten Eisenerz, ÖBRD Steiermark ARGENTINA Nauders am Reschenpass, Tirol Flachau, ÖBRD Salzburg Bariloche Nordkette Innsbruck, Tirol Fragant, ÖBRD Kärnten La Hoya Obergurgl/Hochgurgl, Tirol Fulpmes/Schlick, ÖBRD Tirol Las Lenas Pitztaler Gletscher-Riffelsee, Tirol Fusch, ÖBRD Salzburg Penitentes Planneralm, Steiermark Galtür, ÖBRD Tirol Präbichl, Steiermark Gaschurn, ÖBRD Vorarlberg AUSTRALIA Rauris, Salzburg Gesäuse, Admont, ÖBRD Steiermark Riesneralm, Steiermark Golling, ÖBRD Salzburg Mount Hotham, Victoria Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Salzburg Gries/Sellrain, ÖBRD Tirol Scheffau-Wilder Kaiser, Tirol Gröbming, ÖBRD Steiermark Schiarena Präbichl, Steiermark Heiligenblut, ÖBRD Kärnten AUSTRIA Schladming, Steiermark Judenburg, ÖBRD Steiermark Aberg Maria Alm, Salzburg Schoppernau, Vorarlberg Kaltenbach Hochzillertal, ÖBRD Tirol Achenkirch Christlum, Tirol Schönberg-Lachtal, Steiermark Kaprun, ÖBRD Salzburg -
Via Ferrata: a Short Introduction Giuliano Bressan, Claudio Melchiorri CAI – Club Alpino Italiano
Via Ferrata: A short introduction Giuliano Bressan, Claudio Melchiorri CAI – Club Alpino Italiano 1. Introduction In the last years, the number of persons climbing “vie ferrate” has rapidly increased, and this manner of approaching mountains is becoming more and more popular among mountaineers and hikers, in particular among young persons. The terms “via ferrata” and “sentiero attrezzato” (or equipped path) indicate that a set of fixed equipment (metallic ropes, ladders, chains, bridges, …) is installed along an itinerary in order to facilitate its ascension, guaranteeing at the same time a good margin of security. In this manner, also non extremely expert persons may have the opportunity to approach mountains and vertical walls that would be climbable, without this equipment, only by means of standard climbing techniques and equipment (i.e. rope, pitons, and so on). With this fixed equipment it is then possible to grant almost to everybody the emotion of altitudes and the excitement of vertical walls, without taking major risks and without being involved, possibly, in dangerous situations. Nevertheless, practicing “vie ferrate” should not be compared with the classical climbing activity. As a matter of fact, also considering the physical and psychological engagement necessary in any case to climb a “via ferrata” (some are very difficult from a technical and physical point of view), very different are the technical skills, the experience, the capabilities and the emotional control needed to face in a proper way any negative situation possibly occurring in a mountaineering activity. Nowadays, the term “via ferrata” has been internationally adopted, although in some countries they are also known as Klettersteig (this word indicates the specific karabiners to be used in this activity). -
FIND out MORE Webinar Active School Flag Is a Department of Education Initiative Supported by Healthy Ireland We Value YOUR FEEDBACK
FIND OUT MORE Webinar Active School Flag is a Department of Education initiative supported by Healthy Ireland We Value YOUR FEEDBACK Please complete the Find Out More questionnaire that we will email to you after this webinar www.activeschoolflag.ie Presenters Karen Cotter National Coordinator ASF Caitriona Cosgrave ASF Support Team Jamie Mc Gann DCU Research Team Chat @Karen @Caitriona @Jamie Specific queries should be emailed to [email protected] Watch Video 20180313 ASF BANNER.indd 1 13/03/2018 09:19:07 Active School Flag aims to get more schools, more active, more often An Active School Physical Physical Active Education Activity Partnerships School Week Delivers a broad Promotes inclusive Works in Organises an and balanced PE physical activity partnership with Active School curriculum throughout the others to promote Week every year school day a physically active school culture www.activeschoolflag.ie All ASF activities during 20/21 must comply with COVID-safety guidelines Physical Education “Schools will need to re-orientate their work with the curriculum especially during the initial weeks of the first term as they give greater time and attention to areas such as Social, Personal and Health Education (SPHE), Physical Education (PE), Language and Mathematics. Pupils’ physical education is a central part of their wellbeing: it should form a significant component of timetabled programmes upon returning to school.” Source: Returning to School – Curriculum Guidance for Primary School Leaders and Teachers. www.activeschoolflag.ie www.activeschoolflag.ie The children now view exercise as a fun and enjoyable activity that you can do anytime, anywhere! As teachers, we have identified huge benefits. -
Stability Assessment of Degrading Permafrost Rock Slopes Based on A
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70 Preprint. Discussion started: 28 September 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Stability assessment of degrading permafrost rock slopes based on a coupled thermo-mechanical model Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter Chair of Landslide Research, Technical University of Munich, 80333, Germany 5 Correspondence to: Philipp Mamot ([email protected]) Abstract. In the last two decades, permafrost degradation has been observed to be a major driver of enhanced rock slope instability and associated hazards in high mountains. While the thermal regime of permafrost degradation in high mountains has already been intensively investigated, the mechanical consequences on rock slope stability have so far not been reproduced in numerical models. Laboratory studies and conceptual models argue that warming and thawing decrease rock and 10 discontinuity strength and promote deformation. This study presents the first general approach for a temperature-dependent numerical stability model that simulates the mechanical response of a warming and thawing permafrost rock slope. The proposed procedure is applied to a rockslide at the permafrost-affected Zugspitze summit crest. Laboratory tests on frozen and unfrozen rock joint and intact rock properties provide material parameters for the discontinuum model developed with the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). 15 Geophysical and geotechnical field surveys deliver information on the permafrost distribution and fracture network. The model demonstrates that warming decreases rock slope stability to a critical level, while thawing initiates failure. A sensitivity analysis of the model with a simplified geometry and warming trajectory below 0 °C shows that progressive warming close to the melting point initiates instability above a critical slope angle of 50–62°, depending on the orientation of the fracture network. -
<Tlerg\?Men Anb <Tlimbing
THE LETTERS OF ST. JEROME number of pilgrims thronged to see him from all parts ; for his writings had, by their charm, their learning, their wit, their satire become celebrated throughout the whole of the Roman speaking world. Legend soon became busy with this anchorite of the cave at Bethlehem. Many stories, brought by the pilgrims of the time, and amplified by the imagination of subsequent centuries, were told about this great doctor of the West. Many of the stories are obviously silly, and many of them are false ; but the very fact that such stories were circulated even before the death of Jerome himself is sufficient evidence of his fame. But in his letters, far more than in his controversial works, or even his translations, we catch a clear and true sight of the man as he was, alike in his strength and in his weakness. There are many things we cannot either admire or approve in his conduct or in his writings ; but, when all is said and done, the verdict of Professor Dill is surely the right one : " He added to the monastic life fresh lustre by his vivid intellectual force and by his contagious enthusiasm for the study of Holy Writ." <tlerg\?men anb <tlimbing. BY THE REV. w. A. FURTON, B.A. T is not easy to explain the precise nature of the fascination I that mountaineering possesses for any of its followers. The ordinary man looks upon it with a kind of amused contempt that finds expression in pitying remarks or patronizing inquiries. But to the extraordinary man who has been " bitten," it is an enthusiasm, an obsession, a paramount source of pure delight. -
Glacier National Park, 1917
~ ________________ ~'i DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR / FRANKLIN K. LANE. SECRETARY NATIONAL PARK SERVI'CE,/ STEPHEN T. MATHER. DIRECTOR GENERAL ~FO ~N GL CIER NAL ONAL PARK Season of 191 7 The Alps of America-Wonderful Tumbled Region Possessing 60 Glaciers. 250 Lakes, and M y Stately Peaks-Precipices 4,000 Feet Deep-Valleys of Astonish ing Rugged B auty-Scenery Equaling Any in the World- Large, Excellent Hotels and Comfortable Chalet Camps-Good Roads- The Gunsight Trail Across the Top of the Range-Good Trout Fishing-How to Get There-What to See-What to Wear lor MOUiltain Climbing WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 TI-IE NATIO .... PARKS AT A GLANCE ( Chron010gIca,l.ly In the order of theIr creatIon [Number,14; Total Area, 7,290 Square Miles] NATIONAL AREA PARKS In DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS In order of LOCATION square creation miles H ot Springs •..... Middle H 46 hot springs possessing curative properties-Many hotels and 1832 Arkansa.s boording houses-20 bathhouses under public control. CONTENTS. Yellowstone . ••••. North- 3,348 More geysers than in al1 rest of world together-Boiling 1872 western springs-Mud volcanoes-Petrified forests-Grand Canyon Page. Wyoming of the YelIowstone, remarkable for gorgeous coloring-Large General description_ .. _. _. ........ ..... .... ... ... ...... ........ .. 5 lakes-Many large streams and waterfalls-Vast wilderness A romance in rocks . • _. __ . _. _.. .......................... _. ....... 5 inhabited by deer, elk, bison, moose, antelope, bear, moun- The Lewis overthrust .. __. .... _............................... ...... 6 tain sheep, beaver, etc., constituting greatest wild bird and A general view _ . _____ .. ..... ................................. 6 animal preserve in world-Altitude 6,000 to 11,000 feet- The west side .... -
Country Reports 2013
1 / 59 Table Of Content 1 Argentina (and South American Partners) __________________________________________ 3 2 Austria _______________________________________________________________________ 3 3 Canada _______________________________________________________________________ 7 4 China _______________________________________________________________________ 10 5 Denmark _____________________________________________________________________ 14 6 Finland ______________________________________________________________________ 15 7 France ______________________________________________________________________ 15 8 Germany ____________________________________________________________________ 17 9 Iceland ______________________________________________________________________ 21 10 Italy ________________________________________________________________________ 21 11 Japan ______________________________________________________________________ 24 12 Kyrgyzstan __________________________________________________________________ 25 13 Mongolia ___________________________________________________________________ 25 14 New Zealand ________________________________________________________________ 26 15 Norway _____________________________________________________________________ 26 16 Poland _____________________________________________________________________ 30 17 Portugal ____________________________________________________________________ 32 18 Romania ____________________________________________________________________ 32 19 Russia _____________________________________________________________________